International Passenger Transport Research Articles

Dispersion patterns of SARS-CoV-2 variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu in Latin America and the Caribbean

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions were an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Through the COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network (COVIGEN), LAC countries produced an important number of genomic sequencing data that made possible an enhanced SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance capacity in the Americas, paving the way for characterization of emerging variants and helping to guide the public health response. In this study we analyzed approximately 300,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences generated between February 2020 and March 2022 by multiple genomic surveillance efforts in LAC and reconstructed the diffusion patterns of the main variants of concern (VOCs) and of interest (VOIs) possibly originated in the Region. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the spread of variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu reflects human mobility patterns due to variations of international air passenger transportation and gradual lifting of social distance measures previously implemented in countries. Our results highlight the potential of genetic data to reconstruct viral spread and unveil preferential routes of viral migrations that are shaped by human mobility patterns.

ПРОЕКТ RAIL BALTICA ЯК СКЛАДОВА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the solution of the urgent problems of strengthening the economic potential of the national economy and improving the logistical ways of supplying Ukrainian exports. Full integration of Ukraine into the EU should be comprehensive and include adaptation to the European system of communication routes it was determined. It has been established that one of the important stages of integration into the trans-European rail transport system should be the accession of Ukraine to the Trans-Baltic Rail Baltica project. The purpose of the study is to investigate the concept of integration of the system of international rail transportation and passenger transportation of Ukraine and the EU on the example of the implementation of the Trans-Baltic Rail Baltica project. The current state, potential, stages of project implementation and prospects for Ukraine joining this project it was determined. The object of the study is the process of Ukraine's integration into the system of the trans-European network of transport routes. The methods used in the research. Method of scientific knowledge, methods of analysis, synthesis, method of generalization, comparison, methods of induction and deduction. The hypothesis of the study consists in the assumption of the need to develop an organizational mechanism ("road map") for Ukraine's integration into the trans-European transport system. Presenting main material. The article examines the current state of logistics routes that ensure the transportation of Ukrainian exports to Europe and the transit capabilities of European ports for the transcontinental transportation of Ukrainian goods. Some difficulties still exist in exporting goods through the seaports of Ukraine. The transit potential of the borders of the Baltic countries for Ukrainian exports has been determined. Attention is also focused on the fact that road transport cannot be the only alternative for transport connections between Ukraine and the EU. The main problem of delivering Ukrainian exports to the ports of the Baltic Sea, and mostly to the entire European market by rail is the different width of the railway tracks. The work describes the modern Rail Baltica project, which is aimed at integrating the Baltic countries into the trans-European rail transportation system. The importance, specifics of implementation and prospects of joining Ukraine in this project have been determined. The originality and practical significance of the study is justification of the need for Ukraine to join the Rail Baltica project from the point of view of national economic and military-political security, as well as the security of the entire region. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The conducted research made it possible to determine that the development of the process of Ukraine's integration into the EU involves the development of a strategy for the integration of Ukraine into the European system of passenger and cargo transportation. Joining the Rail Baltica project will increase Ukraine's expert potential. The Rail Baltica project with the participation of Ukraine has the opportunity to improve the logistics routes of connections on the entire European continent.

Possibilities for the Development of International Rail Passenger Transport Between Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the Post-Covid Period

Abstract The contribution is focused on the analysis of the current state and development of traffic service in international rail passenger transport between Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The current situation in the post-covid period is analysed in more detail from several points of view. The frequency of passengers at individual border crossings in the monitored period is also briefly analysed. Part of the analysis of the work is a proposal for ways to improve the current traffic service at individual border crossings in international rail transport.

