Intersection Of Ethnicity Research Articles

Locating the Intersections of Disability, Race and Ethnicity in Adoption Rates among Foster Children Introduction

The promotion of speedy, permanent adoption outcomes for children in foster care whose parental rights have been terminated is a central child welfare policy goal. However, while both children of color and children with disabilities are at greater risk for child welfare involvement, little is known about influence of these intersecting identities on adoption rates. This cross-sectional national study draws on the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) to explore the between and within group foster care outcomes of adoption. While we expected to see advantages in outcomes based on identification with privileged social identities, our findings were much more varied. Implications relate to the need for intersectional approaches to equity assessments of child welfare systems and practice.

Lost wants? An autoethnography of class and ethnicity on the long path to higher education

ABSTRACT A central element in the writing of marginal subjects is the personal and autobiographical voice they use to write about themselves and their experiences. This article uses a personal voice- autoethnography – to examine, in a multi-layered manner, one-stop of the author’s educational biography and her path, as a working-class Mizrahi woman, to higher education, tracing how the intersection of class and ethnicity reveals itself in the way the experience of education is structured. This intersection sheds light about the possible connections between the classed ethnic identity and higher education ambitions, as well as explain her fragile presence in Academia. Using autoethnography grants voice, and allows for a connection between academia and the field, bridging the gap between intellectual discourse and the lived experiences of subjects.

Covariates of hazardous alcohol use among sexual and gender minorities in Texas: Identifying the most vulnerable

BackgroundInformation is limited on the prevalence of hazardous drinking and associated covariates among sexual and gender minority (SGM) persons. These analyses estimated the prevalence of hazardous drinking and identified associated covariates. MethodsA total of 1273 SGM adolescents and adults living in Texas completed an online survey between March 2016 and January 2017. Variables associated with hazardous drinking at the bivariate-level (p < 0.10) were entered into multiple logistic regression models to estimate the strength of their association. ResultsMore than a third (39.1%) of participants meet criteria for hazardous drinking. Compared to non-hazardous drinkers, hazardous drinkers were younger (x- = 20.7 [SD = 8.9] vs. x- = 26.5 [SD = 13.8]) and more likely to be Hispanic (41.5% vs. 26.2%). Hazardous drinkers were more likely to report using substances in past 12 months, including opioids (15.3% vs. 6.7%), stimulants (26.3% vs. 12.7%), and marijuana (37.6% vs. 21.2%). More hazardous drinkers reported injecting drugs (12.3% vs. 5.8%) and having a history of incarceration (14.1% vs. 7.3%). They were less likely to be diagnosed with depression (50.2% vs. 56.5%). When entered into a multivariate logistic regression model, hazardous drinkers were more likely to be younger (aOR = 0.97 [0.95, 0.98]), Hispanic (aOR = 1.5 [1.2, 2.0]), have a history of incarceration (aOR = 2.4 [1.5, 3.6]), and use a substance, not including marijuana (aOR = 1.7 [1.3, 2.3]). They were less likely to be diagnosed with depression (aOR = 0.73 [0.6, 0.9]). ConclusionsOur findings highlight the intersection of race and ethnicity, mental health, criminal justice involvement, and substance use and the need for tailored interventions that address underlying determinants.

La transmission intergénérationnelle et ses déterminants. Enquête sur les habitudes alimentaires belgo-péruviennes et belgo-philippines

The intergenerational transmission of food practices in “ mixed” families in which one parent is a migrant has been scantly researched in the works on foods in the context of migration. To explore this theme, this article examines the case of mixed families with Peruvian and Filipino migrant mothers in Belgium. These mothers belong to two migrant populations that differ in terms of migration history and socioeconomic profile, but share certain similarities, which makes it possible to cross their experiences. The analysis of empirical data obtained through semi-structured interviews and observations reveals three food practices that are subject of intergenerational transmission in the families studied : the consumption of dishes typical of the mother’s country of origin, the preparation of foods and table (and clearing up after the meal), and eating together. These practices stand at the intersection of gender and ethnicity and are influenced by the parents’ economic situation and the networks created by the migrant mother.

