Intersection Of Ethnicity Research Articles

Dubai-gate and the libidinal operations of nation-making in Girls from Dubai

The article provides a critical review of the film Girls to Buy (Dziewczyny z Dubaju) (2021) by Maria Sadowska in the context of the Polish Dubai-gate scandal and the discourse of the sex trade and trafficking. The intersection of gender, ethnicity and class guides this inquiry into the ways in which both the conservative Polish nationalist agenda and the neo-liberal opposition to such an agenda rely on the phobic Orientalist tropes that configure the Arab world as the main culprit and the ‘face’ of the kleptocratic capitalism.

The three colors of humanity: Early Jewish race-making in 1 Enoch’s Animal Apocalypse

Over the past several decades since Frank Snowden published his seminal monograph Blacks in Antiquity, scholars have become increasingly interested in understanding the ethnic and racial frameworks deployed by ancient peoples. The intersections of race, color, and ethnicity in classical literature have long been debated, but ancient Jewish texts tend to be left out of these discussions. In this article, I first analyze 1 Enoch’s Animal Apocalypse against the backdrop of Hellenistic-era environmental theory to show that it displays early forms of race-making through its differentiation of colored bulls. Although leading commentaries offered by Nickelsburg and Tiller reject racial readings of the Animal Apocalypse’s colored bulls, Matthew Black’s commentary from the 1980s does not. I show that ancient Hellenistic conceptions of peoples’ color, ethnicity, and behaviors shaped by environmental determinism support Matthew Black’s framework for understanding the Animal Apocalypse’s use of color, namely his equating of Chapter 89’s black bull with Ham, contra Nickelsburg and Tiller. Second, I stress that the Animal Apocalypse’s schema of colored bulls reflects the view that all of humanity derives from white, red, and black ancestors and that this ordering of the three colors constitutes a hierarchal sequencing of humankind, classified into three different types of people in descending order.

Middle class by effort? Immigration, nation, and class from a transnational and intersectional perspective

ABSTRACT This article examines how highly skilled immigrants from Poland become middle-class in Germany through a transnational and intersectional lens. Hence, it asks what is the middle-class, and who and where belongs to it. First, it considers the fluidity of social class in post-socialist Poland to deconstruct middle-classness. Second, it draws on Reckwitz's distinction between the new and old middle classes in Germany and their factions to argue that immigrants cannot become middle class members by default. Based on the analysis of empirical material consisting of narrations of Polish immigrants, the article asks if Polish immigrants become middle class ‘by effort’. The analysis shows that Polish immigrants’ habitus locates them in-between different middle-class factions. The narrations suggest that these immigrants experience discrimination and exclusion, but – curiously – also demonstrate these immigrants’ lack of awareness of structural barriers in access to the middle-class factions in Germany. It argues that such ‘blindness’ to structural underpinnings of exclusion is a result of the entanglements of nationalism and neoliberalism, for example, the immigrants’ belief in meritocratic principles. Finally, the article suggests avenues for future theory-building by addressing the intersection of social class, gender, life course, and ethnicity to better understand middle-classness of immigrants.

Female immigrant entrepreneurship – predicted by women’s empowerment in host country

PurposeThe social inclusion of immigrants has been a central public policy issue in European countries, and entrepreneurship is often promoted as a form of integration. Female immigrants face double discrimination of gender and ethnicity while becoming entrepreneurs. The aim of the paper is to investigate the female empowerment in the host country as a predictor of immigrant women engagement in entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachBased on panel data for European Union countries for years 2006–2021, female immigrant entrepreneurship was modelled by the impact of variables showing the empowerment of women in host countries. Data availability was the determinant regarding the inclusion of 22 countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden were all in the research sample.FindingsAlthough immigrant entrepreneurship is highly context-oriented and locale-specific (as in the physical setting for relationships among people), some universal patterns for a group of countries are found. A stronger political and managerial position of power for the women in host countries encourages female immigrant entrepreneurship, while the gender pay gap is statistically insignificant.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper is due to the multi-country level and female-focused research perspectives in immigrant entrepreneurship. The study refers to the intersectionality of gender and ethnicity, arguing that the empowerment of women in host countries affects female immigrant entrepreneurship at the macro-level.

