Interstate Relations Research Articles

Western Policy toward Ukraine: Outcomes and Challenges for Russia

The change in the balance of power in Ukraine in February 2014 not only changed Ukraine’s foreign policy course, but also marked the beginning of a new Western policy toward Kiev. Political support for the Ukrainian authorities was expanded. Ukraine’s involvement in the sphere of Western interests intensified. Western countries used multilateral mechanisms to form new interstate relations with Ukraine. The Ukrainian army was actively modernized. The West supplied Western equipment. The U.S. and the EU have been closely following the conflict in Donbass. While publicly supporting a peaceful solution to the conflict, the West did not take real steps to resolve it. Advocating a violent solution to the conflict, nationalist forces became actively involved in the country’s domestic politics. Kiev was encouraged to take steps to curtail trade and economic cooperation with Russia and to sever ties between businesses. The IMF was actively pursuing programs and consistently demanding reforms in the social and economic spheres. In the political sphere, the West supported Ukraine’s policy, which led to the aggravation of political relations between the countries. After Vladimir Zelensky came to power in 2019, the West intensified its support for Kiev. Western authorities bet on a forceful solution to the conflict and provoked conflict between Ukraine and Russia. In February 2022, anticipating Ukraine’s actions, Russia launched a special military operation. It called into question the further development of Ukraine and, at the same time, led to an adjustment of Western policy. The U.S. and EU stepped up military support for Kiev and significantly expanded financial aid. This policy of the West has created certain risks for Russia, which has entered the phase of acute geopolitical confrontation with the U.S. and the EU.

The World Association of Kazakhs as a model of transnational ethnic identifications

The intensification of globalization processes in the modern world, the deepening of relations between states, the openness of interstate borders, the implementation of repatriation policy, the emergence of new modern information technologies have contributed to the acceleration of international migration processes and transnational ethnic identity. The problem of self-determination of the diaspora is transnational, since the ties between the diaspora and the historical homeland include various national-territorial and interstate relations. As a result, networks are being created linking foreign diasporas with their historical homeland, transnational organizations and associations are being created, political actors operating at the international level are being created. One of the striking examples of such a political process is the creation and functioning of the World Association of Kazakhs. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the course of ethnic identity at the transnational level, world experience and the Kazakh model, considers the problem of formation and preservation of national and cultural identity in the context of globalization from the standpoint of ethnopolitical concepts. Topical issues are raised from spiritual and cultural interaction with foreign Kazakhs to economic cooperation, potential forces that can contribute to the development of Kazakhstan, more than five million disparate Kazakh diasporas in the countries of the world, proposals are given that contribute to the development of work in this direction. Keywords: migration policy, national policy, diaspora, irridenta, cooperation, historical homeland, repatriation, World Association of Kazakhs, compatriots.

Iraqi ties to Yemen’s demise: Complicating the ‘Arab Cold War’ in South Arabia

The Cold War justifiably receives attention from scholars exploring interstate relations in the Middle East. While competition between the major nuclear powers invariably contributed to how regional politics transpired in the twentieth century, there may be much that is missing from the narrative adapting such a focus on external factors. This article provides a detailed analysis of intraregional relations that are informed by domestic, intra-Arab concerns. With special focus on the evolving relations between Iraq and Yemen over the course of the 1920–90 period, it is possible to argue for a new approach to the study of the Middle East and its relationship to the larger world during the Cold War. Domestic concerns prove as much an animating force in global affairs as those based in British, American and/or Soviet Bloc circles usually foregrounded.

