Intralinguistic Factors Research Articles

Залучення й адаптація англомовних запозичень в українській мові

The article is devoted to the study of the process of borrowing and adaptation of English loan words in the Ukrainian language. It is established that in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language foreign words make up about 10%, 70 – 80% of which are English loan words. The presence of a significant share of English loan words in the Ukrainian language is due to a number of extra- and intralinguistic factors: the development of economic, cultural and political ties; quantitative and qualitative complication of various spheres of language communication; diversity of norms of speech behavior; expansion of regulatory limits; achievements of English-speaking countries in certain fields of activity; striving for linguistic economy; the need to replenish the composition of expressive language means; the need to clarify and detail the concepts available in the language; «Americanization»; imitation of fashion. The study systematizes English loan words in the Ukrainian language and distributes them by spheres of use (sociopolitical, financial and economic, culture and art, technical, mass communication, sports, science, and education). Three stages in the process of adaptation of English loan words into the Ukrainian language are distinguished: 1) the initial stage, which is characterized by a change in the morpheme structure of English loan words; 2) in-depth, related to the selection of the same components in groups of English loan words based on the similarity of final elements and the development of new suffixes of English origin in the Ukrainian language; 3) the stage of full adaptation, which is characterized by participation of English loan words in the process of word formation through the mediation of Ukrainian language suffixes, the formation of new complex words based on English loan words and Ukrainian or previously borrowed words, as well as the consolidation of the spelling form of complex words. It is established that the inclusion of English loan words in the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language and their active use in oral and written speech leads to the formation of synonymous pairs containing proper Ukrainian counterparts.

ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ МОВИ НОВИХ МЕДІА: ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ЖАНРОВОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ

The article verbalizes author's position, concerning the intellectualization of genre system of media communication (as a result of communication forms' changes in modern society) and determines the criteria for its professional analysis. These are linguistic, functional and stylistic, linguocultural and sociolinguistic dimensions of evolution of forms of social communication in mass-media sphere. The research focuses on the non-specific communicative principles of the dynamics of genres in traditional and new media, that, according to extra- and intralinguistic factors, provide different ways of fulfilling the tasks of communicative situation. The paper states actual nowadays medialinguistic aspectology for research of media genres in projection on language functions, realized in communicatively changing mass-media context, associated with psychological time and space of culture. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of functional markers in genre paradigm of media space through the language and cognitive integration of new / traditional genres (post, comment, stories, giveaway, etc.), that in their functional combination form a macrotext, relevant for media communication nowadays. The author also touches upon discussion issues of modern communicative linguistics and media genre theory, that outline the prospects for further investigations in this scientific field: accuracy of nomination and status of certain genres, relevance / irrelevance of traditional for stylistics of the 2nd half of the 20th century genre factors – according to the modern genres of media communication, the diffuse nature of the intellectualization of mass media genre system, connected with appropriate / inappropriate differentiation of such categories, as hyper-genre, sub-genre, genre variety unit, etc.

Аббревиатуры в послереволюционной прессе поволжских немцев как результат языковых и культурных контактов

The purpose of the study is to identify the structural and semantic specifics of abbreviations in the Volga Germans’ post-revolutionary press from the standpoint of a sociolinguistic approach. The paper considers the abbreviation processes from the perspective of their being conditioned by a wide range of extra- and intralinguistic factors in the setting where the Volga region variant of the German language had contact with the Russian language. Scientific novelty lies in introducing new factual material into scientific use. Abbreviations found in the press language of the Volga Germans minority ethnic group for the first time serve as a special object of research. As a result, it has been found that in the early Soviet period, the language of the majority ethnic group had a significant impact on the language of the Volga Germans’ press, in which abbreviation became a new productive way of word formation.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHERN KHMELNYTSKYI MICROTOPONYMS

Microtoponyms form a moving layer of names that can quickly become obsolete, have a clear etymology or lose motivation, move due to various circumstances from one class of names to another. Therefore, microtoponyms are characterized by such features as: informality, instability, variability, situationality, motivation, the influence of intralinguistic factors (dialects, features of orthoepy and phonetics, etc.), functioning mainly in oral speech. Our task was to find out the structure of the microtoponymicon of the Northern Khmelnytskyi, to analyze individual works (mainly abstracts of dissertations or separate articles) in terms of the presence / absence of terminology for micro-objects and to propose our own structure of microtoponymicon (for example, names of small geographical objects of the Northern Khmelnytskyi).

