Inventive Activity Research Articles

Статистический анализ особенностей динамики развития теории и практики совершенствования измельчительно-режущего оборудования

The article solves the problem of assessing the preference and sequence of stages of application of priority methods for improving grinding and cutting equipment depending on the quantitative dynamics for the appearance of theoretical works characterized by analytical mechanisms of description, on the one hand, and interspersed with publications of heuristic works using the theory of solving inventive tasks, on the other. We statistically studied the change in publication activity in terms of publishing scientific papers on improving the grinding and cutting technology and the intensity of heuristic inventive activity in this information field. As a result, the provisions are substantiated and stated, from which it logically follows the need for timely activation of the processes of improving screw grinding equipment by analytical or heuristic methods, with a focus on the cyclicity and phasing of the productivity of these methods. For this purpose, a generalized structural design and technological scheme of the grinding-cutting system has been developed. The main features, geometric parameters and physical and mechanical characteristics of the components are determined. It is shown that the task of identifying priority analytical or heuristic step-by-step methods of assessing directions for improving the parameters of grinding and cutting equipment is one of the most important and logically complete system elements in the theory and practice of optimal synthesis of screw grinders. It seems that the proposed concept is applicable to any branch of technology. For auger grinding and cutting equipment, on the basis of the above methodology, another priority task was formulated, which consists in an analytical description of the distribution law of the blade sharpening angle along the length of the cutting edge, taking into account the phenomenon of its kinematic transformation.

Identifying and ranking the world's largest clusters of inventive activity

Identifying and ranking the world's largest clusters of inventive activity

The Erotic Madness of Writing in Plato’sPhaedrus

ABSTRACTPhaedrus performs an analogy between eros and writing that splits each term in two. The first orientation operates via a logic of ownership: lover of the beloved; writer/reader of text. The second orientation treats eros and writing as inventive activities that catalyze the self-overcoming of the lover and beloved—of the writer/reader and text. This orientation is heralded in Socrates’s palinode, but it has been overlooked by accounts of Socrates’s critique of writing. This article establishes the relationship between the beloved-as-reminder, established in the palinode, and writing-as-reminder, established in the discussion of writing. Thinking about eros and writing in an analogous relationship has significant implications for scholarly literature on Plato’s orientations to writing and knowledge. Specifically, this analogous relationship changes the way the most basic function of writing is configured within the dialogue. It also, importantly, informs the “possessive” and “inventive” approach the text takes toward its performance of pedagogy.

Unveiling evolution characteristics of inventive activity on climate change mitigation technologies in China

Unveiling evolution characteristics of inventive activity on climate change mitigation technologies in China

Content-related solution quality in invention activities and worked solutions – promoting the professional vision of classroom management

Invention activities and worked solutions are considered to be effective learning tasks. To date, limited research has been conducted regarding these tasks in teacher education and the process of solving these tasks. This study focuses on the solution quality of student teachers’ task solutions. 149 students were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: invention activity and worked solution. The latter group were given a set of categories; the former group had to invent their own categories to compare two constructed contrasting auditive cases with a focus on the subject classroom management. To determine whether it is more effective to compare cases with given categories (worked solution) or with self-generated categories (invention activity), we coded the 149 solutions regarding the content-related solution quality using qualitative content analysis. Students in the worked solution condition demonstrated a significantly higher content-related solution quality than those in the invention activity condition. Thus, it may be assumed that students of the worked solution gained a better conceptual understanding of classroom management through working on this task. Implications for the use of this task format in teacher education are discussed.

Identifying technological trajectories in the mining sector using patent citation networks

This paper uses patent citation networks to study technological change in the mining industry between 1970 and 2015. The analysis is undertaken at both the aggregate level by jointly considering all mining-related technological fields, and at the micro-level of patents in nine sub-fields, representing specific technological “sub-trajectories”.Consistent with previous literature focused on other technological domains, we find that innovation patterns in the mining sector are “technology bounded”, i.e. largely shaped by patenting activities carried out in a very limited range of mining technological fields, even though we detect a shift from exploration to environmental mining technologies (emergence of a new technological paradigm).In addition, we examine two aspects of technical change that have been largely disregarded in extant research: the geographical patterns of inventive activities and the role of key applicants in such patterns. We show that core mining patents and leading inventors involved originate almost exclusively from the US, so that trajectories appear to be heavily “geographically bounded”, revealing that developing resource-abundant countries lag behind the technological frontier in mining. Moreover, only a few applicant firms are responsible for most inventive activities reflecting a highly concentrated oligopolistic structure, hence characterizing trajectories as “applicant bounded”.Similar results are observed at the level of sub-trajectories, although with some relevant exceptions, hence suggesting that a substantial heterogeneity exists within the industry and across mining-related technologies.