Իրանի հայ համայնքի մասնակցությունը ՀՀ-ԻԻՀ միջպետական հարաբերությունների հաստատման և զարգացման գործընթացում

In the framework of this article, an attempt has been made to present the participation of the Armenian community of Iran in the process of establishment and development of RA-IRI interstate relations. Indeed, community participation in interstate relations is not limited to one area; it is widespread, and it encompasses many areas of cooperation, from political relations to economic and cultural ties. Undoubtedly, the role of the well-known Iranian-Armenian businessman-philanthropist, community figure Levon Aharonyan (1930-2020) is obvious in bilateral economic ties. The Iran-Armenia Chamber of Commerce was established in November 1992, chaired by L. Aharonyan. In 1992-1993 during the most difficult years of newly independent Armenia, the homeland was supported by various Iranian-Armenian figures, of course, with the permission of the Iranian state, with the issuance of very strong visas in some issues. Thus, within the framework of intercivilizational, intercultural cooperation, the importance of the Armenian community of Iran as a bridge, the participation in various initiatives is obvious.

Formation of the foundations of ancient Chinese international law in the Zhou period

This article is a comprehensive study of the formation and development of international law in ancient China. The article states that at the turn of the II and I millennia BC. The Zhou Empire pursued an active foreign policy, as a result of which certain customs began to emerge in this area. In the VII-VI centuries BC in China there were seven large state entities, as well as a significant number of small and smallest. The authors emphasize that by the middle of the first millennium BC relations were formed that were not just foreign policy, but international law. The practice of international negotiations was widespread, sometimes involving up to a dozen or more states. They can be considered the forerunners of international conferences.
 History has preserved to this day examples of treaties concluded between subjects of international law at the time. In general, the practice of ancient Chinese treaties was quite diverse: peace treaties of mutual assistance, treaties on territorial issues, especially neutralization of territories, non-damage to territories, especially rivers, agreements on collective retaliation and sanctions against violators, marriage contracts, export or import agreements. etc. In most cases, the treaties concluded between the ancient Chinese states did not have a single defined object, but covered several (sometimes up to ten) issues that needed legal settlement.
 Gradually, due to customary norms, the law of war was formed, although in practice in ancient China there were numerous deviations from the officially declared behavior - mass killings of prisoners, sale of captured people into slavery, sacrificing them to the gods. The authors conclude that on the one hand, in ancient China there are significant steps towards the development of international law. First of all, this manifested itself in the gradual formation at that time of the basis for the further formation of basic institutions of international law. On the other hand, it is not necessary to idealize the interstate relations of this era. After all, true international law is established on the basis of equality of states, respect for the citizens of other countries, and this was not to be expected in ancient times, especially after the unification of China by the first emperor of the Qin dynasty in 221 BC.

The Presidency For Turks Abroad And Related Communities (YTB) as a Soft Power Element: Senior Bureaucrats Graduated from Türkiye

The phenomenon of "soft power", the importance of which has become more evident in recent years, has become one of the most effective tools of interstate relations. This concept, which has turned into a kind of "cultural export" through various institutions of states, has been implemented by many states regardless of their military and economic capacity. Among these countries, Türkiye is one of the countries that can successfully implement the elements of "soft power" in a coordinated and purposeful manner. This phenomenon, conceptualized as public diplomacy, is one of the main components in the spread of Turkish culture and influence through various official institutions of the state, non-governmental organizations, visual and audio media, citizens with influence in social, artistic, and sports fields, and a dozen popular culture products. In this context, one of the important institutions of Türkiye is the Presidency For Turks Abroad And Related Communities (YTB). YTB carries out this language and culture transfer through different programs and projects. One of these programs is the Türkiye Alumni program. The field of interest of the study is the Türkiye Alumni program implemented by YTB. This study aims to investigate the role of international students who graduated from Türkiye who undertake important high-level bureaucratic duties in their own countries in the relations between their countries and Türkiye. In this context, the sample of the study is mostly composed of Türkiye graduates who serve as ministers in their own countries. However, some important bureaucrats are also examined in the study. Throughout the study, the contribution of international students who have been appointed to important positions in their own countries after graduating from Türkiye to bilateral relations in the following process is investigated. The basic hypothesis of the research is based on the claim that among the senior officials of the regions and countries in the fields where Türkiye is successful in its current foreign policy, there are Turkish graduates who have received undergraduate or graduate education in Türkiye with YTB scholarships. In the study, the discourse analysis method, one of the qualitative scientific research methods, was used. In this context, 13 international students who were educated in Türkiye between 1964-2016 and who have performed and are performing high-level positions in their own country are examined. In this context, ten countries and one regional government, including Tanzania, Somalia, Kosovo, Libya, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, Albania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Indonesia, and the Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq (KRG), were selected as samples. Through the discourse analysis method, the discourses of the graduates, who were examined in the research, about Türkiye in the process after they returned to their own countries, and their perceptions about Türkiye are analyzed. The analysis emphasizes how the discourses, perceptions, and opinions of the graduates towards Türkiye in their working lives shape the bilateral relations. Türkiye's recent advances in public diplomacy have had important repercussions on foreign policy. The Türkiye Alumni program implemented by YTB is a successful application in terms of communication and coordination with graduates. The perception of Türkiye by the students who graduate from Türkiye shapes the bilateral relations positively. It is among the main findings of the research that the graduates in the countries examined within the scope of the study feel Turkish as well as give priority to Turkish companies in the projects in their countries. Within the scope of the study, in addition to primary sources such as official gazette and statements of individuals, secondary sources such as scientific studies in the literature and news periodicals are also used.