Introduction

Introduction Edwin David Aponte (bio) race, ethnicity, religion, Trumpism, white supremacy, Mexican border, coronavirus pandemic, gun massacres, justice [Correction] Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion The following essays had earlier expressions in two biennial meetings of the Society of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in 2017 and 2019, and, as might be expected, all examine aspects of the multilayered and often complex relationships between and among race, ethnicity, and religion. Such exploration is not solely an intellectual exercise, but it is increasingly a necessary thing to do–not only for deeper understanding of these issues themselves but also for addressing many of the moral and public policy challenges of our times. Of course, exploring the connections and intersections among concepts of race, ethnicity, and religion and spirituality within particular contexts of the United States is important in its own right, but such study also addresses the concerns of the Journal of Ecumenical Studies for ongoing and meaningful dialogue among diverse religious traditions. If the truth be told, the lines of religious difference in the U.S. are entwined with the types of oppressions associated with White supremacy.1 [End Page 461] The multiple and shifting constructions of race and ethnicity have been with us long before we began to define these existential realities in terms of intersectionality.2 In her exploration of Black religion in the early twentieth century, historian Judith Weisenfeld advanced the helpful term of "religioracial identity" to describe "individual and collective identity as constituted in the conjunction of religion and race" within the larger context of "the deeply powerful, if sometimes veiled, ways the American system of racial hierarchy has structured religious beliefs, practices, and institutions for all people in its frame."3 In a very real sense, the essays collected here not only address distinctive types of religio-racial identities but also help us to understand better the concept itself. Examining shifting understandings of race and ethnicity, the relationships to varied expressions and practices of religion and spirituality, and the connections to issues of identity, class, power, gender, sexuality, and politics, among others, is to acknowledge spaces where marginalized communities and those interested in critical race theory, ethnic studies, religious studies, sociology, anthropology, history, and theological studies can gather together to explore overlapping issues, share insights, and enter spaces of engagement, learning, and challenge in multiple and intersectional, interdisciplinary, and innovative investigations. These essays are examples of that type of rich interdisciplinary and intersectional constructive dialogue of religio-racial identities. The six essays that follow also expand scholarly landscapes beyond more conventional academic practices in religious studies. They do this by employing epistemological perspectives emanating from marginalized communities and critical race, postcolonial, and gender and sexuality studies. In so doing the authors encourage readers to consider more fully what it might mean to employ engaged praxis for the common good. What these essays show, especially when read together, is how doing this work from [End Page 462] marginalized spaces creates collaborative and interdependent networks. In turn, they demonstrate where those interested in the overlapping realities of race, ethnicity, and religion point us to study new avenues of agency to work against all types of oppression across the planet. In different ways, these essays also illuminate both the fluidity of religious boundaries and identities and provide examples of the construction of those boundaries and identities within the context of the U.S.4 Religion and Race in the Time of Trump With these goals in mind, the question may be fairly asked why, then, the theme of "Religion and Race in the Time of Trump." No doubt there is some risk is using this theme. It is not the risk or fear of any type of professional or scholarly retribution or even the possibility of some rogue retaliatory actions from the federal government for the exercise of free speech (although sadly that has happened in 2020). Rather, one of the risks here is giving U.S. President Donald J. Trump any more prominence than he deserves through the mere mention of his name or the risk of providing the possibility of any hint of approval of evil and unlawful behavior that has occurred during the time of Trump...

