Intransitive Verbs Research Articles

Грамматические средства выражения мультипликативности в языке лесных юкагиров

The aim of the study is to describe the main means of expressing the multiplicative type of verbal plurality using the material of the forest Yukaghirs’ language. The study is novel in that it is the first to describe the functioning of the affix =ну=, which usually possesses the habitual meaning, as a means of expressing the multiplicative meaning in the language of the forest Yukaghirs. The author also analyses previously undescribed multiplicative indicators, such as =дьаа=, =ду=, which are added to the stems of transitive verbs, with the affix =дьаа= used to form intransitive verbs with the meaning of multiple actions by adding it to transitive verbs. In the forest Yukaghirs’ language, the meaning of multiple actions is expressed by the specialised indicators =и=, =й=, =йи=, =ийи=, =уйи=, =дьи=, which were noted by scholars in Yukaghir linguistics, however, the present analysis of factual linguistic material makes it possible to conclude that the affixes =ну=, =дьаа=, =ду= are also the main markers of multiplicativity.

A Comparative Analysis of the Syntactic and Semantic Attributes of the Intransitive Verb “Xi Sheng” in Modern Chinese and the Vietnamese Verb “Hy Sinh”

A Comparative Analysis of the Syntactic and Semantic Attributes of the Intransitive Verb “Xi Sheng” in Modern Chinese and the Vietnamese Verb “Hy Sinh”

Verbal derivation in Kambaata (Cushitic), with a focus on the encoding of noncausal/causal alternations

Kambaata, a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, has a rich verbal morphology. This paper first sets out to describe its productive verbal derivation processes, i.e. the forms and functions of the causative, the passive and the middle (autobenefactive) derivation. In the second part, the study starts from Haspelmath’s (1993) list of 31 verbal concepts to determine the preferred morphological strategies to express noncausal/causal alternations. The analysis shows that the causative strategy is predominant in Kambaata, but that the decausative strategy follows closely behind. If the whole documented lexicon including the numerous ideophones are considered, the equipollent strategy is a very important third strategy. Kambaata has only a single labile verb but otherwise distinguishes consistently between transitive and intransitive verbs. Finally, two suppletive verb pairs are found in the list: ‘die/kill’ and ‘finish (intr./tr.)’.

An analysis on the “V1OV2”structures in SanGuoZhi

All the “V1OV2” structures have the semantic relationship of “actionresult” and the syntactic relationship of “action before-result after” in SanGuoZhi. These semantic and syntactic relationships meet the syntactic and semantic requirements of Complement Grammaticalization. However, due to the different collocation relationship between “V1” and “V2”, the different semantic characteristics of “V2”, the different relationship between “V2” and “O”, the grammaticalization approaches of “V1OVt”, “V1OVi” and “V1OVz” structures are also different.BR The structure of “V1OVt” is not very mature, which can be seen as a kind of Narrative-Structure or Object-Anaphora-Structure. Its grammaticalization focuses on the development of “Vt” from transitive verb to intransitive verb. The involvement of a large number of inserted components also indicates that the “V1OVi” and the “V1OVz” structure are not yet mature. Under such grammatical environments as the gradual disappearance of causative usage，the development trend of Chinese disyllabic and mass occurrence of non-motivated “VCO” structure, “V1” and “Vi” in the “V1OVi” structure and “V1” and “Vz” in the “V1OVz” structure gradually condensed into a whole, with the object “O” together. Its grammaticalization focuses on the development and change of “Vi” and “Vz” from real meaning to result meaning.

A Lexical-Semantic Study of Compositionality in Knowers Monologue of Imam Al-Sajjad (Peace be upon him)

Compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is governed by the meanings of its constituents and the rules used to combine them. This study seeks to be an attempt to shed light on how the meanings of parts of expression constitute the meaning of the whole expression. The study opines to apply this principle in the Arabic prayer of Knowers Monologue of Al-Imam Al-Sjjad (Peace be upon him). The study adopts Leech and Short's lexical categories (2007) as a model for analysis. The study reveals that Arabic prayer focuses on intransitive verbs and prepositional phrases to constitute the whole intended meaning.

On the transitivisation of intransitive verbs. A Spanish-English contrastive corpus-based analysis of the verbs dormir and sleep

This paper offers a Spanish-English contrastive corpus-based study of the possible transitive uses of the verbs dormir and sleep in Peninsular Spanish and the American and British varieties of English, respectively. The results obtained will show that their transitivity cannot be reduced, as usually pointed out in the bibliography, to the cognate object construction (sleep the sleep of the just/dormir el sueño de los justos), since, in addition to this pattern, both intransitive verbs undergo a transitivization process in other structures which have gone almost unnoticed in the literature: namely, (i) lexical causative constructions (dormir al niño/sleep the baby); (ii) transitive patterns with other non-subcategorised objects, different from cognates (dormir la borrachera/sleep the meal); (iii) constructions with direct objects promoted from adverbial prepositional phrases (dormir la mañana/sleep the morning); (iv) and finally, the way construction (sleep your way to the top), only attested in English. Our main objective will be to highlight the syntactico-semantic similarities and differences which these constructions exhibit in Spanish and English, as well as those concerning their frequency of occurence.

