Intersection Of Ethnicity Research Articles

Desire and the Construction of Masculine Identities Among Young Japanese Men with International Experiences

This article uses qualitative interview data to analyse how young Japanese men with international experience spoke about (un)desirable masculine identities in relation to their sojourns. Specifically, this study investigates how ideas of desire and akogare (longing for something unattainable) were integral in the construction of ethno-national Japanese heterosexual male identities. By analysing intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, language and desire, this study argues that many participants perceived a hierarchy of desire abroad that elevated Western notions of hegemonic masculinity while simultaneously marginalizing heterosexual Asian masculinity. This was further complicated by participants who viewed host community women (who were often described as white native English speakers) as embodying ideal femininity. Japanese men’s subordinate masculinity was viewed as a barrier to romantic access to host community women, although for many participants, this group of women were seen as desirable romantic partners. This study also presents the stories of a small group of men who resisted marginalized masculine identities through criticism of the women in their host communities by assigning them a deviant femininity. This article illustrates how romantic desire can be used as a lens to analyse how Japanese male returned sojourners may replicate and challenge racial and gendered power structures.

An after-school STEM program through the lens of intersectionality

This article employs the six tenets of intersectional research to examine the interconnections of oppression, relationality, complexity, context, deconstruction, and comparison that shape study participants’ experiences. This study was conducted at an after-school STEM program in a poverty-demographic through the lens of intersectionality. This is important because present literature that examines urban demographics and underserved students does not take into consideration the intersections of gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and citizenship as this study reveals. Digital badges, individually awarded to students upon successful completion of 28 small-skill videos while programming in MIT App Inventor, yielded data about persistence through increasingly difficult coding techniques which is a desirable trait for individuals interested in pursuing STEM-focused high schools or professional careers. The results of this study reveal that the intersections of gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and citizenship create a void of power such that children living in this poverty demographic have diminished access to authentic STEM environments and opportunities.

Functional Disability Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: The Intersecting Roles of Ethnicity, Social Class, and Urban/Rural Residency.

This study explores how ethnicity, family income, and education level differentiate patterns of functional limitations among urban and rural Chinese (aged 45 ≥ years). Based on the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) (n = 16,589), this nationwide study employed binary/multinomial logistic regression analyses, stratified by urban/rural residency, to estimate the likelihood of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) disability (0/1-2/≥3 limitations) by social determinants of health (SDoH). The estimated overall prevalence of IADLs disability was 14.3%. The multivariable analyses did not find significant ethnic disparity in IADLs disability in urban China, while in rural China, ethnic minorities were 44% more likely to have IADLs disability than Han Chinese. Among rural residents, Mongolians, Tibetans, and Yi minority more than tripled the odds of having ≥3 limitations than Han Chinese; and the intersections of ethnicity and social class were associated with functional limitations. Long-term care and anti-poverty programs should target minority aging populations in rural China.

Gender differences in popularity discourses: Results from an ethnically diverse Hungarian primary school sample

Status among peers, popularity in particular, is one of the central concerns for adolescents. While popularity dynamics have been extensively researched in ‘Western’ contexts, less is known about other geographical areas. The present paper is written to address this gap by investigating the gendered patterns of popularity discourses among sixth-grade students (age 12–14) in Central and Northern Hungarian primary schools. The research involved conducting focus-group interviews with 144 pupils in ten school classes with a large proportion of ethnic Roma and socially disadvantaged students. The analysis draws on a critical, primarily Foucauldian, understanding of discourse and power relations. Most of our findings are in line with the ‘Western’ literature. Popularity discourses of boys were related to traditional ‘masculine’ traits such as sports, physical strength, and dominance, while girls’ discourses were centred on physical appearance, verbal aggression, ‘arrogance’, and kindness. However, while for boys ‘sensitivity’, a lack of physical strength, and the inability to ‘protect oneself’ were considered ‘unmanly’, no similar discourses of ‘unfemininity’ emerged. In the case of girls, primarily ‘liking boys too much’ was disapproved, while aggression, ‘bad behaviour’, and academic disengagement were not. The paper also briefly covers the intersections of gender and Roma ethnicity.

Recognizing and Mitigating Gender Bias in Medical Teaching Assessments.

Recognizing and Mitigating Gender Bias in Medical Teaching Assessments.

How Should Health Equity Researchers Consider Intersections of Race and Ethnicity in Afro-Latino Communities?

Although Afro-Latinos, or Black Hispanics, bear inequitable burden of disease risks, drivers of health inequity among members of this large Latino subgroup in the United States are understudied. This article proposes avenues for more rigorous research on how racial diversity within Latino populations is key to generating better understandings of mechanisms and causes of racial health inequity in US Latino communities.