Dual and polytobacco use disparities at the intersection of age, sex, race and ethnicity, and income among US adults. Results from the 2018–2019 TUS-CPS

AimWe aim to describe disparities in dual and polytobacco use at the intersection of age, sex, race and ethnicity, and income. MethodsWe used the 2018–2019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey to estimate the prevalence of combinations of dual (two products) and polytobacco (three or more products) use for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco (n = 135,268). We created five mutually exclusive categories: 1) cigarettes and e-cigarettes, 2) cigarettes and cigars, 3) cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, 4) dual/polyuse without cigarettes, and 5) polyuse with cigarettes. We estimated the dual/polyuse prevalence at the intersection of age (18–34, 35–54, 55+ years), sex (male, female), race and ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Other), and annual household income (<$50,000, $50,000-$99,999, ≥$100,000), resulting in 72 sociodemographic categories. We used a visualization tool that allowed for detailed characterization and identification of dual and polytobacco use disparities. ResultsFemales were in three of the top four groups with the highest cigarette and e-cigarette dual use. Cigarette and cigar dual use was disproportionately high among low-income Non-Hispanic Black male adults aged 35–54 and 18–34. The highest prevalence of both polyuse with cigarettes and dual/polyuse without cigarettes was among low-income, Non-Hispanic White male adults aged 18–34 years. ConclusionWe identified the population groups disproportionately using two or more tobacco products. This information is helpful for surveillance and for the implementation of tobacco control policies aimed at decreasing disparities in tobacco use.

The inter-generational construction of religious in/authenticity in the rituals of British Pakistani Muslims

This paper explores the phenomenon of rituals as a contested intersection of religion and ethnicity and demonstrates how changes in religio-ethnic inclinations of various generations of immigrant communities influence the religious authenticity/inauthenticity of rituals. Its focus is the British Pakistani Muslim community in the UK where the emerging second and subsequent generations of British Muslims have started to redefine and contest their religious and ethnic identities. The findings, derived through interview and observation, reveal that religion has become the preeminent marker of identity, eclipsing that of ethnic identity. Through reciprocal socialization, the first generation are relearning an Islam from younger generations that is unfettered by cultural bonds. We illustrate how and why rituals are deemed inauthentic and abandoned. Findings demonstrate that authenticity/inauthenticity provides a potential outlet for reflexive consumers to assert agency against ethnic norms and ideological hailings that are at odds with their emergent religious identities. Accordingly, the study conceptualizes emergent inauthenticity to explain this phenomenon and delineates the role of boundary work and contamination in the authentication and rejection of rituals.

Between the dog and the wolf: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of bicultural, sexual minority people’s lived experiences

Previous research has established that people with multiple-minority identities frequently wrestle with psychosocial dilemmas in ingroup and outgroup settings, which can impair health and impede a positive belonging. The present study explores the phenomenon of psychosocial implications found in the intersection of sexuality and ethnicity from the perspective of bicultural, sexual minority individuals in Sweden, a multiple-minority group that thus far has not received scientific consideration. In-depth interviews were conducted with eight non-heterosexual, second-generation immigrants in Sweden. Data was analyzed through a collaborative interpretative phenomenological analysis. Two overarching group experiential themes (GETs) were created: “A puzzle of identity struggles” and “Sources of empowerment.” The GETs detail experiences of bullying, misidentification, parental shortcomings, gender issues, and severe mental health challenges, as well as strengthening factors in the participants’ lived experiences, including pride in heritage, creative coping strategies and purpose in life. The lines between general stressors and minority-specific stressors were blurred, which problematizes simplified understandings of multiple-minorities. The authors advocate for advances in multiple-minority knowledge among professionals within the educational and mental health systems, to facilitate preventive and interventive work that could improve life conditions and sense of belonging among non-heterosexual, ethnic minorities.