ĐỐI CHIẾU TỰ ĐỘNG TỪ VÀ THA ĐỘNG TỪ TRONG TIẾNG NHẬT VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT

Few contrastive studies have been conducted on the distinction between intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in the Vietnamese language. To void this research gap, this study aims to clarify the characteristics of intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in the Vietnamese language as well as criteria to distinguish them apart. On that basis, it sheds light on the similarities and differences in semantic, morphological and syntactic characteristics of intransitive verbs and transitive verbs in Japanese and Vietnamese.

Revisiting -ej(ar) verbs in Catalan: Argument and event structure

We explore the properties of the Catalan verbalizing suffix -ej(ar), centering on intransitive verbs. After presenting the rich variety of outputs that this suffix allows, we focus on two generalizations. The first one has to do with the consistent eventive nature of verbs derived with this suffix, even from bases that count as individual-level predicates, like colour adjectives or proper names. Importantly, their eventivity is orthogonal to their dynamic/non-dynamic status. The second one is the robust unergative status of intransitive -ej(ar) vebs. We show that previous work on -ej(ar) has failed to capture these two properties. Adopting a Ramchandian, nanosyntactic perspective, we propose that this suffix is the spellout of the subeventive structure of a caused process, i.e., the heads Init and Proc. The (non-)dynamic interpretation of the verbs is claimed to emerge from interactions among the contents of the roots involved in the predicate, at the conceptual, non-grammatical level. We finally extend the proposed analysis to account for the behaviour of transitive -ej(ar) verbs.

Auxiliary Selection in Yiddish Dialects

The variation of the two past tense auxiliaries (HAVE and BE) is a well-studied phenomenon in European languages, especially in the West Germanic varieties. So far, however, the situation in Eastern Yiddish has not been examined. This paper focuses on auxiliary selection in these Yiddish dialects based on data from the Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry, which were collected in the 1960s. Like most of the current works on this topic, the following analysis uses and discusses Sorace’s (1993, 2000) Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy, which allows to examine the Yiddish structures in light of historical and diatopic evidence from other Germanic varieties, particularly German and Dutch. The main focus is on intransitive verbs that show a high degree of variation—state verbs, controlled and uncontrolled motional process verbs, and change-of-state verbs. However, the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy also has weaknesses, as is demonstrated in the following.*

Prefiksasi Bahasa Melayu-Tolitoli (BMTLI) pada Masyarakat di Kabupaten Tolitoli

The Malay-Tolitoli (BMTLI) language is unique, especially in the field of morphology. This study aims to determine the prefix and its application in Malay-Tolitoli (BMTLI). This research was conducted using a generative morphology study with a model developed by Halle, namely the IP model (Item and Process), with data derived from interviews and observations of native speakers. The results of this study indicate that in the Malay-Tolitoli (BMTLI) language, there is a derivation process in the use of the prefix "Ba-" where there is a change in word class that changes the noun into a verb, and adjectives become verbs. However, the derivation process does not occur between verbs and verbs. This study also shows that the prefix "ba-" is always followed by a derivative verb. The prefix "ta-" in Malay-Tolitoli (BMTLI) is always followed by a verb used to indicate passive sentences without changing the word class, and the use of the prefix "mo-" is always followed by a transitive verb, and the prefix "moba-" is always followed by an intransitive verb in its use without changing the word class. These two prefixes only show the meaning "ingin" (want).

Preferred argument structure in the oral narratives of adolescents with and without SLI

ABSTRACT According to the theory of ‘Preferred Argument Structure’ (PAS), the realisation and distribution of core arguments including the subject of a transitive verb (A), the direct object of a transitive verb (O) or the subject of an intransitive verb (S) in spoken discourse are subject to both grammatical and pragmatic constraints. However, previous studies on the formulation of argument structure have largely focused on the syntactic difficulties of children with SLI. In addition, little is known about the developmental outcomes in argument structure for adolescents with SLI. In this study, we compared PAS in the narratives of 19 adolescents with SLI (Mean age = 14.3; SD = 0.64) and 19 adolescents with typical language development (TLD; Mean age = 14.5; SD = 0.84). The core arguments of the predicate in each narrative based on the wordless picture storybook ‘Frog, where are you?’ were coded for grammatical roles (A, O and S), referential forms (lexical forms and non-lexical form including null and pronominal forms) and information status (given, accessible and new information). The data were then analysed for conformity to the grammatical and pragmatic constraints of the PAS theory. The two groups were found to be similar in their conformity to the pragmatic constraints but differed in how they conform to the syntactic constraints. In particular, the adolescents with SLI were more likely to produce clauses with two lexical arguments, and the lexical arguments occurred significantly more frequently at the subject role of a transitive verb than the TLD groups. Our results provide further evidence that it is a persistent grammatical deficit, rather than a pragmatic deficit, which poses a special challenge for adolescents with SLI in their formulation of argument structure in narratives.