Функціонування інтерферем і росіянізмів у текстах інтернет-видань

Introduction. Researchers of media discourse, along with the positive aspects of the development of modern Ukrainian literary language in the media, point to the decline of media speech culture. The purpose of the article is to record examples of Russification and language negligence in online publications, to provide practical recommendations for improving the speech culture of journalists. Results. Interferems and Russianisms in online mass media are studied. The source base of the study was journalistic texts of online publications of national and regional significance ("Ukrainian Truth", "Doba").The analysis of the revealed deviations from lexical norm is carried out, the basic erroneously dangerous places are specified. It is proved that a common type of lexical errors in the language of the media - interferems and Russianisms. According to the classification of interference, in the analyzed online publications can be divided into two groups of such non-normative units. The first group includes single tokens-interferems. They form a small system of representatives. The second group of formations of interferomic character consists of non-normative combinations of several tokens. In the process of linguistic examination of journalistic materials, non-normative tokens-Russianisms (a word or phrase borrowed from the Russian language or built on the model of Russian words and expressions) were revealed. The inappropriateness of using nouns with the suffix -k- to denote an action in appropriate contexts is characterized, instead the analyzed materials distribute such formations. A number of extra- and intralinguistic factors have been identified, which have led to the spread of Ukrainian Russian-language interference elements in speech. The main extralinguistic reasons are the following: living in Ukraine a significant number of people who only understand the Ukrainian language, but do not speak it; knowledge of the majority of Ukrainian citizens in both languages - Ukrainian and Russian; improper knowledge of Ukrainian speakers of its norms; poor vocabulary of speakers; imperfect language policy in the state; lack of an effective mechanism for implementing the Law on Languages. The main intralinguistic factors are the typological affinity of the East Slavic languages and the formal (sound-letter) similarity of a large part of the Ukrainian and Russian lexicons. Results. Thus, online publications, both national and regional, are characterized by a low degree of language competence. In particular, activity in the use of interference tokens and Russian tokens has been demonstrated.

Modelling incipient probabilistic grammar change in real time: the grammaticalisation of possessive pronouns in European Spanish locative adverbial constructions

AbstractThe present paper provides a methodological case study on how underlying incipient grammar change might be discerned even when frequencies of the incoming variant are apparently marginal and stable. Analysing the spread of tonic possessive pronouns in complements of locative adverbial constructions in European Spanish from a probabilistic perspective, more than 11,000 locative constructions from 1900 to 2004 were compiled, and probabilistic grammar change was operationalised as an interactive function between language-internal predictors and real time. The results reveal that numerous intralinguistic factors have been and are active in constraining the variation, with the innovation spreading significantly in spite of apparent stability in frequency. Crucially, the findings demonstrate that, even in a relatively standardised written language where the innovation has a considerably low frequency, the innovation grammaticalises along the same pathway as in colloquial vernaculars where the incoming variant is employed much more frequently.

