Interslice Gap Research Articles

Coupling Realistic Computational Neural Model and Human Experimental Data: the Cerebellar Role in Eye Blink Conditioning and its Alteration due to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Coupling Realistic Computational Neural Model and Human Experimental Data: the Cerebellar Role in Eye Blink Conditioning and its Alteration due to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Effect of gamma-irradiation on the properties of aluminum dihydrogen triphosphate

The effect of gamma irradiation on the properties of aluminum dihydrogen triphosphate (ADTP) in the dose range of 0 to 150 kGy was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermal analysis, acid?base titration, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although the XRD and SEM results indicated that there were no significant effects on the crystal structure and the surface morphology of ADTP, thermal analysis revealed that the crystal transition of Al(PO3)3 from Type-B to Type-A did not occur at a high temperature in irradiated ADTP. EIS results showed that high-dose gamma irradiation (100 kGy and 150 kGy, 60Co) improved the corrosion inhibition ability of ADTP on tinplate steel. SEM was used to investigate the surface of tinplate steel panels after immersion in ADTP extracts for 69 h, and revealed that many slices were formed on the surface. The slices were attributed to the formation of Fe2P3O10. Inter-slice gaps may be the reason for the lower corrosion resistance of ADTP compared with the resistance of some toxic pigments containing lead and chromium. Overall, high doses of gamma irradiation improved the corrosion resistance of ADTP.

Feasibility of Quantifying Arterial Cerebral Blood Volume Using Multiphase Alternate Ascending/Descending Directional Navigation (ALADDIN).

Arterial cerebral blood volume (aCBV) is associated with many physiologic and pathologic conditions. Recently, multiphase balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) readout was introduced to measure labeled blood signals in the arterial compartment, based on the fact that signal difference between labeled and unlabeled blood decreases with the number of RF pulses that is affected by blood velocity. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of a new 2D inter-slice bSSFP-based arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique termed, alternate ascending/descending directional navigation (ALADDIN), to quantify aCBV using multiphase acquisition in six healthy subjects. A new kinetic model considering bSSFP RF perturbations was proposed to describe the multiphase data and thus to quantify aCBV. Since the inter-slice time delay (TD) and gap affected the distribution of labeled blood spins in the arterial and tissue compartments, we performed the experiments with two TDs (0 and 500 ms) and two gaps (300% and 450% of slice thickness) to evaluate their roles in quantifying aCBV. Comparison studies using our technique and an existing method termed arterial volume using arterial spin tagging (AVAST) were also separately performed in five subjects. At 300% gap or 500-ms TD, significant tissue perfusion signals were demonstrated, while tissue perfusion signals were minimized and arterial signals were maximized at 450% gap and 0-ms TD. ALADDIN has an advantage of visualizing bi-directional flow effects (ascending/descending) in a single experiment. Labeling efficiency (α) of inter-slice blood flow effects could be measured in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) (20.8±3.7%.) and was used for aCBV quantification. As a result of fitting to the proposed model, aCBV values in gray matter (1.4–2.3 mL/100 mL) were in good agreement with those from literature. Our technique showed high correlation with AVAST, especially when arterial signals were accentuated (i.e., when TD = 0 ms) (r = 0.53). The bi-directional perfusion imaging with multiphase ALADDIN approach can be an alternative to existing techniques for quantification of aCBV.

Abstract P238: Distribution of Aortic Plaque by Sex and Age Among Community-dwelling Adults: A Framingham Magnetic Resonance Study