Moving Bodies, Navigating Conflict: Practicing Bharata Natyam in Colombo, Sri Lanka

Moving Bodies, Navigating Conflict: Practicing Bharata Natyam in Colombo, Sri Lanka

Being Asian American Women Scientists and Engineers in the United States: Intersection of Ethnicity and Gender

A high level of educational and occupational achievements in science and engineering (S&E) in the US has changed the image of Asian Americans from the “yellow peril” to a “model minority.” Behind this new identity is the belief that Asian Americans as a group have equaled, if not surpassed, the standards of success set by White America in S&E. It is further assumed that Asian American women are advancing equally in S&E. The reality is that they are over-represented as Asian Americans but under-represented as women in S&E occupations. They experience challenges associated with both, their ethnicity and gender. They face “double bind”—a term used for women of color who simultaneously experience sexism and racism in S&E. This paper presents Asian American women’s unique situations within S&E organizations, with a particular focus on high-technology industry, where most of them are employed. It focuses on their identities and socio-cultural categorizations.

Understanding differences in mental health service use by men: an intersectional analysis of routine data

PurposeRates of help-seeking for common mental health problems are lower for men, but less is known about patterns of engagement once they are in contact with services. Previous research has been limited in its ability to understand the intersection between service user characteristics and engagement. This study compared analytic approaches to investigate intersectional associations between sociodemographic and socioeconomic indicators and use of psychological treatment services by men.MethodData from 9,904 male service users attending two psychological treatment services in London were analysed. The association between ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious affiliation and employment status of service users and service use outcomes was explored using multinomial logistic regression and latent class analysis (LCA).ResultsBeing from a minoritised ethnic background, of Muslim faith, being unemployed, and living in the most deprived neighbourhoods were associated with greater risk of not commencing or completing treatment. Seven classes were identified in LCA, with men predominately differentiated by self-reported ethnicity and religion. Compared with the ‘White British, non-religious’ class, the ‘Asian Muslim’ class and the ‘minoritised ethnic, non-religious’ class were at higher risk of disengagement, whilst the ‘Asian, other religion’ class were at higher risk of being referred elsewhere rather than completing initiated treatment.ConclusionsThere were significant inequalities in engagement by men associated with ethnicity, religion and socioeconomic status. Compared with the regression models, further nuance was apparent in LCA regarding the intersection of gender, religion and ethnicity. Identifying groups at greater risk of discontinuation of treatment could inform more personalised pathways through care.

The Weaponising of Women's Bodies in the Wars of Reform and French Intervention in Mexico, 1857–67

AbstractActs of violence in war not only have individual effects on bodies, but they also have a social, collective impact on the social body. While recent works have recovered the participation of women in the War for Independence and the 1910 Revolution in Mexico, the role their bodies played in wartime has not been examined. Focusing on the decade of war between 1857 and 1867, which influenced the consolidation of national sovereignty and identity, this article explores how, while women's bodies can be targets themselves, they also can be transformed into weapons aimed at other targets. Consequently, their bodies were ‘weaponised’ and aimed at: women as individuals punished for transgressions, real or imagined, of traditional gender roles; at men, to damage or destroy their masculine honour, their failure to protect their women and the integrity of their families; and last, the survival of their vision of the nation (either Liberal or Conservative), or even the honour and survival of the nation itself in the case of a foreign intervention. However, which bodies were targeted, and how, depended on the intersection of gender, class, race, ethnicity, political identity and nationality.

One size does not fit all: core political values and principles across race, ethnicity, and gender

ABSTRACT An understanding of the structure and implications of political values across groups is necessary in order to explore their political role across an increasingly diverse American public. In this study, we examine the consistency and political consequences of several core values at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender. To explore this topic, we estimate measurement invariance for beliefs and values of authoritarianism, egalitarianism, limited government, and moral traditionalism, across racial and gender groups in the United States. While we uncover substantial variations in internal consistency across measures, we also discover a striking degree of measurement invariance. We find, with a few important exceptions, that core values and principles constrain political attitudes in similar ways across groups, while having distinct effects on political attitudes. This suggests researchers must be aware of group heterogeneity when applying core political values to examine political attitudes and behaviors in a diverse United States of America.

Giving meaning to ‘division of labour’: is Malaysia sliding into ethnic labour caucuses?

ABSTRACT The paper assesses the prevalent assumption in Malaysia, which equates certain ethnic groups with particular labour roles. It looks at how this situation has developed over the years to the extent that today certain ethnic groups are seen as the ones with the requisite guile and mastery of some particular skills and, therefore, with the ability to fill those roles. The paper investigates this phenomenon and provides a theoretical effort to unpack how ethnicity intersects with other forms of work. The resulting new framings of identity (ethnic, work and otherwise) provide the basis for our paper. The paper finds that this social construction of ethnicity has facilitated its appropriation by ethnic groups and employers.

