Intersection Of Ethnicity Research Articles

The Intersection of Race and Ethnicity, Nativity, and Sex on Cognitive Trajectories of Older Adults in the United States

We used longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2016) to estimate sex-specific age-graded changes in global cognition and memory among White, Black, and U.S.- and foreign-born Latino adults 51 years and older. Among males, racial/ethnic and nativity differences in cognitive function were mainly evident at younger ages, particularly for Blacks compared to Whites. We found no evidence to support male racial/ethnic or nativity differentials in trajectories of cognitive aging. For women, older Blacks and U.S.-Born Latinas, and to a lesser degree foreign-born Latinas, had lower cognitive function at younger ages. However, White women showed more pronounced cognitive aging in comparison to U.S.- and foreign-born Latinas. Results applied to both global and memory outcomes. Our findings support calls for nuanced considerations of racial/ethnic and nativity effects on cognitive aging and ADRDs. Continued monitoring of differential cognitive aging trends is warranted as the vascular and neurologic sequelae of COVID-19 manifests.

COVID-19 and the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Sexual Minority Status.

The COVID-19 virus has caused millions of deaths and impaired physical and mental health and social disconnection for countless persons around the world; concomitantly, the pandemic has exposed and exacerbated the pervasive effects of racism and stigma experienced by Black, Indigenous, or People of Color (BIPOC) and other marginalized/stigmatized groups. This study adopts an intersectional perspective examining multiple marginalized identities (i.e., the combination of LGBTQ and BIPOC status) and COVID-19 pandemic health stressors. We report on data from an online survey (conducted between Aug 10 and Oct. 10, 2020) focusing on current experiences and future planning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. LGBTQ respondents (n=415) indicated significantly higher levels of depression, loneliness, sadness, and isolation in comparison to heterosexuals (n=3916). Heterosexual white respondents (n=3446) reported significantly higher levels of acceptance in their community and reported greater happiness but also higher rates of feeling of isolation than heterosexual BIPOC heterosexuals (n=470) who reported significantly higher rates of feeling judged/shamed by others than the heterosexual white respondents. In contrast to our expectations, white LGBTQ respondents (n=366) reported significantly more depression, loneliness, anxiety, and sadness than their BIPOC LGBTQ peers (n=49). These findings are interpreted as reflecting a complex mix of the effects of marginalization (as experienced by LGBTQ persons in general), and privilege and relative deprivation (as experienced by heterosexual and LGBTQ white persons) along with resilience and the moderated expectations and experiences of BIPOC LGBTQ persons.

Lived Experiences at the Intersection of Sediment(ation) Pollution, Gender, Ethnicity and Ecosystem Restoration from the Kaipara Moana, Aotearoa New Zealand

In settler-colonial nations such as Aotearoa, New Zealand, ecosystem degradation and restoration of coastal estuaries and their catchments are typically framed through a scientific lens and often privilege patriarchal beliefs and epistemologies. A consequence of colonization in Aotearoa is that sediment(ation) pollution is deemed undesirable, and science is needed to control and solve such ecosystem challenges. However, there remains a tendency to prioritize science over other ways of knowing. Therefore, ecosystem management strategies and restoration practices fail to attend to the dynamics of social differentiation within Indigenous groups concerning settler-colonial power. Indigenous peoples bring nuanced ways of knowing and being whereby relational ontologies and ethics are imperative starting points. Relational ontologies reshape knowledge production to ensure more ethical and just relationships with nature. We use an intersectional lens to highlight the gendered, ethnic, and natured dimensions of sediment(ation) pollution. We show how pollution manifests differently across intimate scales (body, local), demonstrating the far-reaching effects of settler-colonialism violence. This article presents Indigenist geo-creative narratives from four Māori women regarding their lived experiences and realities of sediment(ation) pollution. Using practices familiar to and chosen by them, narratives are richly nuanced, political and recalled in relational and affective terms. We intend to disrupt and bring forth a relational vision of sediment(ation) pollution as a socially just and equitable way of managing and restoring ecosystems.

Reproductive Racism in Danielle Evans’s “Harvest:” Black, Chicana, and White Motherhoods in the Context of Reproductive Rights Discourses

AbstractThe paper explores the short story “Harvest” (2010) by African American writer Danielle Evans and traces the figurations of the racialized aspects of gender in “Harvest” within the theoretical frameworks of Black and Chicana feminisms, motherhood studies, and intersectionality. After situating the Black and Chicana characters’ anxieties around egg donation in the historical context of reproductive rights, economics, and the politicization of Black and Chicana women’s bodies, I discuss how the intersections of gender, race, ethnicity, and class impact the racialized gender identity of especially the Black protagonist and to a smaller extent that of her Chicana and white friends as well. I argue that the current practices of egg donation depicted in the story are imbricated in the wider system of racial capitalism that values women’s childbearing capacities differentially in terms of their race.