Access to Higher Education in New Mexico: Racial, Ethnic and Geographic Disparities

This chapter, written for a collected volume on Race in Rural America, assesses the intersections of race and ethnicity with rurality in relation to higher education access and attainment in the State of New Mexico. New Mexico is one of the nation’s most rural states and is home to a distinct population in terms of race and ethnicity: the greatest percentage Latinx/Hispanic population—right at half and growing fast—and the third smallest population of non-Hispanic whites among all states. Further, more than a tenth of New Mexicans identify as American Indian, the second greatest percentage among the states. The fifth most sparsely populated state in the nation, New Mexico struggles chronically with a lagging economy, high poverty and child poverty rates, and low educational attainment. Against that demographic and economic backdrop, the analysis in this chapter reveals disappointing educational attainment among Hispanic and American Indian students as measured against these groups’ proportion of the state’s broader population, but particularly in relation to New Mexico’s college-aged population. In other words, young Hispanics’ status as a majority does not appear to be a protective factor—or at least not a sufficiently protective one—when it comes to higher educational attainment. American Indian students struggle to an even greater degree, falling far behind both their non-Hispanic white and Hispanic counterparts. While rural residents’ education level consistently falls behind that of metropolitan residents, it is impossible to determine the extent to which this is due to a rural brain drain—the phenomenon of young people raised in rural areas who migrate to urban areas to obtain their college degrees and then stay, often because of better economic opportunities. Indeed, the data suggest bleak higher education outcomes for all low-income and rural residents, regardless of race or ethnicity. We attribute this in part to inadequate state funding of public higher education and to a mismatch between how that funding is currently spent, e.g., four-year institutions, merit-based student aid, and how it could be better spent to promote access and attainment for the most vulnerable students. We close the chapter with recommendations for policy makers seeking to achieve equity in education and thus also foster a brighter economic future for the entire state. We emphasize the need for the collection of more nuanced data so that the State of New Mexico can better understand trends and shift resources in ways that will make education access more equitable across race, ethnicity and geography.

Care and gendered work in reception centers in Finland

PurposeThis paper focuses on how gendered processes of working life are (re)constructed and are also challenged discursively in paid and volunteer care and work in reception centers. The purpose of this paper is to show how caring work with asylum seekers can both enhance the traditional gender order and challenge it through enabling men to have opportunities to care.Design/methodology/approachThe data were produced through qualitative interviews among paid workers and volunteers in reception centers, and analyzed through a discourse analysis approach.FindingsThree discourses of care and work were identified: a discourse on solidarity and care; a discourse on control and order; and a discourse on caring men. The findings show that traditional attitudes toward gender are easily discerned in other cultures, but not as easily recognized in the everyday processes near at hand. Gender order is retained through traditional roles, which also reflects conventional attitudes in a society often seen as a model country for equality. However, change is possible, and one core issue is the need to involve men in care work and caring in general.Social implicationsThe findings can be applicable to the deconstruction of traditional gender order in working life; to the disclosure of gendered xenophobia in work with asylum seekers, in particular through dialogue with “Others”; and to the enabling of care by men.Originality/valueLittle previous research has been done on care in reception centers and care as a gendered activity with value. In the future many countries are likely to encounter increases in asylum seekers, and therefore, intersections of gender and ethnicity are of importance in societies as regards migration, work and care.

The challenges of fitting in

PurposeIntersectional scholarship on work and organizations while focusing on subjectivities and intersections largely overlooks the systemic dynamics of power (Rodriguez et al., 2016). One of the systemic dynamics of power is organizational practice (Acker, 2006). Intersectionality research on minority ethnic women pays relatively less attention to the role of organizational practices in career progression. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the interaction of intersectional identities of second-generation British Pakistani women managers and professionals with organizational practices and norms, and the resulting challenges and career implications.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research approach was used with interviews of 37 participants who were in managerial or professional positions.FindingsThe research finds a resilience of discrimination because of expectations of compliance with dominant workplace cultures. This expectation presents challenges for minority ethnic women managers. The paper reveals that the intersectionality of gender, ethnicity and religion clashes specifically, with organizational expectations of being male, of being white, and of work-related socializing, which may adversely affect career progression. Organizations, thus, may feed into minority ethnic women managers’ inability to fit in and merge by implicitly demanding compliance or fitting in. These findings carry implications for HRM policies and practices.Originality/valueAdvancing intersectionality scholarship, the research finds the disadvantage caused by the intersection of gender, ethnicity and religion (intersectional identities) continues to be reproduced because of particular organizational demand and expectations and the non-compliance of minority ethnic women managers to merge and fit in. In other words, organizations implicitly demanding fitting in, and the inability to fit in and merge by minority ethnic women managers, hampers their careers.