Precis of Conjoining Meanings

Precis of Conjoining Meanings

Learning Japanese Passive Voice by Sri Lankan Learners

The purpose of this study is to examine the difficulties of learning Passive voice and to identify the type of errors learners do when producing Japanese passive sentences. It also aims to find strategies to minimize the errors in Passive sentences and reduce the difficulties in learning. The participants in this research are, learners of secondary schools and adult learners aged 20 to 40 in private institutes in three districts of Sri Lanka. A passive grammar test and a questionnaire have been used as the measuring instruments for this study. The grammar test was done by 100 learners while the questionnaire was answered by 94 learners. After the data was collected, a cross-sectional analysis was used to analyse the data. The results show that errors were done in the word order of the passive sentences, usage of the particles, construction of the passive verbs, using passive on transitive and intransitive verbs, and, construction of causative passive verbs. The researcher concludes, that to reduce the errors, strategies such as watching Japanese videos and dramas, making friends with Japanese nationals, gaining a good knowledge of the Japanese culture, memorizing, and making many passive sentences can be used. 
 Keywords: Passive voice of Japanese; difficulties in learning; errors in Passive sentences; Secondary school learners and adult learners.

BASIC STRUCTURAL SENTENCE PATTERNS IN THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

This paper describes and analyzes the basic structural sentence patterns in the Albanian language. The internal structure of sen-tences is determined by the verb, which serves as its predicator: the type of verb/ verb valence determines the number and type of complements, and consequently determines the minimal structure of the sentence. A verb like vdes “die”, which is monova-lent-intransitive, requires only one complement in the function of the subject to complete the sentence. Unlike vdes “die”, the bivalent verb takoj “meet” requires two complements to convey its meaning: an internal complement in the function of the direct object and an external complement in the function of the subject. Thus, the verb vdes “die” forms one of the basic sentence pat-terns in the Albanian language: S + intransitive verb, whereas the verb takoj “meet” forms another basic pattern, namely the pattern S + monotransitive verb + DO. The minimal sentence structure contains the verb together with its valence complements. Therefore, in order to derive the basic sentence patterns in Albanian, the sentence constituents that function as complements were first distinguished from adjuncts, and then it was proceeded with the classification of the type of complements. The de-scription of the basic sentence patterns is made according to the syntactic function carried by verb complements, supplemented by the description according to the syntactic categories and the semantic roles that complements carry.

ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH CLAUSE PATTERNS: (A Qualitative Analytical on Clause Pattern in Novel)

This research entitled Analysis of English Clause Patterns: A Qualitative Analytical on Clause Pattern in Novel. The aim of this research is to give an explanation in syntactic analysis of the three clause patterns and to give an explanation of each of them in ”Fox Evil”novel by Minette Walters. Clauses can be categorized by the verb used in it. There are two verbs, transitive and intransitive verb. Transitive verb devided into two, monotransitive verb is verb has only one object that called as direct object and ditransitive verb has two objects namely direct object and indirect object. The method that the researcher used in this research is descriptive qualitative as its method to analyze and describe entire data. The data are taken from “Fox Evil” novel by Minette Walters. After getting the data, the researcher analyzed it syntactically. In addition, it is able to be concluded this research those sentence that using transitive verb can analyze based on syntactic unit perspective. Based on the data findings, the writer found that there are 30 data, those are analyzed syntactically based on the clause patterns. The entire three clause patterns were found in the novel fox evil, with details: clause pattern S + V + O as much as 10 data (33,3%), clause pattern S + V + C as much as 10 data (33,3%), clause pattern S + V + AD as much as 10 data (33,3%).

고대일본어의 [자동사+ラレル]형 표현의 용법에 대해서

The purpose of this essay is to discuss the use of the spontaneous (Jihatsu), passive, and potential forms in the old Japanese intransitive ‘rareuru’ verb type. This study asks the question, ‘Is there a distinction between the use of the spontaneous form in the rareuru type predicate and in the meaning of the active sentence in the non-volitional intransitive verb when it comes to spontaneous use?’ Additionally it addresses, whether the use of the passive form in old Japanese also recognizes the meaning of the adversative. Finally it addresses the research question, ‘are the semantic properties of expressions of potential being used in a way that are potentiality and not potentiality different?’ As a result, this study finds the following. First, from the viewpoint of the narrator, the active sentence of the non-volitional intransitive verb depicts the movement caused by external factors. The rareuru-type predicate states that the agent's action results from its own will. The term “adversative passive” is acknowledged in old Japanese, and its meaning depends on the context rather than on the form of the intransitive verb in the passive sentence. The majority of “potential” usage is biased toward “non-potentiality,” which means that regardless of the subject's intention or anticipation, the circumstance does not materialize. In contrast, the “potential” denotes that the circumstance has already occurred. The agent has the property that it is regarded as the meaning of the “potential” even though there is no purpose to carry out the action.