A view from Poland: the state and the Orthodox church in the Ukrainian lands in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as reflected in the Polish historical research

Abstract This article explores the shifting perspectives of Polish academics about the role of the Orthodox Church in domestic and interstate relations within the Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. Why Poland’s sovereignty crumbled at the end of the 18th century was one of the most critical questions Polish historians sought to explain. Since Bohdan Khmelnytskii’s uprising, Moscow’s geopolitical objectives had placed the Ukrainian territories in the forefront of their attention. It has been documented that the nineteenth-century Polish scientific research was more concerned with the social and political impact of Orthodox Churches in Commonwealth regions than any other aspect of its history. However, this scenario has altered through time. Since the eighteenth century, the viewpoints of Polish historians have changed drastically. Additionally, they investigated the inner workings of churches and religious activity in Ukraine.

70-letie ustanovleniya diplomaticheskih otnoshenij mezhdu KNR i RF: opyt i perspektivy

The year 2019 marks the 70th anniversary of the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations between the PRC and the Russian Federation. The article considers various issues of Russia-China strategic partnership in the context of the anniversary, analyses the main stages of China-Russia interaction, characterises the key components of the two countries' relations in the new era. On the basis of summing up the experience of the past, tasks are outlined and prospects for interstate relations are built.

Events in eastern and southern Ukraine in retrospect of post-soviet relations

The purpose of the article is to periodize the study of interstate relations and the course of events in eastern and southern Ukraine in the period: 1991-2015. The historical and comparative-legal method was used to solve the problem posed. The article analyzes the events in eastern and southern Ukraine during 1991-2015, taking into account Russia’s influence on social and political processes in post-Soviet Ukraine through the process of forming Ukraine’s international subjectivity, which are permanent factors in bilateral relations with the Russian Federation. In this context, Russia’s inability to recognize Ukraine as a full-fledged international actor at the legal and substantive level is demonstrated. It is concluded that the events in Ukraine not only provoked the strongest confrontation between the two largest states of the post-Soviet space, but also exposed a number of problems throughout the international security system. The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine was accompanied by numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity. The competent state authorities must calculate the amount of material and moral damage caused by Russia.

Towards New Understanding of International Relations Asymmetry: Features of the 20th and 21st Centuries

The author, using the latest methodological approaches, analyzed important aspects of asymmetry in international relations. The levels of asym-metric interaction and repulsion in interstate relations in historical retrospect, and in the current situation in particular along the lines of the still asymmetric relations between the People’s Republic of China and the United States, have been studied, while realistically taking into account the asymmetry in many dimensions of the Russian-Ukrainian war and its influence in the transformed system of global and regional security It is emphasized that the beginning of the asymmetric Russian-Ukrainian war became a bifurcation point for the European Union in a fundamental revision of its own foreign policy strategy in the conditions of a tectonic geostrategic break. There was a problem of rethinking, in particular, the geo-economic role of the EU in new global, but still prone to fragmentation world.

