Interstate Associations Research Articles

THE INTERESTS OF THE UK FOREIGN POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF THE AUKUS INTERSTATE ASSOCIATION

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the UK's foreign policy in the period after its withdrawal from the European Union (post-Brexit period) in the context of the country's participation in the formation of the AUKUS (an abbreviation of the English names of Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States). The research methodology was formed by the principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity, general scientific methods of logic, comparative analysis, special historical methods of historiographic analysis, historical-systemic, chronological, historical-genetic, retrospective analysis, and comparative-historical methods of scientific knowledge. It is noted that the creation of the interstate association AUKUS in 2021 was a resonant event in the world of international politics. The agreements provide for the development of systemic military-political cooperation between the three states at the strategic level in the long term with the primacy of the US-British alliance, which will potentially have a significant impact on the configuration of the international security system, especially in the context of current attempts to revise it It is stated that the relatively recently launched international security project AUKUS has already become one of the examples of active foreign policy activities of the British governments in the post-Brexit period, which is fully consistent with the Global Britain strategy. By participating in AUKUS, the British side not only contributes to global security and strengthens its military presence in one of the key regions of world politics, protects its own geopolitical and economic interests, but also guarantees the development of high-tech knowledge-intensive industries for the long term. The project of comprehensive sectoral military and defence cooperation proposed by the United States (with the support of two allied states) reflects an attempt to maintain American and British influence in the Indo-Pacific region and globally in the face of the growing conflict with China. With the resumption of the US policy of isolationism and protectionism, and possible financial problems of the UK as the second most important partner, the AUKUS project faces uncertain prospects. Ukraine's international prospects also depend on the success or failure of the AUKUS project.

Shanghai cooperation organization economic and transport cooperation at the present stage

The article analyzes the development of foreign trade in the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) for the period 2000–2022 in the commodity segment. The predominant and dominant role of China both in the international market and in trade with the SCO states is shown. It is concluded that, along with the growth of mutual trade in the SCO space, the imbalance of trade flows in the future may contribute to the development of negative phenomena, especially in the case of a transition in this trade to settlements in national currencies. The article shows that the SCO countries, especially China and Russia, have intensified and strengthened their presence in the innovation sphere and the global digital segment. The interaction of the SCO countries in innovative and digital directions, according to the author, makes it possible in the future to increase the SCO’s digital leadership in the global economic space and implement digital solutions in other SCO countries, which are less actively developing and using digital tools today. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization has been developing various areas of bilateral and multilateral cooperation between partners for more than 20 years. One of these areas is the transport sector. The importance of this area is growing both in national economies, for example, in China, and in cooperation. The article describes new modern directions of cooperation between the SCO countries in the transport sector. This strengthens the integration processes in the interstate association in the field of economics, transport and improvisation.

Prospects for Legal Regulation of Quantum Communication

The leading countries across the world have entered the race to develop quantum technologies that will enable them to ensure their continued economic prosperity. Among these technologies, a special place is occupied by quantum communication, which is designed to ensure information security in an era where a quantum computer is capable of compromising a number of cryptography algorithms. In this article, this new digital technology includes quantum key distribution and encryption methods that are cryptographically resistant to a quantum computer. The study does not consider the regulation of the quantum communication sub-technology, the so-called “quantum internet,” due to the technical limitations of the existing equipment. The authors note that their predictions about the cryptographic strength of encryption algorithms are based solely on modern knowledge about the capabilities of quantum computing and do not take into account its hidden potential, for example, in terms of cryptanalysis information systems based on a machine learning model generated by a quantum computer. Currently, the only data protection system that is not subject to quantum threats is the technology of quantum key distribution. In today’s information and digital age, information security systems are an important element of critical infrastructure. Given the importance of these technologies, different states use different methods to regulate this field. This article puts forward and substantiates the hypothesis that the implementation of a combination of regulatory legal acts could have a greater positive impact on the development of quantum communication and ensure an acceptable level of information security in the post-quantum era. The analysis showed that a significant number of states and interstate associations are conducting research in this area, relying only on investment growth. This strategy has prevented any country from achieving the competencies of the People’s Republic of China. The authors also analyzed the methods of legal support used by China, Russia, and other countries in the field of quantum communication, which made it possible to identify a model of legal regulation of quantum communication that stimulates this technology’s development.

О НЕКОТОРЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯХ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В РАМКАХ БРИКС

The BRICS interstate association has been expanding for many years, and today it has become a subject influencing global geopolitics from a club of interests. It is already one of the leading players in the international arena. It should be noted that the BRICS is not an association «against someone». It is noted that Russia offers the BRICS countries to jointly create a specialized module that would be part of the Russian orbital station. Resource sharing, digital development and cultural exchange are carried out within the framework of BRICS. The issues of international corridors, the gas chemical cluster and green energy, cooperation between friendship cities and local authorities of the BRICS countries are discussed. It is concluded that the most ambitious geopolitical event of this era is the explosive growth in the number of BRICS members and even more potential members of this organization. This interstate association has already reached an important milestone.

The Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in the Adult Population of the BRICS Countries: A Systematic Review

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive search and qualitative synthesis of the literature on the prevalence of dental anomalies in the adult population of the countries that comprise the BRICS interstate association. In January 2024, the BRICS membership expanded with the inclusion of Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. However, up until now, there has been scarcity of published research on this particular topic in the designated countries. Consequently, the objective of this review is to synthesize the data from available information resources, utilizing the PRISMA-recommendations to ensure the results are both comprehensive and lucid. The outcomes of this systematic review will provide a comprehensive overview of the data pertaining to this specific topic in the BRICS countries. This, in turn, will enable us to focus on the epidemiological situation and determine the necessity for preventive measures and treatment needs. By shedding light on the prevalence of dental anomalies in the adult population, this review will contribute to a better understanding of the overall oral health status in these countries. Moreover, it will serve as a resource for policymakers and healthcare professionals in formulating effective strategies to address this issue of the prevalence of dental anomalies, determining the need for preventive measures and complex treatment in the adult population. In conclusion, this paper bridges the existing gap in the literature on the prevalence of dental anomalies in the adult population of the BRICS countries.

ON THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF CONSTITUENT ACTS AND MEMBERSHIP IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

Based on an analysis of legal norms and the original texts of the constituent documents, the publication argues that the constituent acts of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, i. e. the Agreement on the creation of the CIS of December 8, 1991 and the Protocol to it of December 21, 1991) came into full force on December 21, 1991. Thus, the Commonwealth as an interstate association was formed precisely on this date, December 21, 1991, and not December 8, 1991, as is widespread in domestic legal science. At the same time, based on an analysis of o cial information from the CIS Executive Committee, a reasoned answer is given to a question that has not previously been covered in legal science (Russian, and especially foreign) - on what date did the constituent acts of the Commonwealth fully come into force for each CIS member state? In addition, the publication assesses the legal status in the Commonwealth of Azerbaijan, Georgia (before its withdrawal from the CIS in 2009), Moldova and Ukraine.

Expanding BRICS Authority in Latin America: Geopolitical Significance for Russia

The paper analyzes the geopolitical situation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LACB), examines the prospects for expanding the BRICS interstate association in the region and the advantages of this organization that attracts LACB countries. Based on the criteria the authors carried out put forward, the analysis of scenarios to expand the BRICS in the strategic interests of the Russian Federation in the international arena, the directions for the most favorable cooperation and ensuring the interests of Russia in the conditions of a tense political situation and a hybrid war launched by the collective West against our country are determined. The role of BRICS is increasing in a change in the balance of power in the UN, G20 and G7 groups after the start of a special military operation by the Russian Federation. The work is based on neorealism, which considers both the global situation in international relations and Russia’s possibilities for promoting its interests in interaction with various actors. The major methods used: situational analysis and document analysis. The paper’s aim is to determine the strategic advantages of implementing Russian foreign policy interests associate the potential expansion of BRICS in Latin America.