Online Social Networking among Clinically Depressed Young People: Scoping Review of Potentially Supportive or Harmful Behaviors

Online social networking sites are ubiquitous and prevalently used by young people. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the potential for such sites to bring isolated people together to support their mental health. Virtual communications, however, are not without risks. Substantial knowledge exists on attendant risks and protections among the general population, but much less seems known about their effects among clinical populations. This scoping review mapped the novel knowledge and knowledge gaps related to online social networking experiences and perceptions of depressed young people, adolescents to emergent adults. It also explored moderators of their social networking supports versus harms. A broad search of published and gray research literature between 2010 and 2021 found seven intensive interview studies, three surveys and a brief prospective cohort. Their aggregate sample of 915 clinically depressed young people was most typically, outpatient adolescents in the USA. They also prevalently used online social networks, but their perceptions seemed more positive than those of their peers without a diagnosis of depression. In fact, their positive perceptions (60%; e.g., ease of access and communication with providers, support from positive peers) were nearly two-fold greater than their negative perceptions. (36%; e.g., self-denigrating comparisons with “friends,” cyberbullies). Tentatively suggested moderators of risks versus protections were found at the intersection of gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. However, given this relatively new field’s limits, these are probably best thought of as screened hypotheses for future full systematic review development and primary research testing. Clinical implications are discussed.

Exploring Risks Associated With Bullying Perpetration Among Hispanic/Latino Adolescents: Are They Similar for Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born?

Previous research indicates that racial and ethnic minority adolescents show an increased risk for bullying involvement. However, research on racial and ethnic differences in bullying has mainly focused on the differences between Whites and African American adolescents in the U.S.A. Research on the bullying perpetration of foreign-born students is scarce. To fill this gap in the literature, this study utilizes the immigrant paradox to compare the prevalence rates and correlates of bullying perpetration between foreign-born and U.S.-born Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Data from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children, 2009 to 2010 cohort study in the United States were used. The sample included 1,451 Hispanic/Latino adolescents from which 287 were foreign-born ( Mage = 13.32, SD = 1.68; 55% girls) and 1,164 were U.S.-born ( Mage = 13.05, SD = 1.68; 51.4% girls). Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure bullying involvement, substance abuse, befriending deviant peers, physical fight, demographic variables, and family characteristics. Findings showed that foreign-born adolescents did not differ from U.S.-born Hispanic/Latino adolescents (9.8% vs. 9.9%) regarding bullying perpetration. In addition, logistic regression analyses revealed that only bullying victimization was a common correlate for bullying perpetration across both groups. For foreign-born Hispanic/Latino adolescents, only befriending deviant peers was significantly associated with bullying perpetration. For the U.S.-born group, alcohol use and physical fights increased the odds of bullying perpetration. Implications for future research (e.g., the significance of the intersection of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic class) and practice (e.g., the need to foster a positive school climate) will be discussed.

Intersections of gender, ethnicity, place and innovation: Mapping the diversity of women-led SMEs in the United Kingdom

This article advances knowledge on the diversity and heterogeneity of women-led small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the United Kingdom by analysing how gender intersects with ethnicity and place to influence their engagement in innovation. We adopt an intersectional perspective, and base our analyses on the Longitudinal Small Business Survey (LSBS) data of 29,257 SMEs over the period 2015–2018. Our findings suggest that despite their limited number, as well as firm size and industry sector constraints, women-led SMEs are actively engaged in innovation activities. In addition, our results on the effects of intersecting categories of gender, ethnicity and place on innovation, further emphasise the heterogeneity of women-led SMEs, both with regard to their likelihood to engage in innovation, as well as the place where innovation is most likely to occur. Implications for policy and practice are highlighted.