Introduction: Aortic plaque can be seen on noncontrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. We sought to determine the prevalence, distribution and burden, or quantitative amount, of CMR-detected thoracic (TAP) and abdominal (AAP) aortic plaque in a community-dwelling cohort of adults. Methods: 1794 Framingham Offspring cohort members underwent ECG-gated, fat-suppressed, T2-weighted TSE black blood aortic CMR at 1.5T: 1.03 x 0.64-mm pixels, 5-mm slice thickness. We obtained 12 thoracic (above diaphragm, 1-cm interslice gap) slices and 24 abdominal (below diaphragm/above aortic bifurcation, 5-mm gap) slices. Plaque protruding ≥1mm into the lumen was traced on each slice and summed to determine AAP and TAP burdens. Participants were stratified by sex and 10-year age groups. We tabulated number of persons with prevalent (i.e. >0) AAP and TAP and tested for trend (Cochrane-Armitage) across age groups. Among those with plaque>0, we determined upper 90th percentile (P90) plaque burden, if the sex/age-group had ≥20 persons with prevalent plaque (we felt calculations based on N<20 would be speculative at best). Results: Complete aortic studies were available on 1726 adults aged 65±9y (47% men). AAP was more prevalent than TAP: 359/806 (44.5%) men and 430/920 (46.7%) women had AAP, p=0.26; 72/806 (8.9%) men and 65/920 (7.1%) women had TAP, p=0.15. The Table shows sex-specific distributions and burdens of plaque by age-group, where +AAP (+TAP) indicates abdominal (thoracic) aortic plaque is present. Prevalence of both AAP and TAP increased monotonically with age (p<0.0001) in both sexes. Burden of AAP at the P90 level also increased monotonically with age. Conclusions: Among middle-aged and older community dwelling adults, AAP is seen on noncontrast CMR in 45.7%, while TAP is less prevalent at 7.9%. Prevalence of aortic plaque did not differ between men and women and increases with age in both sexes. Burden (amount) of AAP also increases with greater age.

Optimization of Scan Parameters to Reduce Acquisition Time for Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging at 1.5T.

To shorten acquisition of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in 1.5-tesla magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, we investigated the effects of the number of b-values, diffusion direction, and number of signal averages (NSA) on the accuracy of DKI metrics. We obtained 2 image datasets with 30 gradient directions, 6 b-values up to 2500 s/mm(2), and 2 signal averages from 5 healthy volunteers and generated DKI metrics, i.e., mean, axial, and radial kurtosis (MK, K∥, and K⊥) maps, from various combinations of the datasets. These maps were estimated by using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with those from the full datasets. The MK and K⊥ maps generated from the datasets including only the b-value of 2500 s/mm(2) showed excellent agreement (ICC, 0.96 to 0.99). Under the same acquisition time and diffusion directions, agreement was better of MK, K∥, and K⊥ maps obtained with 3 b-values (0, 1000, and 2500 s/mm(2)) and 4 signal averages than maps obtained with any other combination of numbers of b-value and varied NSA. Good agreement (ICC > 0.6) required at least 20 diffusion directions in all the metrics. MK and K⊥ maps with ICC greater than 0.95 can be obtained at 1.5T within 10 min (b-value = 0, 1000, and 2500 s/mm(2); 20 diffusion directions; 4 signal averages; slice thickness, 6 mm with no interslice gap; number of slices, 12).

Estimation of optimal b-value sets for obtaining apparent diffusion coefficient free from perfusion in non-small cell lung cancer