Exploring the disability experiences of South Asian Women living with HIV in Southern Ontario, Canada

Purpose Given the steady rise in HIV incidence among South Asian women in Canada their health-related challenges and disability are not well understood. Our aim was to understand the “lived experiences” of disability among South Asian women living with HIV in Southern Ontario, Canada. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using an interpretive phenomenological approach. We recruited immigrant South Asian women living with HIV in Ontario and conducted one-on-one semi structured interviews. Following the first interview, participants were invited to participate in a second interview. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Results Eight participants completed the first interview; six completed a second interview (14 interviews total). The mean age of participants was 47.1 years (standard deviation (sd) = 5.8) and mean length of time since HIV diagnosis was 15.1 years (sd = 6.7). We identified two overarching themes, “experiencing disability” and “experiencing discrimination”. Apart from the physical and mental health impairments, the complex intersection of illness, gender, ethnicity, HIV-stigma and discrimination influenced disability experiences. Conclusion Understanding the disability experiences of marginalized women living with HIV through a phenomenological lens can help to facilitate the development of culturally safe treatment approaches and health care policies to lessen disability and improve their quality of life. Implications for rehabilitation Developing culturally safe treatment approaches may help to improve rehabilitation service provision for ethnically and culturally diverse populations. Rehabilitation professionals need to adopt a trauma-informed care when treating people living with HIV. Rehabilitation professionals should consider cultural safety by considering the role of religion, dependency, and gendered-power relations while treating South Asian women living with HIV.

Dark faces in white spaces: The effects of skin tone, race, ethnicity, and intergroup preferences on interpersonal judgments and voting behavior

AbstractAcross three experimental studies, we explored how a political candidate's intersections of skin tone, race, and ethnicity affect voting preferences and interpersonal judgments (e.g., warmth, trustworthiness, expertise). Study 1 assessed whether White participants would favor a light‐skinned (vs. dark‐skinned) African American candidate. Study 2 investigated participant (White vs. non‐White) voting preferences based on the interaction between candidate race/ethnicity and relative skin tone (lighter vs. darker). In Study 3, we examined the influence of candidate race/ethnicity on voters’ preferences as well as the accuracy and impact of memory for candidate skin tone. Supporting our hypotheses, White participants generally held more negative attitudes (e.g., expressed less warmth, perceived candidates as less trustworthy) and were less likely to vote for underrepresented candidates with darker skin tones than non‐White participants were. Additionally, voters remembered politicians as having a lighter skin tone, and the extent of such bias predicted warmth, perceived trustworthiness, and expertise of the candidate. While candidate race/ethnicity on its own did not affect voting preferences and attitudes, it significantly influenced voters when race/ethnicity was associated with certain skin tones (i.e., brown skin tone). Theoretical, practical, and political implications for judgments influenced by skin tone and race/ethnicity of candidates are discussed.

Workplace Health Promotion Among Ethnically Diverse Women in Midlife With a Low Socioeconomic Position.

Workplace health promotion (WHP) may be an appropriate way to support women with a low socioeconomic position (SEP) during midlife. Little is known about reaching and engaging women in WHP, particularly not at the intersection of midlife, low SEP, and ethnicity. We initiated the ProudWoman project, in which we implemented a WHP intervention aimed at supporting midlife women as a pilot in an academic hospital. We qualitatively evaluated the implementation using the RE-AIM framework. The pilot comprised multiple steps: tailoring the intervention to the needs of ethnically diverse group of midlife women with a low SEP, developing an implementation protocol, implementing the tailored intervention, and evaluating the implementation process. The main findings of our study are: (1) due to a wide range of recruitment activities that were actively deployed, we were able to reach an ethnically diverse group of midlife women with a low SEP; (2) regarding adoption, awareness of the relevance of this topic as an occupational health challenge was not self-evident at the organizational level; (3) according to our participants, various facilitators and barriers should be taken into account in the implementation of the work–life program; and (4) our focus group discussion revealed as maintenance is relevant to these levels in different ways, awareness of midlife and menopause as an occupational health challenge should be raised at four professional levels. We conclude that elements, such as an active and personal recruitment approach, are important in the implementation of WHP for ethnically diverse midlife women with an SEP.