DETECTION PROCESS OF ENERGY LOSS IN ELECTRIC RAILWAY VEHICLES

The paper deals with the detection process of energy loss in electric railway hauling vehicles. The importance of efficient energy use in railways and cost-effective rail transport tendency toward regenerative braking energy are considered. In addition, the current situation and improvement opportunities to achieve efficient energy use are examined. Seven measurement series were performed with scheduled Railjet trains between Hegyeshalom and Győr railway stations in Hungary. This railway section is related to the Hungarian State Railways' No. 1 main railway line (between Budapest-Kelenföld and Hegyeshalom state board), which is a part of the international railway line between Budapest and Vienna (capitals of Hungary and Austria, respectively). This double-track, electrified railway line with traditional ballasted superstructures and continuously welded rail tracks is important due to the international passenger and freight transport between Germany, Austria, and Hungary. The value of the regenerative braking energy can be even 20-30% of the total consumed energy. This quite enormous untapped energy can be used for several aims, e.g., for comfort energy demand (air conditioning, heating-cooling, lighting, etc.) or energy-intensive starts. The article also investigates the optimization of regenerative braking energy by seeking the energy-waste locations and the reasons for the significant consumption. The train operator's driving style and habit have been identified as one of the main reasons. Furthermore, train driver assistance systems are recommended to save energy, which is planned for future research.

Application of Fuzzy Delphi-AHP-TOPSIS for Selecting an International Crew Change Center in Taiwan

The COVID-19 crisis has brought disruption to the global economy and to international passenger and cargo transportation, and the unprecedented crew change crisis remains an issue for governments around the world to address. The selection of a port for international crew changes is a major decision for a country, and this port selection can be considered as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) issue. As with other facility-siting issues, the issue of selecting a port for international crew changes requires consideration of several criteria relative to cargo transshipment, and since this process involves uncertainty, fuzzy logic must be incorporated into the process to obtain more accurate results. This study proceeds from the standpoint of shipping companies and ship management companies, conducting a survey questionnaire on carriers calling at Taiwan ports using cargo structure, transit costs, transit time, environmental factors, geographic location, infrastructure, and crew safety certification facilities. Fuzzy Delphi and FAHP are used to obtain the subjective opinions of carriers and FTOPSIS is used to explore and prioritize the objective opinions of carriers on international crew change ports. This is then used to construct an evaluation model of the key factors influencing the selection of an international crew change location for the development of Taiwanese ports. The results of the study showed that the hinterland industry economy was the main key factor and Kaohsiung container terminal 5 was the most suitable place for crew replacement.

Insurance of Cyber Risks in International Transport

The international transport of goods, passengers and luggage is recently facing the threat of cyberattacks. The article is focused on the analysis of the possible cyber risks in the field of the international transport and their management created by the international governmental and non-governmental organisations. The international regulation of the cybersecurity has only recommendatory character and will be subject to future development. That’s the reason why should carriers pay greater attention to all possible cyber security measures. As the instrument of the reduction and mitigation of cyber risks could be used cyber-insurance. The insurance companies are offering insurance cover mainlyon individual base corresponding to the extent of protection required by the policyholder.

Transport policy in the grip of a moral dilemma: a post-COVID reopening of the Russian borders

The future of international passenger transport is largely determined by how the post-COVID border opening will proceed. The restoration of full-fledged work of transport enterprises and other sectors of the economy in the conditions of a new normality, as well as the life and health of people depend on this. On the example of Russia, it was found that post-COVID border opening is characterized by contradictory trends: opening borders is more difficult and longer than closing them; ensuring epidemiological security is imposed on the principles of reciprocity, proximity and poorly diagnosed political preferences. According to epidemiological indicators, the re-closing of borders may be hindered by the limited state budget for providing economic assistance to affected transport enterprises, the unwillingness of the authorities to ‘annoy’ the population with unpopular decisions. At the same time the widespread information coverage in the mass media of news related to the disease in other countries can contribute to border re-closing. In such conditions, transport policy balances between a choice in favor of epidemiological well-being and a decline in the economy, or in favor of economic recovery with a deterioration in the epidemiological situation. The presented results and identified trends can be used in the implementation of transport policy and ensuring epidemiological safety.