A Case-Control Study Examining Disparities in Clinical Trial Participation Among Breast Surgical Oncology Patients.

BackgroundClinical trial participation among racial and ethnic minorities remains low despite national efforts. We sought to determine how participation in clinical trials by breast surgical oncology patients has changed over time and what characteristics are associated with participation. MethodsWomen with breast cancer enrolled in National Cancer Institute–sponsored, cooperative-group trials from 2000 to 2012 and who underwent oncologic surgery (n = 17 125) were compared with trial-eligible women in the National Cancer Database diagnosed in 2000–2012 (n = 792 719). Race-specific trial participation was plotted over time by income and reported as a proportion of the combined cohorts. Factors associated with trial participation were estimated using logistic regression; we report odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. All tests were two-sided.ResultsParticipation declined across all groups over time because of a decrease in the scale and number of trials. In 2000–2003, Asian–Pacific Islander (7.17%), Hispanic (3.48%), and white (7.13%) patients from the highest income group had higher participation than their lower-income counterparts (Asian–Pacific Islander: 3.95%; Hispanic: 2.67%; white: 5.96%), but by 2008–2012, only high-income white patients participated more than lower-income whites (0.32% vs 0.25%, all P < .01). Black (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.85) and Hispanic (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.92) patients were less likely to participate than whites, but there were statistically significant interactions between income and race and ethnicity, with high-income black patients being approximately 50% less likely to participate than lower-income blacks (all P < .001). ConclusionsMultifaceted interventions addressing the intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and other patient characteristics are needed to address persistent disparities in trial participation among breast surgical oncology patients.

AGE, EXPERIENCE OF RACIAL MICROAGGRESSIONS, AND DISTRESS

Racial microaggressions are a common form of racial discrimination consisting of subtle or interpersonal slights. Racial microaggressions are linked to various kinds of psychological distress in younger adults, but have not been studied across the lifespan. We examined the relationship of racial microaggressions with psychological distress and anger rumination among younger and older adults identified as racial or ethnic minorities. We hypothesized that age would moderate the relationship between racial microaggressions and psychological distress and anger rumination, that is, the relationship would be weaker for older than for younger adults. Participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and were compensated $1 for their participation. Preliminary tests of the hypotheses (N=220), using multiple regression analyses to test for moderation, failed to support the hypothesis that age would mitigate the impact of microaggressions on symptom severity. Both age and microaggressions were related to psychological distress and anger rumination, but contrary to prediction, older adults showed more exacerbation of distress in the face of microaggressions than younger adults. The results also differed by gender and ethnic groups, suggesting the importance of examining intersectional experiences of race, gender, and age in response to discrimination. These cross-sectional findings lend support to the importance of considering both subtle and overt discriminatory experiences in understanding the mental health challenges for minority groups in the U.S., but more work is needed to examine the intersection of ethnicity with other demographic variables, and to understand how the lifelong experiences of discrimination may shape older adults’ vulnerability, well-being, and resilience.