The purpose of this study was to determine optimal sets of b-values in diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) for obtaining monoexponential apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) close to perfusion-insensitive intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model ADC (ADCIVIM) in non-small cell lung cancer. Ten subjects had 40 DW-MRI scans before and during radiotherapy in a 1.5 T MRI scanner. Respiratory triggering was applied to the echo-planar DW-MRI with ms, TE = 74 ms, eight b-values of 0–1000 μs μm−2, pixel size = mm2, slice thickness = 6 mm, interslice gap = 1.2 mm, 7 axial slices and total acquisition time ≈6 min. One or more DW-MRI scans together covered the whole tumour volume. Monoexponential model ADC values using various b-value sets were compared to reference-standard ADCIVIM values using all eight b-values. Intra-scan coefficient of variation (CV) of active tumour volumes was computed to compare the relative noise in ADC maps. ADC values for one pre-treatment DW-MRI scan of each of the 10 subjects were computed using b-value pairs from DW-MRI images synthesized for b-values of 0–2000 μs μm−2 from the estimated IVIM parametric maps and corrupted by various Rician noise levels. The square root of mean of squared error percentage (RMSE) of the ADC value relative to the corresponding ADCIVIM for the tumour volume of the scan was computed. Monoexponential ADC values for the b-value sets of 250 and 1000; 250, 500 and 1000; 250, 650 and 1000; 250, 800 and 1000; and 250–1000 μs μm−2 were not significantly different from ADCIVIM values (, paired t-test). Mean error in ADC values for these sets relative to ADCIVIM were within 3.5%. Intra-scan CVs for these sets were comparable to that for ADCIVIM. The monoexponential ADC values for other sets—0–1000; 50–1000; 100–1000; 500–1000; and 250 and 800 μs μm−2 were significantly different from the ADCIVIM values. From Rician noise simulation using b-value pairs, there was a wide range of acceptable b-value pairs giving small RMSE of ADC values relative to ADCIVIM. The pairs for small RMSE had lower b-values as the noise level increased. ADC values of a two b-value set—250 and 1000 μs μm−2, and all three b-value sets with 250, 1000 μs μm−2 and an intermediate value approached ADCIVIM, with relative noise comparable to that of ADCIVIM. These sets may be used in lung tumours using comparatively short scan and post-processing times. Rician noise simulation suggested that the b-values in the vicinity of these experimental best b-values can be used with error within an acceptable limit. It also suggested that the optimal sets will have lower b-values as the noise level becomes higher.

3D myocardial wall stress assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance and non invasive aortic blood pressure in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis

Methods We studied 20 subjects (71±10 years) with severe AVS including 19 with a preserved ejection fraction (EF) and 14 elderly controls (59±6 years). All subjects underwent within 4 hours, transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) as well as applanation tonometry of the carotid artery immediately after CMR examination. CMR included an ECG gated cine SSFP acquisition of left ventricular (LV) short axis slices, positioned regularly and without inter-slice gap between base and apex. Carotid tonometry, by adjusting by the mean brachial pressure obtained during CMR acquisition is a reliable measurement of central aortic blood pressure. 3D MWS can provide a LV afterload estimate which is well known to be strongly related to EF, except in case of depressed contractility. Evaluation of 3D MWS relied on the combination of: 1) a geometrical factor (GF), estimated according to myocardial thickness and LV cavity radius, while accounting for the 3D curvature of the LV, and 2) LV peak systolic pressure provided by tonometric measurement and Doppler maximal transvalvular pressure gradient. Results For all patients, TTE revealed the presence of severe AVS according to ESC criteria (aortic valve area indexed to BSA= 0.43±0.09 cm2/m2 and mean gradient 54±14mmHg). When compared to 3D MWS evaluation of controls, GF indicated a significant decrease in patients with AVS (patients AVS 0.28±0.16; controls 0.37±0.13; p<0.05) whereas 3D MWS remained equivalent between the two groups. These data reflect LV adaptation to pressure overload, leading to an overall normalization of MWS in severe AVSwith preserved EF. Furthermore, our 3D model of MWS is strongly related to EF (r=0.84; p<0.05), reflecting the robustness of this non-invasive method based on CMR and applanation tonometry.

OC-066 Influence Of Extraversion On Brain Activity At Baseline, Pain Anticipation And Visceral Pain Processing

IntroductionEysenck proposed ‘trait theory’ of personality, where the dimensions extraversion (degree of optimism and sociability) and neuroticism (degree of anxiety and fear) encompass numerous individual qualities. Whilst the influence of...

Optimization of Brain T2 Mapping Using Standard CPMG Sequence In A Clinical Scanner

Abstract In magnetic resonance imaging, transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping is a useful quantitative tool enabling enhanced diagnostics of many brain pathologies. The aim of our study was to test the influence of different sequence parameters on calculated T2 values, including multi-slice measurements, slice position, interslice gap, echo spacing, and pulse duration. Measurements were performed using standard multi-slice multi-echo CPMG imaging sequence on a 1.5 Tesla routine whole body MR scanner. We used multiple phantoms with different agarose concentrations (0 % to 4 %) and verified the results on a healthy volunteer. It appeared that neither the pulse duration, the size of interslice gap nor the slice shift had any impact on the T2. The measurement accuracy was increased with shorter echo spacing. Standard multi-slice multi-echo CPMG protocol with the shortest echo spacing, also the smallest available interslice gap (100 % of slice thickness) and shorter pulse duration was found to be optimal and reliable for calculating T2 maps in the human brain.