Геоинформационная оценка интереса интернет-пользователей приграничного региона к трансграничной мобильности

Features of the economic-geographical position of the border regions are manifested, on the one hand, in their territorial proximity to foreign markets, international resource flows and infrastructure, and on the other hand, in their location on the periphery of the national spaces of neighboring states. In this regard, the economy of the borderland, in comparison with the inland regions, is more closely integrated into the international agenda and is more dependent on the permeability of the state border. An important component of the competitive potential of border areas is the development of the transport and logistics system, including its ability to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of international passenger and cargo transportation. The global course towards the digitalization of all social relations has also influenced such a traditional area of economic activity as transport. The growth of digital literacy and accessibility of the Internet, the expansion of the variety of information and communication channels and specialized digital services have created new opportunities for the border regions of neighboring countries to develop cooperation in relation to cross-border mobility of the population and joint management of this process. The digital environment is becoming an increasingly important component in maintaining the transport and logistics connectivity of border areas, and its development is accompanied by the generation and accumulation of an increasing amount of digital data about users. This article proposes an approach to assessing the geography of the interest of internet users of the border region in cross-border movement based on the analysis of big digital data. On the example of the Kaliningrad region (exclave territory of the Russian Federation), the level of attractiveness for Internet users of transport routes, covering the settlements of neighboring countries—Poland and Lithuania, located no further than 100 km from the border, was analyzed in the period from midJanuary to mid-March 2022. The data source is the Yandex Wordstat service. Based on the results of a study of search queries in relation to 194 cities of the Polish and Lithuanian adjacent border areas, two main types were identified—the final points of the route and transport hubs with outgoing mobility to other cities and countries. In total, the interest of users from the Kaliningrad region covered 130 international destinations. The conclusion is made about the transport connectivity of the border regions of Poland, Lithuania and the Kaliningrad region of Russia, however, the digitalization of this process remains off-system in nature.

IMPACT OF SANCTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

IMPACT OF SANCTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. This article deals with the problem of international freight and passenger transportation in the current context of increasing sanctions against

Improvement of mechanisms of control of network interactions of transport in organization of international passenger transportation

In this article, the author has set the task of improving the mechanisms for managing the network interaction of transport in the organization of intercity passenger transportation. In order for this goal to be achieved, it is also necessary to solve a set of scientific tasks: to determine the potential for the development of combined passenger transportation in the context of organizing network interaction between transport companies based on an analysis of the state of passenger transportation by public transport modes. To systematize models for organizing combined passenger transportation based on a generalization of domestic and international experience and propose a model of network interaction between participants in the Russian transport market, implemented on the basis of digital technologies to ensure seamless mobility of the population; Develop guidelines for assessing the economic effect of organizing network interaction between transport market participants while ensuring seamless mobility of the population in the context of the consolidating role of railway transport. To solve the problems that were identified to achieve the goal of the study, general methods of scientific knowledge were used: analogy, induction and deduction, synthesis, method of comparative analysis, statistical, grouping and generalization of data, economic-mathematical and expert-heuristic methods, factor analysis. The main scientific result of this article is the developed model of network interaction of participants in the Russian transport market, which, in contrast to the models used, which determine the lengthening of the value chain and are mainly focused on ensuring its control, is aimed at "connecting to the network" of new participants when creating a new value proposition. - seamless mobility of the population. In this article, the author made an attempt of scientific analysis and critical understanding of the problem of improving the mechanisms for managing the network interaction of transport in the organization of intercity passenger transportation.