De-pathologizing Photographs

The 1920s was formative for the systematic use of photography in interconnected sciences such as racial biology, criminology, and psychiatry through widespread physiognomic classifications of body types, where deviance was “written on the skin”. The internationally distributed and highly influential publication Swedish Folk Types: An image gallery arranged according to race biological principles (1919) by racial biologist Herman Lundborg is an example of this. A small number of hitherto under-researched portraits labeled women as “manly types” and men as “female types”. Deriving from different sources, these photographs and inscriptions point to the role of photography in the constructions of gender and sexuality in interwar science and eugenics. They reflect complex intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, class, and sexuality as well as various scientific intersections and contexts. Furthermore, in a queer, suggestive contextualization the portraits also relate to the affirming, photographic representations of non-normative bodies in the period’s emerging, progressive sexuality research.

Employment gaps of foreign-born women in Finland: an intercategorical intersectionality approach

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that foreign-born women have multiple disadvantages in the Finnish labor market leading to an employment gap between foreign-born women, foreign born men and the general population. The employment gap negatively affects the lives of many women and their children (e.g. poverty), contributing to disparities in health and wellbeing, as well as underutilization and waste of human capital in the society. Methods Using data from the cross-sectional survey on well-being among foreign born population (FinMonik), conducted in Finland 2018, we compared employment outcomes and the prevalence of different barriers to working life across studied population groups, aged 25-64, representing different ethnic backgrounds, genders and education levels. We employed an intercategorical intersectionality approach that uses categories to make visible which differences carry significance and how multiple simultaneous disadvantages intersect to produce inequities in full- and part-time employment outcomes. Analysis weights were applied in the analyses. Results Labor market outcomes showed wide variation across genders, ethnic backgrounds and education levels both within and between studied groups. Highly educated Estonian women had the highest rate of full-time employment 73% (95% CI [59.3, 83.1]), while highly educated women from African countries (excl. North Africa) and North Africa and Middle East lagged behind all migrant groups, with full-time employment around 42% and 34 % (95% CI [23.3, 63] and [20.6, 50.2], respectively). Low educated Estonians had the highest full-time employment rate, 69% (95% CI [61.5, 75.8]), exceeding that of general population, 55% (95% CI [53.2, 56.5]). Conclusions The results suggest that intersectionality of ethnicity, gender and education level have impacts on labor market participation. The most marginalized groups are disproportionately affected by inequities and exclusionary practices in the Finnish labor market. Key messages Distinct employment gaps between population groups demonstrate how multiply disadvantaged groups face multiple barriers in working life. To improve health equity, solutions are needed to remove structural barriers to employment that unfairly disadvantage certain groups of people.

An Uneven Revival: Gendered Ethno-Regional Intersections of Religiousness in Kyrgyzstan

ABSTRACT Post-Soviet religious dynamics have attracted considerable scholarly attention, but their complexities remain poorly understood. Ethnic and gender intersections of religious identity and behavior are particularly understudied. This study examines these complexities and intersections using data of two rounds of a nationally representative survey from Kyrgyzstan, a multi-religious and multi-ethnic nation. The multivariable analyses of subjective religious salience and religious practice produced both expected and unexpected gendered variations by religion, ethnicity, and region, as well as instructive temporal trends in these variations. The findings are interpreted through the prism of broader societal transformations in Kyrgyzstan and elsewhere in post-Communist Central Eurasia.

The Intersections of Ethnicity, Nativity Status and Socioeconomic Position in Relation to Periodontal Status: A Cross-Sectional Study in London, England.

The role of migration as a social determinant of periodontitis has been overlooked. Intersectionality theory could help understand how immigration status interacts with other social determinants of health to engender inequalities in periodontitis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether ethnicity, nativity status and socioeconomic position intersect to structure social inequalities in periodontal status. Data from 1936 adults in a deprived and multi-ethnic area of London were analysed. The numbers of teeth with probing depth and clinical attachment loss were determined from clinical examinations. A matrix with 51 intersectional strata, defined according to ethnicity, nativity status and education, was created. A cross-classified multilevel analysis, with participants clustered within intersectional social strata, was performed to assess the extent to which individual differences in periodontal measures were at the intersectional strata level. A complex pattern of social inequalities in periodontal status was found, which was characterised by high heterogeneity between strata and outcome-specificity. The variance partition coefficient of the simple intersectional model, which conflated additive and interaction effects, indicated that 3–5% of the observed variation in periodontal measures was due to between-stratum differences. Moreover, the percentual change in variance from the simple intersectional to the intersectional interaction model indicated that 73–74% of the stratum-level variance in periodontal measures was attributed to the additive effects of ethnicity, nativity status and education. This study found modest evidence of intersectionality among ethnicity, nativity status and education in relation to periodontal status.