제2언어마멸연구의 변천과 전망

This paper explores the flow of research that has been conducted in the field of second language attrition, and summarizes the main results. It further points out the main issues to be considered in the L2 attrition study, related hypotheses, intralinguistic factors, extralinguistic factors, constraints of study and methodological issues. To be specific, it is as followings.<BR> (1) Previous studies have mainly focused only on the short-term learning process and there are few studies that comprehensively describe all processes of long-term individual language changes, including maintenance and attrition stages. (2) L2 attrition research mainly targets English, and there are few studies targeting Japanese, and there are few longitudinal studies targeting attriters like imperial Japanese speakers and child returnees. (3) There are few studies focusing on various social properties such as L2 attriters and Japanese contacts, and there are few studies from sociolinguistic aspects including discourse and linguistic behavior. (4) The mainstream is to consider the L2 attrition from the linguistic formal aspect, and few are to consider from the grammatical functional aspect such as modality. Particularly, there is a lack of linguistic theoretical approaches such as transference, analytic structure and synthetic structure. (5) Under the stage of incubation, few L2 studies have discussed the correlation with learning environment, attitude and motivation, proficiency, and frequency of use.<BR> There is much left to find out in order to lay the foundation for the future of L2 attrition research. It is based on a very limited number of studies and target languages and should be validated. And we still have a lot to discover about the dominant hypothesis of L2 attrition. Additionally, it is necessary to determine what factors and their combinations affect the attrition process and how they affect it. L2 attrition research is expected to develop further based on knowledge of psychology, linguistics, and even brain science as a field of acquisition research. L2 retention study of grammatical ability and sociolinguistic ability, which had few linguistic descriptions, is expected to contribute to L2 education such as saving effects in the construction of new linguistic theory and relearning.

SOME TYPES OF LEXICAL LACUNA (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE RUSSIAN, AZERBAIJANI AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES)

The article deals with such an interesting and rather complex, multidimensional phenomenon as lacuna on the material of three unrelated languages- Russian, Azerbaijani and English. The lexical lacunae are systematized and analyzed on the following groups: motivated and non-motivated lacunae. Motivated lacuna is connected with the following fact: the native speakers of the other languages do not have this reality idea. Such lacuna can be revealed in the field of the unequal lexeme. However, non-motivated lacuna is not explained by the absence of the idea. The idea exists, but the native speakers of the other languages did not call it owing to the certain cultural, mental, geographical, social, psychological or other reasons. Perhaps, they did not attach importance to them. So, non-motivated lacunae are considered on the concrete lexical-semantic groups in the article :1. Family relationship terms which are divided into two groups: a) blood relations; b) marital relationship. It should be noted that there are no special terms of marital relationship in English unlike Russian and Azerbaijani. The terms of blood relations are used together with the word “law” in postposition in order to denote the necessary marital relationship in English. 2. Nature: natural phenomena, flora and fauna. This group includes a lot of various lacunae connected with nature, natural phenomena. Such lacunae are caused by such objective factors as features of landscape, climatic conditions, relief, predominance of concrete animal, bird, insect, fish species etc. Certainly, the main factor is concrete people’s perception of nature, natural phenomena. Perception of the world influences nomination, highlighting specific natural objects taking into account the degree of their importance. When studying lacunae it is important to take into consideration both extra- and intralinguistic factors.

Аб магчымым уплыве грэцкай мовы на развіццё дзеепрыметнікаў залежнага стану цяперашняга часу ў славянскіх мовах

The passive participles of the present tense have been actively used only in Russian out of all Slavic languages since the 19th century and are a grammatical category that is not accepted by all native speakers of the standard Belarusian language as a normative one. During the development of Slavic languages, it has been experiencing two opposite tendencies: decline and revival. The article examines extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors that could have influenced the development of this verb form in a number of Slavic languages. According to the author, the bilingual Slavic-Greek consciousness of the creators of Slavic writing could have influenced the strengthening of these forms in the Russian language. The article analyzes possible connections of the Slavic participles of the present tense with the medial and passive participles of the Greek language in the light of their common origin from the Indo-European participle, as well as the process of development of participles during the restructuring of the voice category and in connection with the development of the aspect category.