A New Perspective on the State of Transitive and Intransitive Verb

This Study, entitled "A New Perspective on the State of Transitive and Intransitive Verb" is an attempt to propose another classification of work in terms of power. Because what is noted is that the work in terms of power has been very thoroughly studied, and has been abandoned after the division over the " Transitive and Intransitive". This study seeks to quantify the extent of the workforce on the basis of identification and classification, and then the naming of Verbs.
 The study is divided into two sections, as follows:
 In the first part we use the common names and terms of Transitive and Intransitive, but in the second part instead of the two terms we use our suggested terms and give the necessary explanations about them.
 In the second part, we separate the indirect object and complementary according to their functions and properties. According to this new view, the problem of Transitive and Intransitive of (Habun-Tamalluk) verb is solved.

Nasal verbalization of the Kanayatn Dayak Language

This research aims to study the feature of nasals in the Kanayatn Dayak language, spoken in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, and whether they are replacive or additive to particular initial phonemes of the root. The data were collected by recording and interviewing five informants of 45-55 years old native speakers of Kanayatn Dayak. Through the descriptive linguistics approach to describe the linguistic features of the nasals, this study revealed that the feature could be both replacive and additive, depending on the initial phoneme of the root word the nasals enter. These replacive and additive nasal verbalization processes function as class-maintaining and class-changing based on the root class to the nasals attached. As a replacive, the nasal verbalization process replaces the first phoneme of the root with nasals /m-/, /n-/, /ŋ-/, and nasal /ɲ-/. As additive verbalization, it is added to first phoneme of the root by employing allomorph /ma-/ and alternant /m-/, allomorph /am-/, allomorph /an-/ and alternant /n-/, and nasal /ŋ-/ and allomorph /ŋa-/. The replacive nasal verbalization makes the first phoneme of root covert. It is replaced with the replacive nasals. Then, the additive verbalization process maintains the first phoneme of the root staying overt. As a result, these additive nasals also create double homorganic-nasal oral consonants at the first phoneme of the verbs. The verbalization process involving additive allomorph only maintains the first phoneme of the root staying overt. In complex word formation, nasal verbalization creates active transitive and intransitive verbs.

The principles of covering the verb group in the works "Al-favoidu-z-ziyiyayya" and "Kofiya"

This scientific article analyzes the following questions: Abdurahman Jami in his work "Al-Favoidu-z-Ziyoyya" believes that the main feature of the verb is that it belongs to one of the three tenses, which indicates an individual meaning, i.e. an independent meaning. The article also emphasizes that Jami comes with verbal prepositions, the scientist fully explains the form of verbal prepositions, places of their application, the meanings of prepositions that require one form or another. In particular, Abdurahman Jami's chapter on "verbs" includes past and present forms, imperative forms, transitive and intransitive verbs, passive pronouns, a number of meaningful verbs expressing suspicion and (reliable) knowledge (or thinking and calculation), auxiliary verbs, verbs actions expressing closeness, verbs expressing admiration, verbs of praise and insults. It is widely noted that the scholar does not limit himself to providing general information about these verbs, but clearly and accurately interprets the functions and meanings of each verb in this category, expresses their relationship and classifies them separately. The article is devoted to the unique style of Abdurahman Jami, especially his desire for originality. For example, a scientist thinks deeply, clearly expressing the essence, structure, (etymology) of words, grammatical rules. As a result of the study, the article emphasizes that no other complete works of classical Arabic linguistics have been found, which indicates the high scientific significance of the work "Al-Fawaidu-z-Ziyoyya". The results of the study will serve as a resource for those interested in classical Arabic.

Children’s Use of English Articles in Intransitive and Transitive Sentences

This study presents new evidence that young children use English articles in an adult-like fashion, suggesting that children seem to know the function of English articles from the earliest observable ages. In adult language, indefinite NPs tend to appear in the subject position of intransitive verbs and the object position of transitive verbs. The study analyzes children’s early speech data for this pattern. The data consist of speech samples from six children, with mean lengths of utterances ranging from 2.0 to 3.1, and speech samples from six adults to provide a benchmark. The results demonstrate that in the data from both the adults and children, indefinite NPs with indefinite articles tend to appear in the subject position of intransitive verbs and the object position of transitive verbs, suggesting that very young children can use articles in similar patterns to those of adults.