Breaking the Chains: Nadia Murad's Journey from Captivity to Crusade in The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity and My Fight Against the Islamic State

The present study examines Nadia Murad's insightful memoir, providing a comprehensive examination of her dramatic transformation from the confines of captivity to the vanguard of an international campaign against sexual assault and genocide. The tale told by Murad is a poignant illustration of both the horrors carried out by the Islamic State on the Yazidi population and the tenacity of the human spirit. This study delves into the themes of identification, activism, and resilience. It illuminates how Murad's personal story goes beyond individual suffering to reflect the collective agony and unwavering strength of the Yazidis. It also explores Murad's journey from victim to activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner, highlighting her contribution to drawing attention to the Yazidi massacre and promoting justice on a global scale. This discusses the intersections of gender, ethnicity, and human rights while revealing the larger significance of Murad's struggle through an analysis of her moving narrative. In the end, it is analysed as a story of bravery and survival as well as a call to action, imploring the world community to recognize and alleviate the continued suffering of the Yazidis and other persecuted minorities across the globe.

‘The Scottish Warrior’ Drew McIntyre: celebrity-commodity, symbolic ethnicity and authenticity

ABSTRACT While domestic articulations of Scottish identity represent a shifting and complex arena for political discourse, North American articulations of Scottishness often rely on stereotypes. Enter Drew McIntyre, The Scottish Warrior of WWE fame. The performance of McIntyre’s identity has (re)deployed symbolic ethnicity as a prominent marker of his Scottishness. Symbolic identities are commonly used in professional wrestling to define and articulate performed selves as special or unique. Yet, by voluntarily drawing upon, and amplifying, iconic elements of Scottish culture, such as Tartanry and Kailyard, McIntyre’s Scottishness has become simultaneously authentic and inauthentic in nature. This discursive effect mediates the wrestling celebrity over the recognition of the individuated self. In reducing McIntyre to a series of mediated ethnic symbols, WWE produces an objectified version of McIntyre, The Scottish Warrior, which functions as a celebrity-commodity that has converted McIntyre into a product for exchange. As such, and by means of a case study of the mediascape surrounding McIntyre’s recent WWE run, this article explores how WWE use symbolic ethnicity in the construction of The Scottish Warrior as an easily communicable celebrity-commodity, unpacking the intersection of ethnicity, symbolism and (in)authenticity in the commodification of Andrew Galloway.

“Woman” and Diasporic Kurdish Identity in the United States

Abstract There is a growing literature on gender and feminist theory in the Middle East now. However, there has been little work on Kurdish diasporas and gender in the United States. This article examines how US diasporic Kurdish performances of gender and narrations of gender work to create the figure of the “Kurdish woman.” Instead of falling into the trap of Orientalist constructions of womanhood, Kurdish diasporas imagine “Kurdish woman” as a way to challenge nation-state assimilation projects and erasure by practicing identity at the intersections of ethnicity, religion, gender, and race. The category of “woman” becomes an important venue to manage statelessness, create an important archive for Kurds, challenge ongoing colonialism in Kurdistan, and challenge US imperialism. Therefore “Kurdish woman” constitutes an important spatial and historical terrain for Kurdish women and Kurdish men to manage their racialization across national contexts and partake in the racialization of “others.” “Woman” is activated in the service of difference as a means to showcase the heterogeneity within Kurdish communities and expound on the relations Kurds in the US diaspora have with nation, religion, history, and resistance.