АББРЕВИАЦИИ КАК СРЕДСТВО ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ЭМОЦИЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКИХ SMS-СООБЩЕНИЙ)

The paper considers the role of the language personality in speech activity in neologizations of abbreviated SMS messages in the English discourse. Within the framework of the communicative-discursive direction in Russian linguistics, a paradigmatic approach to the study of the role of the language personality in the creation of new knowledge has been established. The language personality is able to participate in the process of nominating objects and actions of the world picture. Intralinguistic and extralinguistic factors influence language changes. Intralinguistic factors provide potential for language renewal, including its neologization, in accordance with the laws of dialectical development. Extra- linguistic factors are represented by numerous social and socio-political phe- nomena from the surrounding world. The high popularity of SMS messages is explained not only by the action of the law of saving speech efforts in the language, but also by the ability of language personality to express emotions in the language, thanks to the opportunities for innovations and improvisations inherent in it. The paper considers the language functions and stylistic features of abbreviated SNS messages in English discourse.

The position of the genitive in Old English prose: Intertextual differences and the role of Latin

AbstractThe present article is a systematic, large-scale corpus study of the varying position of the Old English adnominal genitive. Particular focus is put on intertextual variation and the potential influence of Latin, which is analysed alongside such intra-linguistic factors as syntactic weight and the animacy of the referent. The model of logistic regression adopted helps address a key issue in studies on genitive placement, namely, if and how multiple variables exert combined impact on the choice of the variant. The paper highlights the importance of a bottom-to-top approach in studies of older English syntax, as global tendencies turn out to be the corollary of significantly different contributions on the level of individual texts, whose translation status (original composition or translation) is also of importance to the variation studied.

Drift – A change of perspective

AbstractUsing the example of the German language, this contribution discusses different models of a drift between synthetic and analytical construction. As an alternative to existing models, a design that combines different perspectives is presented. Linguistic developments are not viewed as monodirectional or even monocausal, but as polydirectional and polycausal so that the question of the direction and causality of typological changes is answered with the assumption of a complex structure of dependencies. This model of typological change integrates both extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic factors. On the one hand, developments in the cultural environment are made responsible for changes in the linguistic system, since these developments require a different communicative behavior of the members of the language community. On the other hand, the model also takes into account the principle of self-regulation of a linguistic system based on an optimal relationship between communicative effort and communicative result.

Means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages

This article is focused on the mechanisms that are used for perfumery and cosmetics terminology formation in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages based on material from modern dictionaries and internet sources. The subject of the research is the means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms in three Slavic languages. As a result, universal tendencies towards integration, differentiation, internationalization and unification of the language means in its structural, semantic and genetic aspects are determined. The research is based on the synchronic and partially diachronic approach with the use of componential analysis and the method of definition. Findings. The specificity of the perfumery and cosmetics terminology in closely related Slavic languages results from extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors, from native language laws of functioning and its special denotative correlation that manifests itself both in the nominative and the semasiological aspects. The following term-forming mechanisms proved to be typical: terminologization of common words, lexical term borrowings from other languages, transterminologization, special words modelling with the help of Greek and Latin elements, borrowed models, reduplicate terms, model-forming words, word-forming calques, contracted words, as well as the undivided naming process in the form of multi-component word combinations.

CAMPUR KODE DALAM INTERAKSI MASYARAKAT DESA BOLADANGKO KECAMATAN KULAWI KABUPATEN SIGI

Based on the formulation of the problem of this research is how the form of code mixing in the interaction of Boladangko village community in the Kulawi district of Sigi district and the factors driving the code mix in the Community Interaction of Boladanko Village in the Kulawi District of Sigi district. The purpose of this study was to determine the form of mixed code speech in the interaction of Boladanko village, Kulawi sub-district, Sigi district. The method used in this study is a qualitative method. Qualitative research methods are intended to describe the form of mixed code speech in the Boladangkokececity of Kulawi Sub-district, Sigi Regency. Based on the results of the study the authors found a mixture of the Kaili language code (Moma) and Indonesian. Mix the code because the speaker forgets the language of his area so that the speaker sometimes deliberately interferes with the code because of the habits and the ease of speech and changes in the way of communication between the speaker and the interlocutor. The following is code mixing data that occurs in the process of community interaction in Boladangko Village, Kulawi Subdistrict, Sigi Regency based on word class, namely, insertion of affixed elements, insertion of elements in the form of clauses, insertion of elements in the form of words and insertion of elements in the form of phrases. The driving factor for code mixing has more to do with the speaker, the speech partner, the function and purpose of the speaker, and the situation of the conversation. The driving factors for code mixing are extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors. Extralinguistic factors related to the character of the speaker such as background, social, religious sense, level of education, and regionalism. Intralinguistic factors relate to the absence of words in the Moma language that are capable of overseeing the concept referred to as the linguistic element that is inserted.