MEMORY FUNCTIONING AND CAREGIVING: CONTINUITY, CONNECTEDNESS AND METAPHORS IN ALASKA NATIVE PERCEPTIONS

Biomedical models often define dementia in a negative and diachronic manner, which shape Western, cultural understandings and approaches. However, utilizing a critical gerontological approach has allowed the current study to explore Alaska Natives (i.e., adults who hold “Elder” status and are 50 years or older) perception of memory decline, and the stresses imposed upon caregiving when a Western biomedical model of dementia is utilized. Multitudinous research demonstrates definitions and intersections of health, illness, ethnicity, and family are not universal. Subsequently, it is critical to examine these sociocultural concepts from diverse cultural belief systems and imperative to examine historical processes impacting these constructs to identify specific risk and protective factors regarding holistic health. Recent qualitative data analysis from an exploratory study of Alaska Native Elder’s perception of memory functioning and dementia has yielding themes that are consistent with previous research on indigenous culture. However, themes of continuity, connectedness, spirituality, intergenerational transmission, traditional belief systems, and barriers to cultural continuity such as oppression and historical trauma, are being filtered through Alaska Natives unique cultural lens. This cultural lens allows Alaska Natives to utilize positive metaphors for memory functioning and dementia embedded within their belief systems and these are distinct from Western biomedical definitions. The poster proposed will highlight themes recently uncovered from thematic analysis, code book development, and code matrices as well as present the positive, culturally adaptive and congruent representations that Alaska Native Elder’s utilize in understanding memory changes and forms of dementia that both explain and transcend biomedical models.

Adult learning, gender and mobility: Exploring Somali refugee mothers’ literacy development and empowerment through engagement with their children’s education

In this article, I explore Somali refugee mothers’ acts of becoming literate in order to support their children’s educational success. The literature on parent support and involvement makes fleeting reference to the forces of globalisation; it also pays little attention to refugee parents as being agents of, or subject to, such forces. Research into education and development, as it relates to adult learners, focuses mainly on higher education, economics and labour market issues (Kenway &amp; Kelly, 2000; Blackmore, 2014). The local–global dialectic of school–home relationships has a particular bearing on my research into the refugee parent experience. Accordingly, I reason that parents’ engagement with their children’s education is interwoven with their own histories of educational disruption, displacement and mobility. For this reason, I engage with their cultural and historical contexts as tangible influences on their present-day engagement with learning and education. In this narrative enquiry, I researched the life experiences and beliefs about education of four refugee mothers, analysing their testimonies or ‘narratives of political urgency’ (Bernal, Burciaga &amp; Carmona, 2017) in order to probe the intersectionality of gender, language, ethnicity and power. I investigated their personal empowerment and the community cultural wealth that the women accumulated on their journey to becoming literate.

Unmet Mental Health Need Among Chinese and Latino Primary Care Patients: Intersection of Ethnicity, Gender, and English Proficiency.

Ethnic minorities who present with mental health symptoms in primary care are less likely to receive treatment than non-Hispanic whites; language barriers may magnify this disparity. We examined the contributions of ethnicity, gender, and English proficiency to unmet mental health need. Cross-sectional study. Chinese and Latino primary care patients with a preferred language of English, Cantonese, Mandarin, or Spanish. Participants were interviewed within 1 week of a primary care visit and asked whether in the prior year they (1) needed help with emotional or mental health symptoms and (2) had seen a primary care physician or a mental health professional for these symptoms. Among those who reported "mental health need," we defined "unmet mental health need" as no reported use of services for these symptoms. Regression models explored independent and interaction effects among ethnicity, gender, and English proficiency, on the two outcomes. Among 1149 participants (62% women; 262 Chinese, with English proficiency [EP], 532 Chinese, with limited English proficiency [LEP], 172 Latino with EP; and 183 Latino with LEP), 33% reported mental health need. Among Chinese, but not Latino, participants, those with LEP were more likely than those with EP to report mental health need (AOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.73-3.76). Women were more likely to report mental health need than men (AOR 1.35, 1.03-1.79) regardless of ethnicity or English proficiency. Among participants reporting mental health need, 41% had unmet mental health need. Men with LEP, compared with those with EP, were more likely to have unmet mental health need regardless of ethnicity (AOR 2.53, 1.06-6.04). We found high levels of mental health symptoms and unmet mental health need in both Chinese and Latino primary care patients. These results affirm the need to implement depression screening and targeted treatment interventions for patient subgroups at highest risk of untreated symptoms, such as men with LEP.