AfroLatinx Females: Coloniality, Gender, and Transformation

ABSTRACT The intersection of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and class increases AfroLatinx females’ vulnerability to oppression. This article provides an analysis of AfroLatinx females’ realities from a coloniality of power, knowledge, and gender perspectives. Many AfroLatinx females struggle with postcolonization traumas, as well as with a colonial mentality. Decolonial liberation, womanism and mujerismo, and indigenous healing approaches are presented to facilitate AfroLatinx females’ transformation. Specifically, a decolonial integrative healing approach is introduced, geared to enhance AfroLatinx females’ psychological wellness and buen vivir, the Aymara worldview of living a life of fullness. This approach involves an amalgamation of liberation psychology, womanism/mujerismo, and indigenous healing into psychoanalytic theory and practice. Notwithstanding the harmful effects of postcolonial and current sociopolitical traumas, many AfroLatinx females resist, combat, and transform. Anchored in a new consciousness, numerous AfroLatinx females develop a revolutionary ethno–racial–gender identity, one that sustains their struggle for social justice.

Mental Health Disparities at the Intersections of Gender Identity, Race, and Ethnicity.

Purpose: Very little research has examined mental health among transgender people of color using population-based data. The objective of this study was to use large-scale data to examine mental health disparities at the intersections of gender identity, race, and ethnicity. Methods: Data for this study came from transgender (n = 4024) and cisgender (n = 935,793) adults aged 18 years and older in the 2014-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We estimated and compared frequent mental distress and lifetime depression diagnoses using multivariable logistic regression models. Regression results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and compared with cisgender White adults, transgender White adults (AOR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.49-2.21), transgender American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) adults (AOR = 8.06; 95% CI = 2.03-32.00), and transgender adults of other/multiple races and ethnicities (AOR = 3.15; 95% CI = 1.78-5.59) had higher odds of exhibiting frequent mental distress. Transgender White adults (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.75-2.46), transgender AIAN adults (AOR = 3.61; 95% CI = 1.06-12.32), and transgender adults of other/multiple races and ethnicities (AOR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.41-4.01) had higher odds of reporting a lifetime depression diagnosis compared with White cisgender adults. Conclusion: This study serves as a reminder that LGBT health should be analyzed through an intersectional lens as some individuals with multiple marginalized identities may have worse health as a result of double discrimination. Public health practitioners and health care providers should be mindful of the diversity within the transgender population in their work.

Double Consciousness in the 21st Century: Du Boisian Theory and the Problem of Racialized Legal Status

In W.E.B. Du Bois’ Souls of Black Folk, he argued that the problem of the 20th century in the United States was the problem of the color line. Given that de facto and explicit racial discrimination persist, anti-immigrant rhetoric is intensifying, and legal status has become more salient, we argue Du Boisian theory remains relevant for understanding social and political cleavages in the 21st century United States. The intersection of race, ethnicity, and legal status or “racialized legal status” represents a new variation of Du Bois’ “color line,” due to how these statuses generate cumulative disadvantages and exclusion for citizens and immigrants of color, particularly the undocumented. We begin with a review of Du Bois’ double consciousness theory, highlighting the marginalization of African Americans. Next, we apply double consciousness to the 21st century U.S. context to empirically demonstrate parallels between 20th century African Americans and the marginalization faced today by people of color. We close with a discussion about how double consciousness enhances our understanding of citizenship and has also generated agency for people of color fighting for socio-political inclusion in the contemporary United States.

Injuries to Children and Adolescents by Law Enforcement

This observational study evaluates the demographic and temporal distributions of hospital-treated injuries perpetrated by law enforcement among youth at the intersection of age, sex, and race and ethnicity.

Inequalities, isolation, and intersectionality: A quantitative study of honour-based violence among girls and boys in metropolitan Sweden

The paper examines the prevalence and patterns of honour-based violence and oppression by documenting and analysing self-reported experiences among youth in contemporary metropolitan Sweden. The material is gathered via three surveys of 15-year-olds in metropolitan Sweden (N6002). The analysis draws on feminist intersectional violence studies and situates honour-based violence at the intersections of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. It develops the concepts of isolation and mobility within and between groups at family, community, and societal levels.The paper finds higher levels of multiple forms of violence and control, including physical, psychological and sexual violence, among youth who live with honour norms. The prevalence of violence is higher with each of the forms of isolation explored in the paper.