CAMPUR KODE PEMAKAIAN BAHASA INDONESIA PADA WACANA IKLAN

This study is entitled "Mixing Indonesian Language Codes in Advertising Discourse". The use of Indonesian in discourse advertisements has taken place in another language, namely local languages and foreign languages. This study examines the factors that cause code mixing, the types and forms / forms of code mixing, and the social meaning that is caused by the code mixing. The study uses the method of observation (observation) and data collection techniques, descriptive qualitative methods used in analyzing data, and informal methods used to collect the results of the analysis. In this study found two kinds of mixed codes, namely mixed codes into local languages (Balinese and Javanese) and mixed codes out of English. The shape and form of the code that is found is a mixture of code in the form of words, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. In addition to the form of words also found a mixture of code in the form of phrases, namely nominal phrases, verbal phrases, and prepositional phrases. There are two causes of code mixing in discourse, namely intralinguistic factors and extralinguistic factors. The code mixing events in the discourse are related to the language and social background, so that social meaning arises due to the code mixing behavior. Social meaning that emerges, shows more educated, shows social class, shows creativity, and shows the practical and regionalism.

Corpus-based error analysis of written works in Chinese by Spanish students

With the popularity and development of learning the Chinese language in Spain, more and more students are choosing to study Chinese as a foreign language. However, due to various factors -interlinguistic and intralinguistic factors-, students have many difficulties during the learning process and they make numerous mistakes of expression. This article proposes to carry out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the different errors that the students commit, from the lexical, sentence and discursive perspectives. This analysis will be carried out from a corpus of written works in Chinese by Spanish students, and from this analysis we obtain the following main results: errors are concentratedat the lexical and sentence level while at the discursive level the amount of errors is less; at level A1the interlinguistic factors occupy a predominant place in causing mistakes, and as the level of Chineserises, intralinguistics factors begin to play a more important role; from level A1 to level B1, we detectcertain elements with a tendency to fossilization.

МОВНА ОСОБИСТІСТЬ У СФЕРІ МАСМЕДІА: НАУКОВА ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ ТА ХАРАКТЕРНІ ОЗНАКИ

The article focuses on the necessity and appropriateness of scientific analysis of linguistic personality in mass communication as a separate subject of study, given the rapid development of mass media that produce a change in linguistic resource. In addition, the main approaches of researchers to the interpretation of the concept of "linguistic personality in media" were analyzed. An attempt was made to highlight the basic levels of communicative competence, characteristic features of the linguistic personality in media, taking into account the dominant tendencies of the development of mass communication sphere and the reorientation of the linguistic paradigm towards its intentional, communicative and functional component. In the scientific interpretation of the concept of "linguistic personality in media," the accentuation on multidimensional and polystructural dynamics of this concept, is indicative, which is characterized by the correlation of different analyzed parameters. The article focuses on representative criteria for highlighting a linguistic personality in media, attention is paid to cases where the linguistic personality is represented by both text publications and audio, video materials, and the syncretism of extra- and intralinguistic factors is important in the process of formation and functioning of the linguistic personality in media. One of the dominant categories for substantiating a linguistic personality in media is media discourse. Cases when media becomes a prism and a platform, where the linguistic personality becomes known and significant to the mass audience and when the linguistic personality is actually representative of the mass communication sphere were considered The idiocystology of the linguistic personality in media, the unique appeal and stylistic resource in speech, the normalization of linguistic characteristics make the texts and speeches of the linguistic personality in media significant because they have an impact on the society and are aimed at mass audience. On the example ofmedia texts of Yulia Mostova, a prominent linguistic personality in mass media, the editor-in-chief of the «Mirror of the Week» edition, linguistic and stylistic features, dominant linguistic markers (in particular, lexico-phraseological and syntactic features), their functional load were analyzed, which appropriate Yulia Mostova as a linguistic personality and make her texts creative and interesting for the recipients.