INVITED PAPER — A CONJECTURE ON THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF MARKETS

The author shares his theory on market creation and evolution from his perspective as an academic and a practitioner who has been involved in financial innovation for five decades. Rather than being spontaneously created, markets appear to follow a clear set of steps (the “seven-stage” process) from inception to maturity. It is critical that the benefits from transacting are greater than the costs of establishing the market — otherwise the evolution does not occur. Historical examples of the process outlined by the author can be found in commodity, equity, fixed income and environmental markets. The author provides observations and lessons that his evolutionary framework shares with financial inventive activity in new and existing products in our rapidly evolving digital world. Recent digital innovations such as the blockchain have evolved in a framework that did not require a legislative or regulatory framework (or what the author calls a “permissionless” environment). A properly designed regulatory environment can be permissionless regarding inventive activity (withness the Commodity Futures Trading Commission in the United States). A permissionless environment has historical precedent in other “analog” innovations such as wheat trading in the 19th century or financial futures in the mid-1970s. Following the seven-stage process, those innovations arose from structural changes or latent economic demands. Their standards and infrastructure were only much later understood and adopted by the regulators. Given that, the author suggests that since changes now occur at hyper speed, the implications for the future shape of derivatives markets are likely to be profound.

Regions of Russia: Clustering Results Based on Economic and Innovation Indexes

Currently, one of the main trends is the study of the features and benefits of regional development, increasing the importance of the role of regions in national and world politics. The differences in technological results that can be observed at the national and regional levels are largely due to the peculiarities of the institutional environment, i.e. the degree of concentration at the regional level of high-tech companies, modern production and innovation infrastructures. The regions of the Russian Federation demonstrate noticeable differences regarding the level of socio-economic development, the availability of human and natural resources, the development of educational, scientific and innovative potentials, depending on the historical development of infrastructure. This study examines the results of clustering Russian regions according to the main indexes characterizing the economic, scientific and innovative activity. The classification of regions was carried out by the method of cluster analysis.Purpose of the study. The aim of the study was to identify homogeneous groups of regions that are similar in their economic and innovation indexes, statistical analysis of these groups based on non-parametric methods and methods of correlation and regression analysis, the formation of conclusions and recommendations regarding innovation.Materials and methods. The information base of the study was statistical data and analytical information characterizing the state of economic and innovation activity in the Russian regions. The following statistical methods were used in the study: non-parametric (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney test), correlation (Pearson’s coefficients, coefficients of determination), regression (non-linear regression models), multivariate classifications (cluster analysis), descriptive statistics (averages, structural averages, indicators of variation, etc.).Results. As a result of clustering the regions of Russia using the k-means method, 4 cluster groups were obtained, which are statistically homogeneous within the studied indexes. In order to identify the relationships between the considered indexes, paired linear Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. The study tested three hypotheses about statistically significant differences between the indexes of the third and fourth clusters. The set of indexes was as follows: the coefficient of inventive activity, internal costs of research and development per employee, the average per capita size of innovative goods and services. For these purposes, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used. The analysis showed that the regions of the Russian Federation are extremely diverse and heterogeneous in terms of their economic and innovative development. When analyzing them, it is advisable to first use cluster analysis methods to obtain homogeneous groups of territories with similar social and economic characteristics, which is confirmed in this study by testing hypotheses about statistically significant differences between the indexes of the third and fourth clusters (differences between the first and second clusters with other clusters and between themselves obvious and do not require any mathematical proof).Conclusion. The leaders in scientific and innovative development are Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Moscow region and the Republic of Tatarstan. They have the highest rates of inventive activity of the population and the volume of production of innovative goods and services. Such regions of the Russian Federation as the Tyumen region, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan region, Sakhalin region and Chukotka formed a cluster group with the highest per capita GRP, investments and fixed assets, but they have almost the lowest rates of innovation activity. The extractive industry is the main engine of the economy of these regions. A separate cluster was formed by 26 regions with average levels of economic and innovative development in the Russian Federation. In particular, it includes the areas: Belgorod, Lipetsk, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Leningrad, Murmansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Tomsk, etc. These regions are promising in terms of innovation, but require significant federal investments for their further development. The fourth group of regions united economically weak territories with low rates of innovation activity. These regions accounted for more than half of the total (47 regions). Statistical analysis within the resulting clusters made it possible to identify the relationship between economic indexes and describe them using regression models.