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Abstract. Objective (research objective). The purpose � on the basis of the analysis of results of general theoretical and branch researches, normative-legal base on a research subject to define problems of regulation of the international air transportations of passengers and ways of improvement of the legislation. Methods.The main methods are used, including the following: comparative law method, method of deduction and induction, method of system analysis. Results. In general, summarizing the above, we can conclude that the national legislation of Ukraine, which provides for the legal regulation of international air transport of passengers still needs to be improved. In particular, solutions at the legislative level require problems of imperfect legal regulation of the safety mechanism, as well as the inconsistency of information safety in modern conditions, which complicates the timely decision-making to prevent emergencies. Scientific novelty. In particular, solutions at the legislative level require problems of imperfect legal regulation of the safety mechanism, as well as the inconsistency of information safety in modern conditions, which complicates the timely decision-making to prevent emergencies. First of all, it is necessary to create a single center for collecting and analyzing events in civil aviation, which will allow to make the optimal decision in case of an incident or an act of illegal intervention. Practical significance. First of all, it is necessary to establish a single center for collection and analysis of events in civil aviation, which will allow to make the optimal decision in case of an incident or an act of illegal intervention. which "ways to solve existing problems in the field of aviation safety are: - implementation of state policy in the field of aviation safety, taking into account the State Program of Aviation Safety of Civil Aviation, approved by the Law of Ukraine of March 21, 2017 � 1965-VIII, its implementation by aviation entities in accordance with Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation; - the establishment of a single center for the collection and analysis of events in civil aviation to make the best decision in the event of an incident or an act of unlawful interference. Key words: international air transportation, passenger safety, safety of aircraft use, international agreements, national legislation, international law, ways to improve domestic legislation in the field of air passenger transport, main sources of regulation of activities in the field of air passenger transportation.

ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ORGANIZATION OF SERVICE OBJECTS LOCATED ON TRANSPORT HUBS

The article discusses the main aspects of the architectural and planning organization of service facilities for transport hubs. The main blocks of the functional planning structure of transport interchange hubs (T.I.HUB), elements of their structure and principles of placement in the structure of large cities have been formed in the center, in the structure of residential areas, in historical city centers, and in the contact zone of urban and suburban development. The work substantiates the relevance of the development regarding the design of transport hubs (T.HUB)s in the structure of modern cities, which are constantly and systematically developing, increasing the need for the transportation of an increasing number of passengers.
 The dynamic development of modern infrastructural cities, especially large ones, require a revision of the norms and dimensions of transfer stations, the landing front of stops, the reorganization of the inner spaces of the transport hubs (T.HUB), etc. The design and construction of transport hubs can be carried out in a completely new construction, reconstruction or reconstruction with modernization, or in the difficult conditions. Already today, many big cities are suffering from traffic jams bordering on collapse, especially during peak hours. Therefore, this problem must be solved in all possible ways, especially attention should be paid to the architectural and planning organization of service facilities, which are located at the transport hub (T.HUB). A transport interchange hub is a nodal element of the city's planning structure, which allows organizational transfer of passengers between various types of urban and external (intercity, international) passenger transport or between different lines of the same type of transport in an urban structure. For example, transport hubs (T.HUB) are possible in the structure of the functioning of a railway transport hub from one railway line to another. Transport interchange hubs (T.I.HUB)can be specialized or multifunctional, and include a number of facilities for passing passenger services and social infrastructure: accumulative lobbies in front of the entrance group ("entrance" - "exit"), a foyer with digital validation of electronic tickets and cards on different routes of passengers; cargo and goods rooms for baggage claim (at airports, river stations and railway stations); customs premises (if we are talking about international flights departing from transport hubs (T.HUB); intercepting parking lots and taxi and bus stands; public service facilities; shops, catering establishments; financial institutions, etc.
 As noted earlier, we can talk about six types of transport hubs (T.HUB) in the structure of the designed and existing nodes on land, underground, river, rail, sea and air transport. Thus, modern transport hubs can be organized not only in the city structure, but also in ports, railways. railway stations and airports, which can significantly expand their typological range of service facilities.