Сравнительно-правовой анализ экологических прав в Российской Федерации и Китае: актуальные вопросы

The article is devoted to the study of the environmental rights of citizens living on the territory of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. The author focuses his attention on the analysis of domestic legislation on environmental protection and judicial practice of the designated states that are members of the BRICS interstate association. Comparative legal analysis allows us to come to the conclusion that in each state, despite similar environmental rights of citizens, there are key environmental indicators that make it possible to distinguish the category of rights under consideration and identify pressing issues related to their implementation.

TRANSFORMATION OF COOPERATION BETWEEN KAZAKHSTAN AND UZBEKISTAN (ON THE EXAMPLE OF MODERN GEOPOLITICAL PROCESSES)

In a global world, the influence of imperialist powers on the development and prospects of states that hold a special place on the Eurasian continent and on the world stage is imminent. The Russian-Ukrainian war and its consequences will undoubtedly leave an indelible socio-economic mark. Considering the consequences of the sanctions of European countries and international organisations against Russia, Kazakhstan faces the choice of building a new foreign policy based on appropriate policy decisions. The methodological aspects of the study of transformational processes of cooperation between neighbouring states represented by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in the context of interstate associations are not sufficiently reflected in the scientific literature, especially after the change of power. In this regard, researchers, analysts and other institutions confront the great challenge of scientifically reconsidering the prospects of transformation processes in the context of global changes that have caused a close relationship as a result of Russian sentiments in the region. This research paper is devoted to the problems of transformational processes in the relationship between the two states, which in one way or another have been and will be influenced by contemporary geopolitical reconstructions, especially in foreign policy and the oil and gas sector. The methods of comparative and statistical analysis, as well as comprehensive study of the objective are an integral part of this study. The historical background to post-Soviet relations and the transformation processes of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are at the core of the study. Despite the agreements on political-economic interactions and gradual cooperation, first on a regional level and later within the SCO, there were problems of regional rivalry between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan after the Organization of Turkic States (OTS). Russian geopolitics provided some impetus to rethink foreign policy and the need for close cooperation between the two states, which prompted new transformational trends. Therefore, the historiographical review and the source base provide an opportunity to reconsider the contemporary aspects of Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan interactions within the framework of contemporary geopolitical processes.

Правовые вопросы экономической безопасности Российской Федерации как члена ЕАЭС

The article examines the legal framework and potential possibilities of integration processes in the post-Soviet space, as well as the place and role of the Russian Federation in Eurasian international organizations. The Russian Federation is considered as an active participant in protecting the interests of business development in the space of interstate associations. In this regard, the prospects for development and ways to implement the formation of a favorable economic climate for small and medium-sized businesses in the common integration space are analyzed.

Prerequisites and prospects for the development of carbon pricing in Belarus

Aim. To consider the retrospective and existing trends in the development of national regulation of greenhouse gas emissions in Belarus, as well as to analyze the prerequisites and assess the prospects for the formation of carbon pricing mechanisms in this jurisdiction.Objectives. To study the economic, institutional and legal aspects of carbon regulation in Belarus; to identify the main problems and challenges for the state arising in the process of development of such regulation, including carbon pricing mechanisms.Methods. Using the methods of economic and legal analysis and comparison we analyzed various aspects of the functioning of the carbon regulation system in Belarus, which allow us to assess its current state and prospects for its development.Results. Currently, the Republic of Belarus is still among the jurisdictions in which the state has not sufficiently formed institutional and legal conditions for the widespread use of carbon pricing instruments, despite the long history of building a system of regulation of greenhouse gas emissions and the attempt to introduce market mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, which contributed to the creation of the first elements of national infrastructure for trading in carbon units.Conclusions. Among the potential drivers of the development of the carbon market in Belarus and the subsequent export of its carbon units abroad, there is a further convergence of positions and approaches on the climate agenda and carbon regulation between Belarus and Russia, other jurisdictions in the Eurasian space, within the framework of interstate associations; regarding the preparation for potential negative consequences for the national economy associated with the introduction of the European Union mechanism of cross-border carbon regulation.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ИНСТРУМЕНТЫ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ

The article discusses a brief history of the emergence and main areas of application of agent-based models. Examples of their practical use are given, including in the field of economics and for modeling business processes. The software and analytical complex «MOBIUS» and the new ambitious project «Digital Earth», supported and implemented by all countries of the BRICS interstate association, are briefly described.

АМЕРИКАНСЬКО-БРИТАНСЬКІ ВІДНОСИНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ МІЖДЕРЖАВНОГО ОБ’ЄДНАННЯ AUKUS

The article presents the results of a study of the genesis of US-British relations in the context of the historical and political peculiarities of the formation of the interstate association AUKUS. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the use of comparative analysis in the process of understanding the history of US-British relations during the presidencies of Presidents D. Trump and J. Biden as a prerequisite for the participation of both countries in the process of forming the AUKUS interstate association. Attention is focused on the commitment of the J. Biden administration to a multilateral approach to foreign policy, which required the search for updated mechanisms of cooperation with traditional partners, including the UK. The AUKUS project is seen as a mechanism for preserving the influence of the Anglo-Saxon world in the Indo-Pacific region in the context of the growing conflict with China. The author summarizes the considerations of the impact of AUKUS on Ukraine’s international position. The purpose of the research is to identify the causes, preconditions, content, and impact of the updated format of US-British relations on international relations on the example of the formation of the AUKUS interstate cooperation project in the context of current global and regional political processes. The research methodology included chronological, historical and political, historical and genetic, and comparative methods. This made it possible to study the development of interstate relations between the United States and the United Kingdom on the eve and at the stage of formation of the interstate association AUKUS, in which Australia also participated, to study the impact of current trends in international relations on the peculiarities of these states’ participation in AUKUS and to assess the significance of this innovative association in the world security system. Conclusions. It has been established that the commitment of the administration of US President J. Biden to a multilateral approach to foreign policy, unlike his predecessor D. Trump, has required the search for updated mechanisms of cooperation with traditional partners, among which the UK continues to occupy a leading position. The international project AUKUS proposed by the United States reflects an attempt to maintain influence in the Indo-Pacific region in the face of the growing conflict with China while maintaining the dominance of the Anglo-Saxon world as the core for a potentially broader unification of the region’s states. Conclusions. With the launch of the AUKUS project, the US-British “special relationship” has once again received an incentive to intensify. However, such an association has both a preventive function in terms of deterring military conflict in the region and the world, and the challenges of further intensifying the arms race and the opposite effect – increasing international tension. The interests of the main actors in the possible resolution of the military conflict in Ukraine have converged in the Indo-Pacific region. Therefore, Ukraine’s international prospects indirectly depend on the success of the AUKUS project as an element of international relations in the Indo-Pacific region as a whole.

Россия и БРИКС в новых геополитических реалиях

Current trends in the fragmentation of the global economy and new geopolitical challenges have led to an unprecedented expansion of the BRICS interstate association. The subjects of the research are the role and place of the BRICS countries in the modern world economy. The purpose of the work is to determine the prospects for cooperation between the BRICS countries in the context of expanding its membership and increasing the importance of the renewed association in the global economy. The article examines the geopolitical and financial reasons underlying the expansion of the interstate association, summarizes the opinions of experts on the impact of BRICS membership on the economies of sovereign countries and the potential impact of its expanded membership on the global economy as a whole. The bilateral trade and economic cooperation of the BRICS countries, the ambiguous impact of its expansion on the functioning of the association, and its strengths and weaknesses are analyzed. The role of Russia in the BRICS is considered. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of an expanded BRICS membership in the global economy, and the directions of cooperation between Russia and foreign partners in BRICS are determined.