Clinical evaluation of accelerated cardiac cine imaging using iterative k-t-sparse SENSE

Methods IRB approval was obtained. Twenty patients (age: 54.8 ± 14 years, M:F = 15:5) undergoing non-emergent CMR assessment for myocardial pathology were consecutively recruited. Nine healthy volunteers (age: 44.3 ± 14 years, M:F = 6:3) were also imaged. CMR was performed at 1.5T (MAGNETOM Aera, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). The examination included acquisition of standard segmented SSFP (iPAT2) (GRAPPA accel factor 2, TR 40 msec, 2.1 × 2.1 × 10 mm) cine and two accelerated segmented SSFP acquisitions (TPAT accel factor 4, TR 37.7 msec, 2.1 × 2.1 × 6 mm), one with an investigational prototype inline iterative k-t-sparse SENSE reconstruction with L1 regularization along one spatial and temporal dimension (TPAT4i) (1)and the other with conventional SENSE reconstruction (TPAT4). Each technique was used to acquire a three(3Ch), four-chamber (4Ch), and short axis (SA) series in identical slice positions (Figure 1), with SA coverage of the entire left ventricle (LV) with 10 mm interslice gaps. Individual slice scan times were recorded. Quantitative LV functional analysis was performed. A reviewer blinded to acquisition type scored images for overall image quality, noise, and artifacts using a 5-point Likert scale. Continuous variables were compared between groups using a paired t-test, and ordinal variables were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Morphological Changes of Graft Donor Semi-Tendinosus and Gracilis After ACL Reconstruction

Morphological Changes of Graft Donor Semi-Tendinosus and Gracilis After ACL Reconstruction

Evaluation of normal appearing spinal cord by diffusion tensor imaging, fiber tracking, fractional anisotropy, and apparent diffusion coefficient measurement in 13 dogs.

BackgroundFunctional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging offers plenty of new opportunities in the diagnosis of central nervous system diseases. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a technique sensitive to the random motion of water providing information about tissue architecture. We applied DTI to normal appearing spinal cords of 13 dogs of different breeds and body weights in a 3.0 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. The aim was to study fiber tracking (FT) patterns by tractography and the variations of the fractional anisotropy (FA) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) observed in the spinal cords of dogs with different sizes and at different locations (cervical and thoracolumbar). For that reason we added a DTI sequence to the standard clinical MR protocol. The values of FA and ADC were calculated by means of three regions of interest defined on the cervical or the thoracolumbar spinal cord (ROI 1, 2, and 3).ResultsThe shape of the spinal cord fiber tracts was well illustrated following tractography and the exiting nerve roots could be differentiated from the spinal cord fiber tracts. Routine MR scanning times were extended for 8 to 12 min, depending on the size of the field of view (FOV), the slice thickness, and the size of the interslice gaps. In small breed dogs (< 15 kg body weight) the fibers could be tracked over a length of approximately 10 vertebral bodies with scanning times of about 8 min, whereas in large breed dogs (> 25 kg body weight) the traceable fiber length was about 5 vertebral bodies which took 10 to 12 min scanning time. FA and ADC values showed mean values of 0.447 (FA), and 0.560 × 10-3 mm2/s (ADC), respectively without any differences detected with regard to different dog sizes and spinal cord 45 segments examined.ConclusionFT is suitable for the graphical depiction of the canine spinal cord and the exiting nerve roots. The FA and ADC values offer an objective measure for evaluation of the spinal cord fiber integrity in dogs.