Окремі питання перевезення пасажирів та їх багажу в міжнародному автомобільному сполученні

The article is devoted to the study of legal problems of international transportation of passengers and their luggage by road. The analysis of the international legal acts regulating such transportations and defining the order of the conclusion and execution of the contract of transportation of passengers and their luggage, and also those establishing the organization of such transportations is carried out. An analysis of both multilateral conventions and bilateral agreements dealing with road transport is conducted. It is noted that international traffic is performed by the territory of at least two countries, the point of departure and arrival are in different countries. The two main conventions regulating these transportations are analyzed, namely: the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road (CVR) of 1973 and the Convention on the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road in 1997, pointed out the similar provisions and differences that are contained in these conventions. The essential features of the contract of international road transport of passengers and their luggage are considered, the subject of the contract is determined. Particular attention is paid to the liability of the road carrier and cases of his release from liability. Attention is paid to the organization of this type of transportation and the work of drivers, the role of international organizations in carrying out such work is determined. The requirements are specified both for the operated vehicles and for the drivers, which must meet the established criteria. It is concluded that the issues of international road transport of passengers and their luggage need constant attention and control, which is manifested in the improvement of existing regulations. It is also necessary to strengthen the legal protection of passenger rights during transportation.

The Right to Safe Transport + Air Passenger Rights After COVID-19

The coronavirus crisis has been extremely disruptive for the international passenger transportation market. It has also triggered a major legal disruption in the field of passenger rights. In recent decades, the focus of air passenger policy has largely shifted from safety to rights in case of delay and cancellation, a change predominantly induced by the EU. COVID-19 has led to a major paradigm shift, with safety again becoming the number one policy target. Passengers have a wide range of tools to enforce their rights to timely travel and these remedies have made an effective contribution to a reduction in delays and cancellations in air transport. Passengers’ remedies in case of unsafe transport seem largely limited to the possibility of bringing an action in case of bodily injury, lésion corporelle, based on the Montreal Convention (MC). This contribution aims firstly to evaluate the effectiveness of this remedy as a preventive tool for increasing passenger safety. Secondly, it aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on existing passenger rights in respect of cancellation and delay, as well as the impact of existing passenger rights policy on airlines’ operational margin for enhanced safety management. Based on this analysis, we aim to make recommendations for a more effective model for the protection of passengers’ safety, while at the same time embedding safety in the existing passenger rights policy instead of overriding it. Sommaire: La crise du coronavirus a extrêmement perturbé le marché du tra

ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ ЗА НАРУШЕНИЕ ПОРЯДКА ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ПЕРЕВОЗОК

An analysis was made of international legislation concerning liability for violations of 
 international road transport of passengers and goods. It has been shown that international transport 
 conventions and agreements do not strictly spell out the cases in which the responsibility of the parties 
 arises.

Математическая модель расщепления спроса на рынке междугородных пассажирских перевозок

The article deals with international passenger transportation. The modern directions of research in the field of passenger transport are analyzed. The interaction of a large number of participants in the transport services market with each other under certain socio-economic conditions increases the complexity of competitive processes taking place in the market. A brief analysis of the intercity passenger transportation market is carried out. The current situation of transport companies and consumers is characterized as a buyer’s market. The transport characteristics of the southwestern part of the Siberian region are presented. The availability of alternative means of transportation leads to the need to develop mathematical models of splitting of passenger flows by means of transport. Information has been collected about the trips of passengers by rail, bus and road transport in direct and reverse directions on the Novosibirsk - Kemerovo and Novosibirsk - Tomsk routes. An algorithm has been developed for dividing the population into groups according to equivalent preferences of modes of transport, which allows us to estimate the amount of demand in the passenger transportation market. Based on the proposed algorithm, the task of optimizing the traffic intensity is set. It is shown how traffic intensity affects passenger traffic on railway transport. The total shares of the population according to the general preference of modes of transport in the considered directions are determined and analyzed.