Celtic FC’s 1967 Lisbon Lions: why the European Cup victory of the first club from Britain was a defining moment for the Irish diaspora in Scotland

ABSTRACTIn 1967, in Lisbon, Celtic Football Club, won the European Cup becoming the first club outside of Portugal, Spain and Italy to win it. The win was and is totemic for the Irish Catholic immigrant community in Scotland that has historically supported Celtic. We suggest the significance of the win reveals intersections of ethnicity, religion, nationalism, and the politics of ‘sectarianism’ in Scotland. During a period of discriminatory practices and attitudes towards Irish descended Catholics in Scotland, this iconic win for a Scottish based club born of Irish Catholics personified for this diaspora that (on one level) their day had arrived. This article explores the socio-cultural significance and legacy of ‘Lisbon 67ʹ for insider and outsider groups in Scotland. We reveal that soccer remains a central component of group memory connecting the past, present and future. We suggest Celtic’s win offered confidence and hope to a marginalized group within Scotland.

“Latinos Have a Stronger Attachment to the Family”: Latinx Fathers’ Acceptance of Their Sexual Minority Children

Parental acceptance is critical to the well-being of sexual minority youth, yet little research has been conducted with fathers, or with Latinx parents of sexual minorities. Understanding Latinx fathers’ cultural context and how it operates to facilitate or challenge acceptance of their sexual minority child could contribute new knowledge regarding Latinx culture, Latinx families, and intersectionality of identities to enrich clinical work and future research. This manuscript reports on a phenomenological study of a United States (U.S.) sample of Latinx fathers with a gay and/or lesbian child. Qualitative analysis yielded five main themes: (a) cultural values facilitating acceptance, (b) cultural values interfering with acceptance, (c) specific behaviors facilitating acceptance, (d) validation of intersectionality, and (e) benefits of acceptance. Fathers were involved in the lives of their sexual minority children and placed a priority on their membership in the family above cultural prescriptions of sexual identity, yet were open about the struggle inherent in their children’s sexual identity. Fathers’ love, investment, and struggle paid off in the form of strong bonds. Findings provide important context to promote practitioners’ cultural competence, provide potential implications for cultural adaptations, and suggest areas for future research exploring the intersectionality of ethnicity and sexual identity.

Teaching about Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Africa: complex questions of culture, “development” and human rights

ABSTRACT Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) has risen up the global advocacy agenda and is recognized as an important child-safeguarding issue. The topic crystallizes key debates in my module, Culture and Development in Africa, and enables Geography undergraduates to explore complex intersections of childhood, gender, sexuality, and ethnicity in diverse African communities. In this paper, in light of in my efforts to teach for social transformation, I reflect on the inquiry-based learning approach I adopt and on its potential benefits. Conscious of postcolonial feminist critiques of processes of racialized “Othering”, I discuss dilemmas about how to frame FGM/C and support students’ critical engagement with the conflicting, sometimes confusing, discourses of cultural relativism and universal human rights. I seek to foster independent learning and research skills using a “real world” NGO assignment. Qualitative feedback suggests students develop more in-depth subject-knowledge, reflections on the ethics of “development”, changes in self-theories and gain important skilful practices that may enhance their employability. Linking my teaching to my work with a charity tackling FGM/C has enabled co-learners to regard this as both a cultural practice that affects “distant others”, and as a form of gender-based heteronormative violence and child abuse that has resonance in the local community.

The Teacher, the Activist, and the Maulvi: Emancipatory visions and insurgent citizenship among Gujjars in Himachal Pradesh

AbstractExploring the intersection of state, religion, and ethnicity, this article considers the opportunities for individual and collective advancement available to Muslim Gujjars in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. Following the lives of three prominent members of the community—a teacher, a political activist, and a maulvi—it considers their respective orientations to the state and their relationships with their fellow Gujjars, to illustrate the different ways in which Gujjars have sought to transcend their marginal and subordinated position as an ethnic and religious minority. With state-promoted schemes of affirmative action and reservation offering only limited opportunities for social and economic advancement, we see how Gujjars have responded to their continued marginalization, first through political mobilization as an ethnic group and, more recently, through the establishment of Islamic educational institutions and association with Tablighi Jama'at. This leads to an evaluation of the emancipatory potentials and contradictions of insurgent citizenship when mobilized around specific aspects of ethnic and religious identity. Against a backdrop of economic liberalization and accompanying shifts in civil society, I show how the distribution of rewards that derive from strategies of assimilation, engagement, and withdrawal are structured in particular ways, including by class and gender.