ЭКОНОМИКА И МИГРАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В США КОНЦА XIX – НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА

The article is devoted to the consideration of the influence of migration processes on the economic development of the USA in the late 19th - early 20th century. Attention is paid to the development of industrial relations and their participants. It is noted that few studies deal with the topic of the relationship between immigration and industrialization. An assessment of the overall level of immigration is given and the representation of foreigners in industry and trade, it is noted that immigrants were the main labor force in the rapidly developing industrial economy of the early twentieth century. The reasons for the low level of internal migration are analyzed. The influence of continuous migration on the development of inventive activity in the USA is analyzed. The conclusion about the positive impact of migration on the pace of economic development is made.

Approbation of Methods of Diagnostics of Motives for Obtaining Higher Education by Students of Higher Educational Institutions (on the Example of Students of a Technical University) (Ending)

This article concluded the presentation of the results obtained using the methods “Studying the motivation of students in higher education” and “Assessment of general structure of professional expectations and guidelines of students”. The first method evaluates the surveyed students according to the following parameters: curiosity, mastering a profession, obtaining a diploma, rationality of choosing a university, correctness of choosing a university, truthfulness of answers, diligence, capacity for effort, learning ability. The second method evaluates the surveyed students according to the following parameters: business, teaching, professional skills, performing activities, scientific and inventive activities. The analysis also uses data obtained with the help of a block of questions exploring the period of early socialization of students (age up to 16 years).

Scientists’ motivation to patent and commercialize their inventions at universities and research institutes

Self-determination theory (SDT) and a literature review suggests that scientists’ motivation to patent and commercialize their inventions is effort expended by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. Based on qualitative analysis results, we found explorative evidence that both intrinsic reasons belonging to the scientists themselves and extrinsic ones arising from the environment of the scientists’ inventive activities are positively associated with the scientists’ motivation. Therefore, to implement the Intellectual Property Strategy to 2030, policymakers need to consider a variety of factors including not only extrinsic rewards, but also personal and social aspects related to intrinsic desires.

Potential of Russian human capital in the face of sanctions

Human capital research is the main direction of fundamental and applied science. In the face of unprecedented sanctions pressure, building up and strengthening human capital is the most important task of ensuring the sustainability of Russian economy. The article emphasizes the creative role of human capital and analyzes its potential in Russia on the basis of international comparisons. The purpose of the article is to assess the potential of human capital and identify ways to strengthen it under sanctions. It is shown that the key components of the potential of human capital are its physical stock, expressed by quantitative characteristics of the number, age composition, as well as qualitative characteristics, such as the level of education, research and inventive activity. Since the scientific content of the concept of "potential" implies an assessment of the accumulated stock and the possibilities of its use, the article proposes to introduce a population density indicator, which makes it possible to assess the possibilities of future development of territories by attracting human capital. The results of the assessment of human capital have made it possible to note the improvement in the quality of human capital in recent years. However, the sanctions imposed against Russia necessitate accelerated measures to strengthen human capital. To this end, the article proposes a number of appropriate measures that, according to the author, will contribute to the increment of the potential of Russian human capital for the sustainability and innovative development of the economy. The need to promote the resettlement of compatriots not only from the countries of the former USSR, but also from other countries in every possible way was noted. For this purpose, measures are proposed to improve the mechanisms of its implementation.