Consumers’ reaction to automobile recalls: The role of corporate non-market strategies and interstate relations

We investigate how the two signals of non-market strategies of foreign automakers (i.e. the domestic share of ownership and recognition of social responsibility) and the relations between China and the foreign automaker’s home country (i.e. interstate relations) jointly affect the business performance of Sino-foreign joint venture automakers (SJVAMs) when an automobile recall event occurs. Analysing 422 automobile recall events in 2013–2019 befalling SJVAMs in China, we find that the domestic share of ownership and recognition of social responsibility can buffer the negative impact of recalls on SJVAMs’ business performance. Meanwhile, the buffering effect of recognition of social responsibility is stronger when the domestic share of ownership is lower. Additionally, the buffering effects of domestic share of ownership and recognition of social responsibility are stronger when the interstate relation is poorer. We discuss our contributions to research on corporate legitimacy and crisis management.

Repatriation during conflict: A signaling analysis

More than 28 million refugees have repatriated to their countries of origin since 1990. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) often organizes repatriation under Tripartite Repatriation Agreements (TRAs) and uses these agreements to raise funds to help refugees return. Human rights organizations often view these agreements as signals about forced repatriation and campaign against funding repatriation. Scholars explain these TRAs as part of a broader problem with the global focus on repatriation at the expense of refugee rights. With these arguments it is impossible to distinguish when it is time to support repatriation and when an agreement is premature and would promote unsafe return. Yet, sometimes countries do not sign repatriation agreements at all. Other times repatriation agreements occur when safety in the origin country is on the horizon. Still other times these agreements are signed, and there is little evidence that the origin country is safe from violence. Under what conditions do TRAs signal that it is safer in a country of origin? I develop a signaling model of negotiated repatriation and discuss cases studies that exemplify the equilibria. I theorize repatriation agreements arise out of a bilateral negotiation where the refugee-hosting country needs information and the refugee-sending country must signal capacity. A costly signal convinces the refugee-hosting country that the sending country can provide stability and that refugees will not flee again. Within-country quantitative analysis shows that host countries with leverage over countries of origin can elicit credible signals about violence. Host country leverage, measured by share of trade, is associated with waiting to sign repatriation agreements until violence is low. Donor countries should be skeptical of repatriation agreements signed when origin countries have leverage and forced repatriation is more likely. As the number of refugees in the world grows, pressure to repatriate refugees increases. Interstate relationships can help to distinguish among repatriation agreements, and the international community can use these differences to identify when refugee return is more likely to be safe and sustainable.

Detection and proof of cybercrime

Analysis findings in the field of cybercrime in the world and Ukraine as well prove a steady trend towards its growth, which causes a systematic increase in the number of victims affected by illegal malpractice of cyber criminals. This negative phenomenon violates not only citizens’ interests guaranteed by law, but also poses a threat to the national security in many countries. At the same time, international order is undermined and sustainable interstate relations are violated. Rapid information system development, speedy progress of computer software and hardware prompt numerous crimes in this field. Cybercrimes are committed by trained persons with a high intelligence level and professional knowledge in the computer technology sphere. In accordance with foregoing the issue of law approximation and the procedure of identification and recording of the mentioned illegal activity is essential to eradicate cybercrime. Considering the fact that the category of “proof” is fundamental in the theory of criminal procedure, we build in general-theoretical approaches in the basics of the analysis of the procedure of cybercrimes identification and recording to the mentioned activity in general.