Global Standards, Cultural Islam: Syrian‐led Muslim Humanitarianism in Turkey

AbstractThis article focuses on Syrian‐led Muslim humanitarianism, and asks what types of discourses and practices emerged in the context of the Syrian Muslim diaspora's increased involvement in global refugee management as humanitarian actors. Through a case study of a major Syrian‐led humanitarian organization in Turkey founded by wealthy Syrian diasporan businessmen, the article examines how class differences, market discourses, and nationalist visions shape the contemporary politics of Muslim humanitarianism. I argue that Syrian Muslim humanitarian politics has featured complex struggles for legitimacy and recognition, which have led to new constellations of religious, neoliberal, and nationalist imaginations. Syrian Muslim humanitarians have claimed their legitimacy through negotiation of the Turkish state's neo‐Ottoman policies that render them invisible, and of Western organizations' and donors' Islamophobic biases that suspect them of supporting terrorism. Through strategies such as culturalizing Islam and enacting market discourses of professionalism and flexibility, Syrian Muslim humanitarians have claimed to embody global standards of humanitarianism, and have carved out a space in which their Syrian and Muslim identities are recognized. This article is among the first studies that highlight Syrian actors' growing influence in shaping the global field of humanitarian aid for Syrian refugees. Looking at the intersections of religion, class, and ethnicity, the article also expands our understanding of Muslim humanitarianism by emphasizing the often‐ignored themes of social class and nationalist imaginations.

“Omelora”: Orthodox and Disciplinary Masculinities in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’sPurple Hibiscus

This paper examines the connections between masculinity and orthodoxy in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus to underscore the intersections of gender, class, religion, and ethnicity. Adichie depicts two contradictory figures of Catholic orthodoxy, namely, Eugene and Father Amadi and the consequences of their performances of masculinity. Where Eugene enacts violence on his family in the name of piety, Father Amadi demonstrates receptivity to human suffering as crucial to piety. I draw on the ideas of Michel Foucault and Raewyn Connell to demonstrate how discipline, control, and male power operate in the domestic sphere and their effects on subjectivities and bodies. Adichie’s portrayal of Eugene articulates a model of disciplinary power undergirded by orthodoxy. Eugene, therefore, dramatizes orthodox masculinity. I argue that Adichie envisions a redefinition of masculinity by presenting Father Amadi as an alternative to Eugene’s enactments of orthodoxy. I conclude that Adichie provides us with an understanding of how people can deploy violence in the name of piety and religion. Indeed, Adichie emphasizes the need to redefine masculinity cognizant of the dignity of all humanity.

Multidimensional Discrimination in the Online Rental Housing Market: Implications for Families With Young Children

ABSTRACT A half century after passage of the federal Fair Housing Act, studies continue to document racial discrimination in the housing market, which serves to reproduce racial inequality and residential segregation. Building on this work, we examine housing discrimination experienced by individuals belonging to multiple disadvantaged groups. Employing an online field experiment in 31 U.S. cities over 20 months, we investigate patterns of discrimination against female rental housing applicants at the intersections of race, ethnicity, family structure, and Section 8 housing voucher receipt. Consistent with prior work, we find discrimination against Black women and Section 8 recipients. We also find that only Black women and Latinas are penalized for being parents and for being single mothers to young children. Finally, examining the relevant policy landscape, we find evidence that state and local laws barring discrimination against Section 8 recipients may not be sufficient to protect voucher holders and their families and may instead prompt landlords to engage in subtler forms of discrimination (i.e., increased nonresponse). These findings reveal a dynamic pattern of multidimensional discrimination and support arguments for an intersectional approach to understanding and combatting inequality.

The Intersection of Candidate Gender and Ethnicity: How Voters Respond to Campaign Messages from Latinas

Despite the recent surge of women of color in elected political office in the U.S., the representation of Latinas is strikingly low. Past research offers unclear conclusions as to whether Latina political candidates face biases due to the intersection of their identities as women and as ethnic minorities, and how Latinas can navigate such biases. In this study, we identify how Latinas draw on their intersectional identities as both women and ethnic minorities to develop strategic campaign messages and how voters respond to such messages. Through an analysis of campaign advertising data and an original survey experiment, we show that Latina candidates do not face an automatic disadvantage based in gender and ethnic biases, but they can benefit from the intersection of these two identities, especially among female minority voters. These results are consequential because they offer insights into how to improve the descriptive and substantive representation of marginalized groups in the U.S.

Quilombola men and their work: a mapping of the health of these workers

Quilombola men perform productive activities that require great physical strength in environments conducive to several risks, accidents, and health problems. This study aimed to map the work processes of quilombola men in three locations in Norte de Minas region in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using the methodological framework of Cartography proposed by Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari. Data were produced by the observation of work processes, individual interviews, and records of the effects in a mapping diary. Discourse analysis Allowed for the elaboration of a descriptor flowchart and the definition of three thematic categories. In the mapped locations, the intersection of gender, ethnicity, and class collaborates directly for the performance of activities in charcoal furnaces, quarries, and banana plantations. These environments are highly unhealthy due to the presence of heat and smoke, methods that demand great physical effort and produce silica dust, excessive sun exposure, and the use of pesticides. The integration between the workers' health surveillance (VISAT) and the Brazilian Public Labor Prosecutor Office allows for the articulation of an intersectoral network of popular education, technical assistance, and professional training and qualification. These measures will directly affect the health-disease process, the quality of life of workers, and the environmental preservation of the mapped locations.