Effects of inventive capabilities on new product development performance: the knowledge combination view

PurposeA firm's inventions provide technical information for product planning and technical support for new product development (NPD). In the knowledge-based theory, inventing is regarded as a process of knowledge combination. This paper aims to classify the firm's inventive capabilities based on the combinatorial view and investigate the effects of inventive capabilities on NPD performance.Design/methodology/approachFour types of inventive capabilities are identified concerned with the knowledge used to combine in the inventive activities. By utilizing a dataset of 572 firms from China's automotive manufacturing industry, the roles of different inventive activities in the generation of new inventions are compared. Then the effects of different inventive capabilities on NPD performance are empirically examined by using negative binomial regression analysis.FindingsThe time series for the number of patented inventions derived from different types of combinations generally exhibits a steady upward trend, and the number of patents derived from recombination is much higher. The empirical results demonstrate that the inventive capabilities associated with reused recombination and creative recombination exhibit positive effects on NPD performance, and the inventive capabilities associated with novel combination and original combination exhibit non-linear effects on NPD performance.Originality/valueThe findings contribute to NPD literature by investigating the effects of different inventive capabilities on NPD performance. This study also provides guidelines for manufacturing managers to improve NPD performance by building appropriate inventive capabilities.

Features of the Organization of Creative Activity in History Lessons at School in Grades 6–7

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of the organization of creative activity in history lessons in secondary school. Currently, the relevance of this methodology has increased significantly, which is associated with changes in standards in the field of education. Creative activity at school contributes to the development of personal qualities of schoolchildren in unity with professional skills of creative and inventive activity. The systematic work of a history teacher to develop the creative abilities of middle school students orients them to show interest in independent intellectual activity, the need for their own research of historical processes and phenomena, the desire to master intellectual skills and abilities, the need for active creative activity. The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize the features of the organization of creative activity in history lessons at school in grades 6-7. At the same time, the choice of age is due to the fact that, on the one hand, students already have a primary base of necessary skills and abilities, and on the other hand, they are still distinguished by sincere interest and willingness to realize their undiscovered creative potential. Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of studying the modern educational environment. In the course of practical activity and theoretical generalization, an appeal was made to the technology of creative developing learning, to the method of artistic performance, which allows organizing joint activities of teachers and students on the basis of mastering artistic means of expressing their aesthetic understanding and attitude to historical reality. At the same time, creativity is considered in inseparable connection with educational and research activities. In conclusion, it is concluded that the implementation of the lesson with the use of creative activity is carried out through the use of various forms of creative activity, including such as problem-based learning, project activities, conducting non-traditional lessons.

Intellectual property and artificial intelligence: who is the author?

The economic and legal aspects of the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, their influence on scientific and inventive activity are studied. The role of protection of intellectual property (IP) - (patent and copyright) in different economies and jurisdictions in ensuring the balance of competing interests, identifies existing problems and identifies ways to solve them. AI is seen as one of the most important dual-use technologies, a new challenge for the economy and the legal system, a new phenomenon that has a multiplier effect, a legal phenomenon in the structure of legal relations, a new object for legal regulation. AI is able to generate and create various works - science, literature and art. These circumstances raise problems of recognition of authorship, the possibility of authors to dispose of their rights and their use of mechanisms for legal protection of IP objects. The main provisions of the Resolution of the European Parliament of October 20, 2020 on intellectual property rights in the development of artificial intelligence technologies (2020/2015 (INI)), the Resolution of the International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AIPPI) 2020 on the inventory of inventions using AI. The analysis of the legislative and law enforcement practice of the European Patent Office (EPO), the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO), regional and international documents on the regulation of AI and IP, provides an opportunity to form a unified approach to interpretation of the criteria of protection of the results of AI activities in different jurisdictions, to apply the mechanisms of legal protection of IP objects in the national legislation, emphasizes the importance of IP policy for national security

Leveraging the Use of Online Marketplace for SMEs in Malaysia:

The purpose of this paper is to review the impact of SMEs that leverage online marketplace by examining the benefits of e-marketplace and explore how to successfully overcome the perceived barriers for SMEs to gain competitive advantage in Malaysia. SMEs need to recognise and fully embrace online marketplace opportunities to develop informed approaches to stay competitive. Malaysia, a thriving country within the South East Asia countries, has aggressively been increasing its efforts in aiding its SMEs to be digitally prepared to support the technological evolution by empowering a digital nation by 2022. This is to create commercial effectiveness and output synergy by leveraging automation processes that creates collaboration within digital skills usage across multiple businesses (Sharon, 2019). This study further delves into the adoption of online marketplace synergy created within the SME’s business model which enables data-driven innovations as business value by leveraging the vast data generated in digital transactions (Barann, Hermann, Cordes, Chasin, & Becker, 2019). Further synergy created via partnership with customers through online marketplace will significantly expand SMEs business’ inventive activities (Walsh, Przychodzen, & Przychodzen, 2017).