Hydrocephalus in dogs: a review

Hydrocephalus is a multifactoral disorder that was rarely diagnosed in dogs until the availability of advanced imaging techniques in veterinary practice. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of canine hydrocephalus including pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment solutions. The advantages and disadvantages of USG, RTG, CT and MRI as advanced diagnostic methods are discussed. For now Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging is the most useful tool in investigating hydrocephalus. The recommended sequences for MRI are T1-weighting images Spin echo, Field echo 3D with TR 380&amp;ndash;750 ms, TE 12&amp;ndash;25&amp;nbsp;ms, slice thickness 1&amp;ndash;6 mm and with an interslice gap of 0&amp;ndash;2 mm. The evaluation of cerebral ventricular system morphology in obtained MRI scans involves measuring the height, area and volume of the brain and lateral ventricles. The results are classified as normal state if the ratio of ventricular height to the brain height is above 14%, the ratio of ventricular area to the brain area amounts to above 7%, and the ventricular to brain volume ratio is above 5%. However, there are still problems relating to inter- and intrabreed comparison among examined dogs. Treatment solutions in hydrocephalus are also discussed in this review. The medical treatment of hydrocephalus aims to decrease CSF production and is based on using acetazolamide, furosemide and prednisone. Surgical management aims to place the ventriculoperitoneal shunt for CSF flow control. Postsurgical complications are also described in this review. &amp;nbsp;

Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System

t l T g p t i t q Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with its excellent tissue contrast, high spatial resolution, and multiplanar apability, has become the modality of choice in assessing oint pain. Currently, the majority of magnetic resonance rotocols used by institutions rely on 2-dimensional (2D) ultislice acquisitions acquired in various planes. These seuences demonstrate excellent soft-tissue contrast and high n-plane spatial resolution as well as high diagnostic accuacy, particularly when evaluating for internal derangeent.1-3 However, relatively thick slices, and interslice gaps, lead to volume averaging, which can obscure pathology, particularly when evaluating the articular cartilage. Volumetric 3-dimensional (3D) imaging provides thinner slices, higher in-plane spatial resolution, and reduced partial volume averaging. An additional advantage of 3D imaging is the ability to create multiplanar reformations in any plane after a single acquisition. The article will discuss various 3D techniques currently being used to evaluate the musculoskeletal structures.

A magnetic resonance imaging study of adhesio interthalamica in clinical subtypes of schizophrenia

Context:Previous studies have suggested subtle anatomical brain differences between patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects. However, the results are inconsistent and there is no study investigating the various subtypes of this mental disorder separately.Aim:This study was conducted to compare the rate of absence of adhesio interthalamica (AI), a midline brain structure, between 3 subtypes of schizophrenia (paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual) and healthy control group, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and Methods:A total of 29 schizophrenia patients (21 men, 8 women) of three subtypes (paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual) were compared with 29 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. All subjects underwent 3-D brain MRI of full coronal series, 1.5-mm slices without interslice gaps. If the grey matter band connecting the thalami could not be identified on two or more coronal adjacent slices, the AI was considered as absent. The results were statistically analyzed.Results:The incidence rate of AI absence in patients with heterogenous subtypes of schizophrenia was was similar to control group, even when patients and controls of each gender were compared separately (P>0.05). In residual subtype, patients showed a significant priority in AI absence in comparison with the control group (P=0.041), which was not seen in paranoid and undifferentiated subtypes (P>0.05).Conclusion:Residual subtype of schizophrenia is associated with higher rate of AI absence in this study. Subsequent studies are required to determine if the absence of AI is a cause of residual schizophrenia or an effect.

National Variation of Technical Factors in Computed Tomography of the Head

The objectives of this study were to describe head computed tomography (CT) technical factors used in the United States; assess guideline compliance and variability by sex, geographic region, institution, and manufacturer; and compare with NEXT (Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends) survey. Two thousand thirty-five head CT studies from 895 sites were analyzed. Peak kilovoltage, exposure, slice and image number, slice thickness, field of view, interslice gap, reformations, examination inclusiveness, use of contrast, and reconstruction filter were compared by sex, geographic region, institution type, and manufacturer. One hundred twenty to 140 kVp (peak kilovoltage) was used by 99.8% of the sites. There was no correlation between mAs and kVp. There was a 30-fold increase in number of images and nearly 9-fold increase in number of slices from least to most. Nearly 4% use slice thickness and interslice gap greater than guidelines. There were significant regional differences in field of view, image number, and slice thickness. Some variation related to manufacturers was found. Minor difference was also found between academic and nonacademic institutions. There were significant differences in kVp and mAs compared with NEXT. Significant variations in head CT technique exist in the United States.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial feature tracking predicts severity of wall motion abnormalities following acute coronary syndromes