“I Know What I’m Doing and It Feels Good”: Black and Latine Women Transforming New Orleans Childcare Practice and Policy Through Participatory Research

This piece is a collective reflection of three perspectives while designing and guiding a participatory action research (PAR) project as part of a larger grant. We draw on firsthand experiences of three women—a participant in the program, the PAR program director, and the grant project director—to highlight stories of the impact of PAR in the collaborative named New Orleans Louisiana Creating Access and Resources for Equity and Success (NOLA C.A.R.E.S.). This collaborative of organizations (funded by J.P. Morgan Chase) seeks to develop policies that build wealth for women who work in the early care and education industry in Bulbancha (Choctow for “Land of Many Tongues” colonized as New Orleans). One major aim of PAR in NOLA C.A.R.E.S. is to pinpoint methods of equitable access to programs and resources that build and sustain wealth in Black and Latine communities. Each participant identifies as Black and/or Latine and Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a primary feature. Although we are using the separate terms “Black” and “Latine” women when referring to our population of interest, we note that the various intersections of ethnicity and race within the African Diaspora allow for multiple and combined identities (for example, Black, African-Latina/Afro-Latina, Latinx, Afro-Latine, Caribbean Latine and many more). First, we introduce the landscape of NOLA CARES, a granted-funded, diverse, eleven-organization collaborative. Then, we zoom into the PAR component by defining PAR, the process, and key principles. Next, we highlight stories from three Black women who touched the PAR program: one who experienced, one who designed, and one who supported the grant collaborative work. Then, we describe guiding frameworks of participatory research with concrete examples of centering, sharing, and ceding power with Black and Latine women as a primary method of PAR and dismantling White Supremacist Culture (WSC). Finally, we conclude with learnings moving forward.

THE NEXUS OF AGING AND MIGRATION: THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND WHERE GERONTOLOGICAL INQUIRIES OUGHT TO HEAD

Abstract Research on older ethno-racialized minorities (which comes primarily from North America) has dominated ethno-gerontological debates over the past few decades. In this research, ethnicity and race have been primarily viewed as social positions that place older people at risk of social exclusion. Migrancy, however, has yet to receive adequate attention from social gerontologists, despite the centrality of migration and aging for demographic change globally in recent decades. When migrancy is considered by gerontologists, it is not uncommon for us to think of the vulnerability trope. The highly-charged political debates in which the social exclusion and deservingness of migrant populations have been at stake have undoubtedly contributed to this state of affairs. From the field of migration studies, some have argued that the nexus of aging and migration offers new lenses from which the intersections of ethnicity, race, migrancy and old age can be approached. This symposium brings together contributors to an international network that has been working to survey the current state of knowledge at the aging-migration nexus and where future research ought to head. This symposium will argue that the study of older migrants has far-reaching implications for the economy, public policy, societal cohesion and individual wellbeing, and that – as such – this is a theoretically-profuse angle of investigation for social gerontology.

Breaking through the glass ceiling: unveiling women’s representation by gender and race in the higher education hierarchy

This retrospective study examined progress towards diversity at the intersection of gender and ethnicity amongst senior higher education academics and managers in England and Wales. The study aimed to assess any evidence of competing diversity agendas and the impact of diversity initiatives on female racial minorities. This study investigates the advancement of diversity at the nexus of gender and ethnicity within senior academic and management roles in higher education across England and Wales. Using employment records of senior staff from higher education institutions were used to assess trends in race and gender, it retrospectively examines trends in employment for ethnic minority women and the effectiveness of diversity awards from 2012 to 2019. We also collected data on the receipt of Athena SWAN or Race Equality Charter awards by higher education institutions. Mixed-effects modelling was employed to analyse the correlation between institutions awarded the Athena SWAN Silver or Race Equality Charter Bronze and variances in the representation of women from racial minorities. Results indicate that the representation of ethnic minority females in senior roles showed a marked increase over the study period. However, disparities were observed, with Black females showing fewer signs of advancement. Institutions that received Athena SWAN Silver or Race Equality Charter Bronze awards demonstrated increasing gender and racial diversity, with no evidence of competing diversity effects. The study found evidence of progress in advancing gender and ethnic diversity in senior academic and leadership positions in higher education in England and Wales. Despite this, certain racial groups, such as Black females, faced greater challenges in advancement. The positive impact of diversity initiatives was observed, with no evidence of conflicting diversity agendas. Further research is recommended to investigate structural factors affecting ethnic minorities in higher education, and to assess the potential influences of external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic on the diversity agenda.