Information security in the Union State: the universal legal dimension

The subject of the study forms a set of legal norms of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus and the interstate association of the Union State of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, international treaties(agreements) regulating public relations in the field of information security, law enforcement practice, foreign experience of legal regulation, as well as provisions theoretical interdisciplinary research in this field. The object of the study is public relations related to the legal provision of information security in the Union State. The Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the context of new challenges and threats, as well as digital transformation and geopolitical changes. The analysis indicates a certain experience of scientific research in this field. At the same time, in the context of significant changes in socio-economic and foreign policy conditions, new challenges and threats, multi-vector scientific research in the information and legal sphere is necessary. The methodological basis of this study is a system of modern general scientific and private law methods. The study of the formation, development, place and role of the legal provision of information security of the Union State of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus was conducted using the following general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, abstraction and modeling, generalization, description, etc. The main conclusions of this study were the following proposals, it is necessary to develop and approve the conceptual framework for the legal provision of information security for the development of regional interstate cooperation within the framework of the Union State of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. This is important for solving the tasks of ensuring national and international information security, implementing agreements within the framework of regional interstate associations and further forming a system of universal public law mechanisms for ensuring information security. At the same time, the strategic legal acts of the Union State in the field of information security are dynamic in nature due to changes in social and political relations, including at the international level. There is a growing tendency to perceive the information space not only as an area requiring the use of exclusively protective measures of influence, but also involving active offensive measures to the extent necessary to protect national interests.

МЕЖГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЕ БРИКС. СТРАНИЦЫ ИСТОРИИ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ. ЧАСТЬ 1

The article is about the formation and development of the BRICS interstate association. The author traces the history of that integration association, starting from the very first meetings of representatives of the member states and up to the present time, when BRICS is on the threshold of large-scale expansion. The paper characterizes the ever-growing economic, demographic, resource, and humanitarian potential of the BRICS, as well as the deepening and increasingly diverse integration cooperation of its members in the political sphere, in combating security threats, in economics and f inance, science and industrial development, agriculture, environmental protection, humanitarian sphere, education, youth policy, sports, tourism, and others. In reconstructing the history of the BRICS, the author refers to the Declarations of fifteen summits of the organization and a number of other fundamental documents, which enable identifying the characteristic features of the BRICS as one of the influential actors of the new world order of the 21st century, to get a comprehensive picture about shaping the field of the organization’s activity. The organization which is neither a defensive bloc nor an economic union, which does not (at least for the time being) have a developed structure of supranational governance bodies, but with its own clearly defined political, economic and humanitarian agenda

МЕЖГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЕ БРИКС. СТРАНИЦЫ ИСТОРИИ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ. ЧАСТЬ 2

The article is about the formation and development of the BRICS interstate association. The author traces the history of the integration association, starting from the very first meetings of representatives of the member states and up to the present time, when BRICS is on the threshold of large-scale expansion. The paper characterizes the ever-growing economic, demographic, resource, and humanitarian potential of the BRICS, as well as the deepening and increasingly diverse integration cooperation of its members in the political sphere, in combating security threats, in economics and finance, science and industrial development, agriculture, environmental protection, humanitarian sphere, education, youth policy, sports, tourism, and others. In reconstructing the history of the BRICS, the author refers to the Declarations of fifteen summits of the organization and a number of other fundamental documents, which reveal the characteristic features of the BRICS as an influential actor in the new world order of the 21st century, to get a comprehensive picture about formation of the activity field of the organization, which is neither a defensive bloc nor an economic union, which does not (at least for the time being) have a developed structure of supranational governance bodies, but has its own clearly defined political, economic and humanitarian agenda.