STRATEGIC CULTURE AND INTER-STATE RELATIONS: A CASE OF PAKISTAN AND INDIA

Geography, culture and history play a central role in shaping a nation's perceptions, biases and images of adversaries. The combination of these factors constitutes strategic culture. Strategic communities tend to adopt diverse approaches to interpreting, analysing and reacting to a given situation. They may incline to pick peculiar strategic choices, such as using force or relying on external alliances, while not opting for a range of others. Decisions and choices are affected by patterns of thinking that evolved over the years. Strategic culture has evolved and generated significant discussion on theoretical frameworks and potential applications in a regional and international security context. Pakistan-India strategic equation is a complex phenomenon, fraught with hostility and mistrust, impregnated with conventional and non-conventional hazards. India views Pakistan as a stumbling block in realising her power ambition, while Pakistan considers India an existential threat. The article analyses the effect of strategic culture on inter-state relations with emphasis on Pakistan-India relations. Unique historical events, geography, the influence of dominant strategic strata and perception biases shape respective strategic cultures. It further analyses strategic culture based on Hofstede's Model, besides pondering upon symbols and philosophical influences. Bibliography Entry Ali, Shehzad. 2022. "Strategic Culture and Inter-State Relations: A Case of Pakistan and India." Margalla Papers 26 (1): 121-131.

STELE OF VULTURES: INFERENCES REGARDING THE LAW AMONG THE SUMERIAN CITY STATES

Tarihe ilk medeniyet olarak düşülen Sümer şehir devletleri arasındaki ilişkileri düzenleyen kurumlar, kurallar ve teamüller günümüzdeki devletlerarası hukukun birçok kurumunun temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bir Sümer kitabesi olan ve Milattan Önce 3. binyıldan bugüne ulaşan Akbabalar Dikilitaşı, üzerindeki yazılar ve tasvirlerle tarihten sanata, dinden siyaset tarihine farklı alanlar için birçok veri sunmaktadır. Lagaş kralı E-anatum tarafından hazırlatıldığı kabul edilen söz konusu kraliyet yazıtı, devletlerarası hukuk tarihi açısından da günümüze ulaşmış en eski belge olarak kabul edilmektedir. Umma ve Lagaş şehir devletleri arasında 150 yılı aşkın süren sınır ve su sorunundan bir kesit sunmakta olan tek taraflı söz konusu bu anlatı, bir çok uluslararası hukuk kural ve kurumuna dair veriler sunmaktadır. Makalede, bugüne kadar gerek Batı’da gerekse Türkiye’de yayımlanmış bazı uluslararası hukuk ders kitaplarının uluslararası hukuk tarihi bölümünde bahsedilen Akbabalar Dikilitaşı uluslararası hukuk tarihi çerçevesinde incelenecektir. Kitabede yer alan tasvirler ve yazının imkân verdiği oranda şehir devletleri arasındaki hukuk, tanrı ile kral ve tanrı ile şehir devleti ilişkisi, sınır ve su sorunu, savaş, antlaşmaların yapılması, ihlali ve söz konusu antlaşmalarda edimin yerine getirilmemesi durumunda uygulanacak müeyyideler, uyuşmazlığın barışçıl yolla çözülmesi için üçüncü bir devleti devreye sokma, devletlerarası ilişkilerde farklı görünümde ortaya çıkan törenler gibi birçok devletlerarası hukuk kuralı incelenecektir.

Socio-cultural nature, essence and genesis of the antagonism of mental values of Ukraine and Russia

The article, based on retrospective analysis and historical comparison, studies the genesis of antagonism between Ukraine and Russia in terms of the phenomenon of national identity, authenticity and distancing. Identifying the significant difference between the objective mental values, socio-cultural features of the Ukrainian and Russian peoples allowed to identify the main stages of historical, social and political and economic development that contributed to the separation of elements of Ukrainian statehood and independence. Elaboration and analysis of the existing interstate relations between Ukraine and Russia, through the prism of healthy skepticism, allowed to rethink and draw conclusions on forecasting the future development of relations against sanctions against interstate and global levels, as well as to determine Ukraine’s place on the geopolitical map of the modern world.

REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN SOUTH ASIA: UTOPIA OR REALITY?

South Asia comprises almost one-quarter of the world’s population. It faces a host of disputes of varying natures, including armed conflicts, proxy wars, and religious and ethnic strife. Despite its deplorable state of human security and impoverished people, South Asia is considered the least integrated region globally. Approximately 1.99 billion people suffer in terms of energy, food, water and health security due to conflicts and hostile interstate relationships. This paper analyses the socio-political and security environment of the region and explores the impediments to regional integration. Focusing on the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, it highlights that the idea of regional integration cannot be realized without resolving core issues. Economic cooperation between regional countries can only be achieved if integration models like the European Union and Association of South East Asian Nations are considered with necessary deviations. Bibliography Entry Niaz, Muhammad Tariq. 2022. "Regional Integration in South Asia: Utopia or Reality?" Margalla Papers 26 (1): 108-120.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENSURING STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION ON THE LEASED BY THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND RUSSIAN PART OF THE SAIMAA CANAL

The purpose of the research. The Russian part of the Saimaa Canal, which has been leased by the Republic of Finland since 1962, has international legal specificity due to the institution of interstate lease of territory. First of all, we are talking about the situation when a state, renting the territory of another state, would find it difficult to fully use it for its own purposes if its jurisdiction in this territory is not implemented in principle. Of course, due to the attributes of state sovereignty, it’s hardly possible to presume that on the territory of state part of its jurisdiction will be transferred to lessee state. However, the international legal basis for the lease of the mentioned territory, formalized by the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland on the Lease by the Republic of Finland of the Russian Part of the Saimaa Canal and the Surrounding Area and the Order of Navigation through the Saimaa Canal (Lease Agreement) of 2010, confirms the implementation of the international legal presumption of the transfer of part of lessor state powers. The purpose of the research is to identify the limits of the permissible transfer of such powers, and how this may affect the ensuring of jurisdiction and sovereignty by the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland. Results. The basis of the legal relations on the lease of the Russian part of the Saimaa Canal by the Republic of Finland is the partial transfer of powers in the leased territory from the Russian side to the Finnish side in accordance with Article 15 of the Lease Agreement of 2010. Largely due to such a partial transfer of authority legal relations regarding the lease of the mentioned territory have a long-term, successful character. The implementation of the presumption of the transfer of part of the powers in the legal relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland regarding the lease of the part of the Saimaa Canal does not entail a violation of the principles of the sovereign equality of states, respect for their sovereignty and non-interference in their internal affairs. In addition, the transfer of part of the Russian Federation powers to the Finnish side is based on extraterritoriality, which, on the one hand, allows the Republic of Finland to implement its legislation on the leased territory to legal relations in which its citizens are participants, on the other hand, it causes a partial restriction of powers of the Russian Federation on application of its legislation within the scope of exterritoriality. The implementation of the presumption of the transfer of part of jurisdictional powers in the mentioned interstate relations is based on the mutual benefit of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland, which is material.

Konferans Diplomasisi Perspektifinde Antalya Diplomasi Forumu'nun Uluslararası İlişkilerdeki Rolü

Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininin ortaya çıkış tarihi hemen hemen I. Dünya Savaşı’nın yaşandığı yıllara dayanmaktadır. Çünkü bu disiplin özelinde üniversitelerde kürsülerin açılması özellikle 1918 sonrası yıllara uzanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu disiplinin ülkeler arasındaki münasebetlere sirayet etmesi ve dünya üzerinde gözle görülür hale gelmesi şüphesiz diplomasi çabalarıyla mümkün olmuştur. Bir uluslararası siyaset, ilaveten bir uluslararası hukuk iletişim süreci olarak nitelendirilen diplomasinin özünde ülkelerin birbirleriyle varsa mevcuttaki problemleri hususunda münasebet kurmak ve bu bağlamda kendi ülke menfaatleri doğrultusunda kazanılabilecek maksimum kazancı elde etmek yatar. Dolayısıyla bu kazancın çabaları ise duruma ve ülkeler arası münasebetlerin boyutuna göre değişiklik arz etmektedir. Bugün uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde sıkça kullanılan diplomasi çabalarını; zirve diplomasisi, ikili diplomasi, çoklu/çok boyutlu diplomasi, kültürel diplomasi, parlamenter diplomasi, konferans diplomasisi yani kamu diplomasisi şeklinde sıralamak mümkündür. Bu bağlamda bu makale bahse konu diplomasi çabalarından biri olan konferans diplomasisinin bir yumuşak güç unsuru olarak kamu diplomasisi boyutunu tartışmaktadır. Bu diplomasi türünü önemli kılan husus iki dünya savaşı arasında sıkça kullanılmasıdır. Dünya savaşları sonrasında her ne kadar bu diplomasi türüne başvurma sıklığı azalsa da günümüzde özellikle problemli coğrafyalarda halen daha etkin bir şekilde kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Öte yandan dünya savaşları sırasında sıkça büyük devletler tarafından başvurulan bir diplomasi türü olan konferans diplomasisinde genellikle büyük devletler çıkarları doğrultusunda kazançlar elde etmiştir.
 Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada ilk olarak kamu diplomasisi çerçevesinde konferans diplomasisinin diplomasideki yeri ve önemine dair bir tartışma yapılmıştır. Daha sonra konferans diplomasisinin uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini çerçevesinde dünyadaki örnekleri irdelenmiştir. Ardından ise Türkiye Cumhuriyeti devletinin bir konferans diplomasisi örneği olarak uluslararası ilişkiler disiplinine kazandırdığı Antalya Diplomasi Forumu’nun bu disiplin özelindeki konumuna dair bir açıklama getirilmiş ve sonuç bölümünde ise bu Forum’un sahip olduğu role dair bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

KAZAKH LITERATURE OF THE INDEPENDENCE ERA IN THE AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE

The article describes the features of Kazakh-Azerbaijani inter-literary relations in the post-Soviet period, and also analyzes the works of Kazakh authors and folklore works of the Kazakh people translated into Azerbaijani. The paper notes the high intensification of inter-literary contacts between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. Such an expansion of interpersonal relationships among creative figures is, of course, determined by the general state of interstate relations. 
 In the post-Soviet period, Turkic-speaking writers, representatives of various national literatures began to feel their inner involvement in the general Turkic processes with particular clarity due to deep historical and socio-political changes and the strengthening of creative contacts. For example, such works translated into Azerbaijani as "Turkestan", "And me, you, death, lull me to sleep" ("Olum, mane agi de") Magzhan Zhumabayeva, "Kazakhstan's Way", "The Heart of Eurasia" by Nursultan Nazarbayev, "The Clay Book" by Olzhas Suleimenov, "When the Wolves Howled" by Sabit Dosanov, "Idikut" by Akhmetzhan Ashiri were highly appreciated among Azerbaijani readers. "Alash Arystary" in the Azerbaijani language shows that translators in their creative activity go not only beyond the national geographic framework, but expand the internal boundaries of the national artistic worldview.
 The works of the Kazakh genius confirm that the historical and cultural ties of the Kazakh and Azerbaijani peoples go back centuries. In particular, in the "Words of Edification", in the poems "Iskander", "Masut", "Tales of Azim" traces of centuries-old oriental wisdom are found. In the era of independence, the fame of classical Kazakh writers went far beyond the borders of their country. Many of them have become internationally significant personalities. So Abai as a universal cultural phenomenon at the turn of the century became an essential fact of world culture. The interrelation and literary contacts between writers of Turkic speaking countries have given rise to well-known Turkologists to talk about the concept of a single "Turkic speaking literature" and the need to accelerate the creation of a "new era".