Racial discrimination and mental health in the context of anti-Asian xenophobia: An intersecting approach of race, ethnicity, nativity, and socioeconomic status

The COVID-19 pandemic, polarized politics, and heightened stigma and discrimination are salient drivers for negative mental health outcomes, particularly among marginalized racial and ethnic minoritized groups. Intersectionality of race, ethnicity, foreign-born status, and educational attainment may distinctively shape an individual's experience of discrimination and mental health during such unprecedented time. The present study examines the differential associations of racial discrimination and mental health based on an individual's race, ethnicity, foreign-born status, and educational attainment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyses were based on a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults collected between October and November 2021 (n = 6276). We utilized multivariable linear regressions to identify the multiplicative effects of race, ethnic, foreign-born status and self-reported racial discrimination on mental health, stratified by educational attainment. Among individuals with lower educational attainment, associations between racial discrimination and poor mental health were stronger among Asians (US-born: β = −2.07, p = 0.03; foreign-born: β = −3.18, p = 0.02) and US-born multiracial individuals (β = −1.96, p = 0.02) than their White counterparts. Among individuals with higher educational attainment, foreign-born Hispanics (β = − 3.66, p < 0.001) and US-born Asians (β = −2.07, p = 0.01) reported worst mental health when exposed to racial discrimination out of all other racial, ethnic and foreign-born groups. Our results suggest that association of racial discrimination and mental health varies across racial, ethnic, foreign-born, and education subgroups. Using an intersectional approach to address the widening inequities in racial discrimination and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic contextualizes unique experience of discrimination and provides crucial insight on the patterns of mental health among marginalized groups.

Land Ownership in Cameroon: An Overview

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to thoroughly examine land ownership in Cameroon, focusing on the legal classification of land, the legal and institutional framework governing land registration, and the procedures for obtaining a land certificate.&#x0D; Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative research approach, emphasizing content analysis of relevant data. It involves a detailed examination of legal documents, policies, and case studies related to land ownership in Cameroon.&#x0D; Findings: The findings reveal a diverse array of land forms in Cameroon, highlighting a comprehensive legal framework for land acquisition. However, discrepancies exist in the implementation of these laws, leading to conflicts and uncertainties in land ownership. The study identifies a significant gap in land title formalization, with many landowners relying on informal agreements or deeds of conveyance as proof of ownership. Furthermore, the findings suggest the need for further research into the intersection of ethnicity, land ownership, and the role of private corporations in land disputes.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of land ownership in a post-colonial African context, specifically examining the complexities in Cameroon. It offers practical insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and landowners on the challenges and potential solutions in the land registration process. The study strongly recommends a revision of the existing land laws in Cameroon to align with contemporary realities and address the identified challenges.

Underage Alcohol Use by Intersectional Identity Among Alternative High School Students

PurposeTo examine alcohol use (AU) among intersectional subgroups within a longitudinal cohort of predominantly Hispanic/Latino alternative high school (AHS) students in southern California. MethodsPast month AU was measured over a period of three years among 1,029 students (mean age 17.5 years, 49.7% female, 76.1% Hispanic/Latino) from 29 AHSs. Multilevel models that adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, parental education, weekly income, sensation seeking, depression, anxiety, and stress estimated trends in AU over time among intersectional subgroups defined by gender, ethnicity, and generational immigration. ResultsStudents with parents born in the United States had high rates of AU at the baseline that remained stable over time. In contrast, first-generation Hispanic/Latino students had lower levels of AU at the baseline that increased over time. First-generation, female, Hispanic/Latino students exhibited one of the lowest probabilities of AU at the baseline (28.6%, confidence interval [CI]: 15.9%–41.3%) but at the two-year follow-up had one of the highest probabilities (47.4%, CI: 29.3%–65.5%). A similar trend was observed among first-generation, male, Hispanic/Latino students whose probability of past month AU rose between the baseline (23.1%, CI: 12.4%–33.8%) and two-year follow-up (36.0%, CI: 19.2%–52.7%). DiscussionFindings underscore the heterogeneity of AHS students, showing a more nuanced picture of AU by the intersection of gender, ethnicity, and generational immigration. Underage AU prevention efforts among AHS students must provide targeted messages to intersectional identities.