BRICS as a driving force of changes in the world monetary and financial system aimed at the transition to settlements in national currencies

Aim. To determine the place and development potential of BRICS (interstate association of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) in the global monetary and financial system.Objectives. To analyze the BRICS contribution to the world economy; to assess the role of the BRICS currencies in the modern monetary and financial system; to identify areas for strengthening the role of the BRICS in the monetary and financial system; to assess the BRICS actions aimed at reducing its dependence on world currencies in favor of national currencies; to characterize the obstacles to integration and strengthening the role of the BRICS.Methods. With the help of general methods of scientific knowledge, graphic and tabular analysis the state at the present stage and the potential of BRICS development in the world economy and monetary and financial system are considered.Results. In the 15 years since the BRICS were established, the contribution to the world economy of the member countries has increased significantly, while their role in the global currency market remains not so significant. At the same time, since its establishment, one of the most important objectives of the BRICS has been to reform the existing global monetary and financial system, via strengthening the role of the association and shifting from global currencies to the national currencies of the member countries.Conclusions. Over the past few years, the BRICS countries have taken a number of measures aimed at de-dollarization, both at the level of individual countries and at the level of the association. In particular, the countries have made no secret of their intention to create a payment system based on digital currencies that is autonomous from the Western financial infrastructure, which would undoubtedly facilitate a faster transition to settlements in national currencies. Despite the difficulties for the monetary and financial integration of the BRICS countries, BRICS has great potential to influence the global monetary and financial system due to its growing economic power and the prompt development of the financial technology sector in recent years.

Вплив релігійних організацій на вирішення міжнародно-правових проблем в умовах глобалізації

The article reveals the mechanisms of influence of religious organizations on international relations and the dynamics of their influence on the solution of international legal problems in the conditions of globalization. In the conditions of globalization of world processes and growing tendencies towards interdependence in international relations, religion acts as an optimal mode of self-identification of individual countries, interstate associations and unions. Currently, we are observing the growth of the number of international religious organizations and foundations, religious parties and movements whose functioning and activities are of an international nature. Religious organizations develop and adopt their international agreements, which usually do not have a normative legal nature, but are taken into account by the world community and states during the development of new international legal standards on matters of religion. It was noted that the Christian influence affects the perspective of the evolutionary movement of the international legal system and ensuring its stability. Thus, the humanization of the legal systems of states through the prohibition of the death penalty, the rejection of cruel punishments and those that degrade human dignity, the softening of the conditions for serving punishments, and the expansion of the range of human social rights have a clearly expressed Christian color. The influence of religious organizations on international law can be traced at various levels of its existence and formation. The religious factor affects the development of law as a normative regulator, as well as a form of social and individual consciousness, a mode of spiritual development. It has been proven that modern religious doctrines are an important factor that determines both the specifics of the political process of an individual state and the trends of international life. The latter gives reason to assert that despite the fact that the process of modernization of religious organizations is taking place, in the 21st century they will continue to determine the nature of international relations in the future.

THE INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS OF POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES

As part of the convergence, the national legal systems of a number of states that emerged in the early 90s of the twentieth century acquired features characteristic of the Romano-German legal family, and therefore the fundamental principles of law that are implemented within the development models of these countries have acquired a qualitatively new nature, reflecting the fundamental transformations of the state-political structure. The purpose of the study is to consider the features of the national legal systems of the post-Soviet countries, formed under the influence of integration processes of a legal nature that occurred on the territory of the former republics of the USSR. The objectives of the study are to study the main trends of a state-legal nature, to identify the influence of international law norms on the legislation of new subjects of international relations, as well as to establish the influence of the integration of several states into various interstate associations on national legal systems. Formal-legal, analytical, and historical-legal research methods are used to achieve the results. The study found that the national legal systems of the states that were previously part of the USSR are organically oriented towards regulatory requirements implemented within the framework of international organizations of which they are members, which leads to a certain unification of the regulation of public relations, which does not exclude the preservation of national legal traditions. The process of convergence of the legal systems of individual post-Soviet countries is slow, uneven, not always progressive, but nevertheless lays the foundations for joint activities on several issues that go beyond the jurisdiction of a particular State or require joint efforts for effective solutions.