Doing business or leading care work? Intersections of gender, ethnicity and profession in home care entrepreneurship in Sweden

This article critically explores assumptions underpinning Swedish elder care policies that the introduction of market practices in publicly funded eldercare services advances women's entrepreneurship. We argue that gendered privileges and disadvantages are being recreated on tax‐funded home care markets; furthermore, gendered inequalities intersect with ethnicity and profession in the management of small‐scale care companies' dealings with authorities governing home care services and standards for home care work. However, we find that the salience of categories depends on the context in which they emerge. While gender and profession are dominant in management, gender and ethnicity influence interactions with authorities. Only in standards for home care work do all categories simultaneously shape the business approaches of care entrepreneurs. Our analysis, based on data on size and growth of home care companies and interviews with small‐scale care entrepreneurs, suggests that regulations and practices privilege big companies and care entrepreneurs who echo the white, masculine gendering of entrepreneurship as ‘doing business' and disadvantage small‐scale entrepreneurs focusing on leading care work to produce quality care.

Ethnic inequalities and trends in stunting prevalence among Guatemalan children: an analysis using national health surveys 1995\u20132014

BackgroundGuatemala has the highest prevalence of stunting among under-five children in Latin America. We aimed to compare indigenous and non-indigenous under-five child populations in relation to stunting, as well as to explore the intersectionality of ethnicity by wealth and by place of residence. We also studied how the ethnic inequalities changed over time, using five ENSMI surveys from 1995 to 2014.MethodsFive national health surveys carried out between 1995 and 2014 were analysed. World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 growth standards were used to calculate stunting prevalence. Self-reported ethnicity was classified as indigenous or nonindigenous. Wealth was measured through an asset-based index, and households were classified into quintiles (for analyses of the whole populations) or tertiles (for analyses of intersectionality with ethnicity). Area of residence was recorded as urban or rural, according to country definition.ResultsOverall stunting prevalence declined by 9.8 percentage points (95% CI −16.4 to − 3.3) from 1995 to 2014. The slope index for absolute inequalities in stunting - which corresponds to the difference in prevalence between the wealthiest and poorest households - ranged from − 52.9 to − 60.4 percentage points, with no significant change over time. Children in rural areas were consistently more stunted than those in urban areas, but rural indigenous children were significantly worse than any other group. Indigenous children in the poorest tertile of family wealth consistently presented the highest stunting prevalence, compared to all other groups. Time trends in stunting were assessed through the average annual absolute change (AAAC). The fastest decline was observed among indigenous children from the middle wealth tertile (AAAC = − 1.21 percentage points per year (pp/y); 95% CI − 1.45 to − 0.96) followed by nonindigenous children also from the middle tertile (AAAC = − 0.80 pp./y; 95% CI − 0.99 to − 0.60). Stunting prevalence in the two poorest tertiles of indigenous children in 2015 was similar to what nonindigenous children presented in 1995, 20 years earlier. In the wealthiest tertile, indigenous children were far worse off than nonindigenous children 20 years earlier.ConclusionsIn terms of stunting prevalence, poor and rural indigenous children are twenty years behind nonindigenous children with similar characteristics.

Do You Really Want a Diverse Program?

Despite multiple calls for diversifying academia in general, and Library and Information Science programs (LIS) specifically, the number of faculty of color working in higher education remains low. This work presents the points of view and suggestions of a faculty member concerning the diversity dilemma in LIS. The work relies on personal narratives in order to present the experiences and point of view of a member of the LIS community who constantly navigates the spaces of academia while negotiating the many aspects of their experience through the intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender. The main objective of the work is to present areas for consideration to those who are interested in bringing change and supporting faculty of color.