Литературный язык Петровской эпохи в научных трудах профессора Н.И. Гайнуллиной

The study is dedicated to the memory of Professor Nadezhda Gainullina. The aim is to show the role of professor N. Gainullina in the study of the Russian literary language history. N. Gainullina’s research interests focused on the literary language of the Peter the Great’s era. Her Ph.D. thesis and doctoral research, articles and monographs contain a deep understanding of the role and place of Peter the Great in the history of the Russian literary language. N. Gainullina defined the term “creative linguistic personality” and introduced it into science. She established the place, role and significance of the epistolary genre in the history of the Russian literary language. She described the nature of the epistolary genre evolution under the influence of extra-linguistic and intralinguistic factors. It is approved that conclusions reached by N. Gainullina, have important theoretical value. The results of N. Gainullina’s scientific activity differ because of their novelty, theoretical and practical relevance in researches on the history of the Russian literary language.

ЭКСТРАЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И ИНТРАЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НОВОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The article analyses extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic factors influencing the formation of neologisms in the sphere of architecture. Originality of the study involves identifying interrelation of social environment, an architect’s vision and word-formative processes; this problem has not previously attracted linguists’ attention. The findings have allowed the author to identify the key cultural and social concepts of the native English speakers and to ascertain the most productive word-formative means in the sphere of architecture.

Electronic Filing System of Language Innovations in Media: Psycholinguistic Metric

Objective. The article presents the concept of creating an electronic filing system of language innovations (new vocabulary/phraseology) that updates the material of Ukrainian mass media with great attention to its psycholinguistic and functional-stylistic metric. The complex analysis of the e-filing system, which is based on the dynamics of Ukrainian media communication (2016-2018), is the goal of this study.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods. An innovative author's methodology «10/10: new contexts / new editions» maximally allows to objectify the obtained results and accurately describe them at the relevant time. A special functional-stylistic &amp; psycholinguistic marking allows to evaluate evolutionary processes in language, analyze the degree of axiology of language resource and predict the time of “life” of language innovation in Ukrainian mass consciousness.&#x0D; Results. Special lexicographic markers are proposed to help: (a) determine the degree of influence of a new unit on mass consciousness; (b) assess typical / non-standard communicative situation of appearance of a unit in media; (c) find out the stylistic potential of language innovation in modern Ukrainian. About 1,000 language innovations (words, phraseologisms, semantically and word-transformed units) are represented in the electronic filing system (see author’s portal «Language Innovation.UA» on newlexua.blogspot.com on the Google-platform), which are lexicographically represented as a serial dictionary «New words and phraseologisms in Ukrainian mass media» (2016-2018). The theory of media psychology has helped to distribute the material in e-filing system according to evaluative (axiological) dominants (see Martin, J.), pointing to neutral, positive or negative word semantics. &#x0D; Conclusions. The analyzed material allows to assert that updating of the lexical-phraseological fund of the Ukrainian language has an ongoing nature, an explanation of which is found in the interaction of extra- and intralinguistic factors (particularly, the phenomenon of «linguistic trend» in language innovations of the Western world, multiculturalism, expansion of the information space, etc.). The monitoring of contemporary Ukrainian media made it possible to analyze the causes of replication and consolidation of innovative vocabulary/phraseology in mass consciousness.