Background Left ventricular wall motion assessment following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) allows prediction of functional recovery. Current methods are based upon visual assessment, with inherent operator variability. CMR myocardial feature tracking (CMR-FT) is a recently introduced technique for tissue voxel motion tracking on standard steady-state free precession (SSFP) images to derive circumferential and radial myocardial mechanics. We sought to determine whether CMR-FT could be used as a quantitative measure of wall motion assessment and predict recovery in function following AMI. Methods Patients presenting with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) were studied using a 3 Tesla Phillips Achieva system with Multi-transmit ® technology and a 32-channel receiver coil, immediately prior to, and 3-months following, percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCI). Cine images were acquired using a SSFP cine technique, with analysis performed on the left-ventricular (LV) short-axis stack, covering the LV from apex to base. The acquisition pulse sequence provided a typical spatial resolution of 1.8 x 1.8 x 8 mm with a 2mm inter-slice gap and a temporal resolution of 50 frames per second. A 5-point wall motion scoring system was used to determine regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA), with derivation of an indexed wall motion score (WMSI) specific to the region of infarction, according to the AHA 16-segment model. Myocardial strain parameters were derived following automated endo- and epi-cardial wall motion tracking of the SSFP cine short axis stack using dedicated software (Tomtec™, Germany). Pre-PCI LV short axis circumferential (Ecc) and radial (Err) peak strains were related to WMSI using a Pearson correlation analysis. Visual and quantitative analyses were performed by two blinded reviewers.

Olfactory bulb volume in smokers

The study aimed to investigate the volume of the olfactory bulb in smokers. Specifically, we wanted to see whether environmental influences may exert a negative influence on OB structure. Twenty-one smokers and 59 non-smokers, matched for age and sex, underwent olfactory testing by means of the Sniffin' Sticks testing device (measurement of odor threshold and identification abilities). In addition, they underwent an MR scan with 2-mm-thick T2-weighted fast spin-echo images without interslice gap in the coronal plane covering the anterior and middle segments of the base of the skull. Olfactory function was not different between the 2 groups; however, olfactory bulb volumes were smaller in smokers than in non-smokers (p=0.006). The deficit seen at the level of the OB did not correlate with the duration of smoking. The current data indicate that smoking may have a negative effect on the olfactory system before this becomes obvious in terms of a decreased olfactory function.

Olfactory bulb volume in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

The study aimed to investigate the volume of the olfactory bulb (OB) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Specifically, we wanted to see whether the olfactory deficit typically found in TLE patients also exerts a top-down influence on the OB. Twenty patients, and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent olfactory testing by means of the Sniffin' Sticks testing device (measurement of odor threshold, and identification abilities). In addition, they underwent an MR scan with 2-mm-thick T2-weighted fast spin-echo images without interslice gap in the coronal plane covering the anterior and middle segments of the base of the skull. Olfactory function was significantly impaired in TLE patients compared to healthy controls both at threshold level and for odor identification (p < 0.001); in addition, OB volumes were smaller than in controls (p = 0.013). The deficit seen at the level of the OB did not correlate with the side of the epileptic focus. Assuming that the olfactory deficit in TLE patients is due to the central nervous epileptic focus it appears that the OB volume is not only subject to changes in the periphery of the olfactory system, but also changes as a consequence to changes at a cortical level.

Paper 79: Semitendinosus Tendon Regeneration after ACL Reconstruction: A Morphological and Functional Study

Paper 79: Semitendinosus Tendon Regeneration after ACL Reconstruction: A Morphological and Functional Study