Research Paper on AI in Driving

Abstract: AI in driving is introduced as a self-driving in automobile industries. This research paper is presents a scient metric and bibliometric analysis on self-driving cars. A self-driving car (sometimes called an autonomous car or driverless car) is a vehicle that uses a combination of sensors, cameras, radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to travel between destinations without a human operator. To qualify as fully autonomous, a vehicle must be able to navigate without human intervention to a predetermined destination over roads that have not been adapted for its use. Companies developing and/or testing autonomous cars include Audi, BMW, Ford, Google, General Motors, Tesla, Volkswagen and Volvo, Tata Motors and Mahindra. Google's test involved a fleet of self-driving cars -- including Toyota Prii and an Audi TT -- navigating over 140,000 miles of California streets and highways. Through an examination of quantitative empirical evidence, we explore the importance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as machine learning, deep learning and data mining on self-driving car research and development as measured by patents and papers. Alongside the exponential growth in the rate of inventive activities and scholarly efforts, we find evidence for a rapid and meaningful shift in the application of the technologies related to data gathering and processing for the purpose of self-driving cars after 2009. We show that this shift mirrors major changes in the landscape of innovators as well as increasing scholarly attention to the ethical, legal and social aspects of self-driving cars. Research and innovation relating to self-driving seem to be increasingly defined in terms of artificial intelligence, which neglects some aspects of future sociotechnical systems that may be required to realise the potential of the technology. Keywords: AI car, self-driving, Simulation test, autonomous cars, autopilot car.

Inventive Activity of Educational Institutions Subordinate to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia

The general level of inventive activity of agricultural universities subordinate to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia is revealed. The current state and main directions of inventive activity of agricultural educational institutions are shown. The information services of the industry databases (DB) of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Rosinformagrotekh” for the formation of a digital environment for monitoring and accounting for the results of intellectual activity (RIA) in the implementation of the state task in the field of science are considered.

Patent activity in the field of graphene microwave path elements GHZ range from the point of view of import independence

The patent activity in the field of graphene microwave path elements the GHz range is analyzed from 2004 (the year of graphene discovery) to the present from the point of view of import independence. The articles from SCOPUS and WoS were taken into account in analysis in addition to patents. The search was conducted by countries: Russia, USA, China, India, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Japan, Iran, Malaysia; by branch of knowledge: technical applications, energy, applications in chemical technology, biotechnology, chemistry, applications in computer technology, applications of mathematics, also materials science and the field of physics and astronomy. The patent research methodology is based on conducting searches through a combination keywords, and IPC indexes. Statistical analysis of patent documents selected because of the search illustrates the main conclusions regarding inventive activity in the research area by IPC indices years of priority, countries.

Industrial R&D and national innovation policy: an institutional reappraisal of the US national innovation system

AbstractStudies highlight how the once envied US national innovation system (NIS) is now showing signs of slowing down. In this article, we unpack this issue from an industrial R&D perspective. First, we highlight that open innovation (OI) practices (i.e., external sources and markets for technologies) have increased the rate of inventive activity in the current wave of industrial R&D, but financialization skews the firms’ focus on short-term profits and shareholder value maximization. When OI intersects with an institutional context that propagates such shareholder-centric governance of R&D, three social costs are incurred by the US NIS: (i) irrational relationship between risks and rewards, (ii) weak antitrust and intellectual property (IP) rights that result in a lack of business dynamism, and (iii) austerity and weak demand-side policies. We contend that these social costs tilt the R&D trajectory toward incremental R&D at the expense of the blue-sky science needed to retain US leadership in technological innovation. Second, we document three social benefits that public-sector R&D agencies generate for the US NIS: (i) undertaking a technology brokerage role, (ii) creating radical R&D markets, and (iii) embracing stakeholder governance. We emphasize how a hidden “entrepreneurial network state” subtly creates and shapes breakthrough R&D and markets for private sector firms but cannot recoup the rewards for society due to political rhetoric that favors incumbent market power. Third, we recommend both incremental and radical policies to drive institutional reforms that promote a stakeholder-centric form of R&D governance so that the future wave of industrial R&D creates value for society. Overall, we draw attention to the role politics plays in industrial R&D and the US NIS and how small adjustments in institutional dimensions and governance modes can impact the US R&D trajectory and competitiveness.