An Intersectional Analysis of Aotearoa New Zealand Journalists’ Online and Offline Experiences of Abuse, Threats and Violence

ABSTRACT Criticism towards journalists has increased significantly since the internet created easy and anonymous communication and has turned more abusive and threatening in recent years, becoming a regular feature of journalists’ work environment, particularly for women. This article presents survey data about the amount and nature of online and offline abuse, threats and violence experienced by journalists at Aotearoa New Zealand's largest news media company, Stuff. All respondents had experienced abuse, violence and/or threats, which they widely considered to be part of the job, but women received more identity and appearance-based abuse and men experienced more in-person threats of, and actual violence. Gender plays a part in how the journalists cope with the abrasive abuse received because of their job, with many more women and particularly Māori women considering leaving the profession. In line with calls for more intersectional analysis of journalists’ workplace experiences, our study considers the complex and nuanced ways that ethnicity intersects with gender to shape Māori and Pākehā journalists’ encounters with abuse, threats and violence. For instance, our subset of Māori women journalists experienced the highest rates of offline threats and violence.

Research Note Showing That the Rural Mortality Penalty Varies by Region, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States, 1999–2016

This research note presents a new perspective on the rural mortality penalty in the United States. While previous work has documented a growing rural mortality penalty, there has been a lack of attention to heterogeneity in trends at the intersection of region, race, and ethnicity. We use age-adjusted mortality rates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to examine the rural mortality penalty by region, race, and ethnicity for 1999–2016 (N = 44,792,050 deaths) and stratify by 2006 National Center for Health Statistics metropolitan–nonmetropolitan classifications. We find substantial variation at the intersection of region, race, and ethnicity, revealing heterogeneity in the rural penalty and—in some cases—a rural mortality advantage. For the Black/African American population, the rural mortality penalty is observed only in the South. On the other hand, for Hispanic/Latino populations, a small but persistent rural mortality penalty is present only in the South and the West. There is a rural mortality penalty in all regions for White and American Indian/Alaska Native populations. However, for the latter, there is substantial variation in the magnitude of the penalty by region of residence. This research documents heterogeneous patterns when the rural mortality penalty is analyzed by region, race, and ethnicity in the United States.

Book Review: Beyond Exclusion in Medieval Ireland: Intersections of Ethnicity, Sex, and Society Under English Law by Stephen Hewer

Book Review: <i>Beyond Exclusion in Medieval Ireland: Intersections of Ethnicity, Sex, and Society Under English Law</i> by Stephen Hewer

Culinary Intimacy in Fukazawa Ushio's The Matchmaker and "When Yi Tongae Eats"

Abstract: Since her debut in 2012, Fukazawa Ushio has become a critical voice in the Japanese literary scene, writing about social issues including hate speech against Zainichi Koreans, abuse of migrant workers, gender inequality, and misogyny. One of the significant aesthetic features of her work is the use of food and foodways to explore these issues. This article examines the short story collection The Matchmaker and the five-part food essay "When Yi Tongae Eats," focusing on their sensorial elaboration of Zainichi Koreans' experiences of discrimination and desire to belong, sitting both at the intersection of gender and ethnicity. Fukazawa's sensorial contemplation of the affective values associated with cooking, eating, and drinking, I argue, generates a sense of intimacy among characters and between text and reader that ultimately enables us to expand our understanding of the complexities of Zainichi Korean identity and their place in contemporary Japan.