‘I've got a daughter now man it's clean man’: Heteroglossic and intersectional constructions of fatherhood in the spontaneous talk of a group of young southeast London men

AbstractThis article provides an insight into the heteroglossic and intersectional construction of fatherhood in the self-recorded, spontaneous talk of a group of young men from ethnically and racially mixed working-class backgrounds in southeast London. By adopting an interactional sociolinguistic approach, informed by Bakhtin's (1981, 1984, 1986) work on dialogicality and Tannen's (1989, 2004) notion of constructed dialogue, this article explores the young men's use of voices for their positioning in a range of fathering discourses which are shaped by and shape intersectional and hegemonic masculinities. Intersections of race, ethnicity, and social class inform many of the young men's positions, especially in their talk about the influences of hip hop on their children. This polyphony of voices allows the group to balance traditional discourses of fathers as providers, protectors, and moral guides with contemporary models of intimate and involved fatherhood, but also competing discourses of virile masculinity and bad boy identity. (Dialogicality, discourse, ethnicity, fatherhood, hegemony, heteroglossia, intersectionality, identity, masculinity, race, social class, voice)*

Ethnic disparity in mental health legislation at the point of inpatient entry: pilot review in detained adolescents with developmental disorders

Purpose Ethical concerns about the use of the Mental Health Act (MHA) have led to calls for developmental disorders to be removed from the list of mental disorders for which individuals can be detained. In parallel, there are long-standing concerns of ethnic disparity in the application of the MHA. Nonetheless, the impact of the intersections of developmental disorder diagnosis, adolescence and ethnicity on the application of the MHA is unknown. This study aims to explore ethnic differences in MHA sections and the factors accounting for this, in an adolescent inpatient developmental disorder service. Design/methodology/approach File reviews were conducted to explore differences in MHA status, as well as demographic, clinical and risk factors that may account for this, between 39 white British and ethnic minority adolescents detained to a specialist inpatient developmental disorder service. Findings Consistent with adult literature, adolescents of an ethnic minority were overrepresented in the sample and were significantly more likely to be detained on Part III or “forensic” sections of the MHA than White British counterparts, with five times greater risk. Analyses revealed no significant differences between ethnic minority and white British participants on demographic variables, clinical needs, risk behaviours, risk measures nor application of restrictive practices and safeguarding procedures. Practical implications National audits exploring patterns of detention under the MHA across adolescent developmental disorder populations need to include analysis of intersections to ensure that the MHA is used as a means of last resort and in an equitable manner. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first comprehensive exploration of the impact of ethnicity on detention patterns in ethnic minority and White British populations.

Immigrant Entrepreneurs’ Identity Constructions and Endeavors: Considering Ethnicity and Gender

In this study, we ask: How do immigrant men and women construct entrepreneurial identities at the intersection of ethnicity and gender, and how do these identity constructions interact with entrepreneurial endeavors? We conduct a qualitative study based on interviews with Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs in Canada, and analyze their narratives. The findings show various configurations of ethnicity and gender themes in entrepreneurial identity narratives, and provide a nuanced understanding of how social categories of ethnicity and gender offer interpretive resources that immigrant entrepreneurs appropriate and emplot, resist and efface, or subvert and customize in narratives of entrepreneurial identity. Identity constructions show limits of agency as individuals may be constrained by embodiment of identity markers through which they might come to define themselves. Identity markers can also be interpreted expansively, and can change as entrepreneurial endeavors bring about variations that are then taken up in identity reconstructions. The findings also reveal the ambivalences experienced by immigrant entrepreneurs, and show that these ambivalences may persist over long periods of time. This study contributes to research through inclusion of both men and women immigrant entrepreneurs. Men have hitherto not been a major focus of analysis in gendered identity studies of immigrant entrepreneurs.

Stereotyping Latinas: candidate gender and ethnicity on the political stage

ABSTRACT Current scholarship analyzes how gender influences the character-based traits and belief-based traits that women candidates are attributed. Yet little is known about the effect of the intersection of candidate sex and ethnicity on stereotyping. Thus, I explore whether candidate stereotyping functions similarly for Latina candidates as it does for white women. I also test if the race or ethnicity of the voter plays any role in how Latina women candidates are stereotyped. Given that we know that race/ethnicity matter for voters, particularly voters of color, I assess what occurs when candidate sex is also included. With the use of original survey data and through the use of difference of means tests I analyze how a Latina candidate compares with three other candidate types on feminine, masculine, and belief-based traits. I also compare how stereotyping varies based on the race and ethnicity of the voter. On the one hand my results are mixed regarding how Latina candidates are stereotyped, while on the other I do find that Latina/o respondents assess Latina candidates in a more favorable manner relative to white respondents.