Low-cost avio-saobraćaj kao determinanta razvoja turizma

Air transport as an organized form of service provision, especially in passenger transport, can be important for increasing the number of foreign tourists. Globalization and the development of information technologies have contributed to the development of the business model of airlines, which has enabled a significant reduction in the cost of air travel and the accelerated development of this industry. Therefore, the emphasis is placed on the global trend of development of low-cost airlines, their way of doing business and the effects they have on the development of tourism. The increase in the number of low-budget airlines has multiple effects on the development of international tourism and passenger transport due to cheaper transport, which is made possible by improving the competitiveness of air transport after its deregulation. In addition, lower prices and a better logistical position can contribute to an increase in the number of foreign tourists and a higher income for this industry, as well as other related economic activities. The aim of this paper is to examine through theoretical and empirical insight whether there is an impact of low-cost airlines on the volume of air traffic and the intensity of passenger transport, with an emphasis on existing literature, as well as empirical confirmation on the example of Serbia. The conducted research has important implications, since in pandemic conditions, further development of low-budget airlines is expected to contribute to the recovery of air traffic and tourism.

Putnički prevoz - izazovi u savremenom okruženju

In this paper, the author examines the domestic and international legal framework for the contract of carriage of passengers and its presence in different transport modes and offers a response to the current challenges. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the international and domestic regulations and present the rights and obligations of contracting parties in order to facilitate its application in the emerging practice. The author recognizes passenger transport as a field full of modern challenges caused by novel, still under-researched risks to passengers' health. Special attention is paid to the contract of passenger carriage by rail. The advantages of this transport mode are examined, the obligations of railway carriers and passengers are presented, while the obligation of the railway carrier to accept transporting any interested person if they have vacancies is underlined. The analysis focuses on the significance of the contract of passenger transport in the modern environment where risks to passengers' healthcare present. The author recognizes passenger transport by rail as a convenient and perspective branch of passenger transport for both international and domestic passenger transport. This sort of passenger transport already has the potential to respond to the challenges of preserving and strengthening the protection of passenger's rights, above all the right to safe and secure transportation.

Ensuring safety of the use of transport enterprises’ resources participating of air carriers’ international alliances

The basis for the formation of an effective mechanism for ensuring the sustainable development of transport enterprises in the field of air passenger transportation should be the requirements of strategic orientation to flight safety standards. The purpose of the article is to summarize the international practice of forming and using a comprehensive mechanism for the use of economic resources for sustainable development of transport enterprises participating in global alliances in the international passenger transportation cluster, which aims to ensure the maximum safety of air flights. The formation of the mechanism of management of global aviation alliances’ sustainable development resources in the passenger air transportation cluster in order to ensure the safety of air flights is associated with the need to adapt to the conditions of their activities the procedures for the constant updating of key strategic factors. To form promising strategies for unconditional safety of air passage transportation, it is necessary to form the Boston Consulting Group Matrix and single Internal-External Matrix (IEM), SPACE matrix and QSPM model for every aviation enterprises as alternative strategic management decisions, as it ensures the development of several acceptable strategic alternatives.

РУССКОЯЗЫЧНОЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЕ В КОНТЕКСТЕ МИГРАЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ КНР ДО И ВО ВРЕМЯ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19

The first cases of COVID-19 were recorded at the end of 2019. In 2020, the pandemic swept the whole world. Most countries have taken appropriate measures to prevent the new coronavirus infection. Demographic losses from coronavirus in China were lower than in Europe and the United States. China effectively coped with a previously unknown virus in a few months. The article examines the impact of COVID-19 on migration processes in the PRC, including the impact on tourism, educational and labor migrants. Changes in the migration policy of China are analyzed, in particular, the tightening of the rules for the entry of foreign citizens and further adjustments in the system of international passenger transportation. Examples of easing the rules of entry in some countries of South-East Asia due to the weakening of the pandemic are given. Particular attention is paid to the situation of the Russian-speaking population in China before and during the COVID-19. The presence of Russians on the territory of China as a formed Russian-speaking community is characterized. It is indicated that the epidemic had a greater impact on life in cities where strict quarantine was introduced. Russian-speaking migrants had to face the same difficulties as local residents. The impact of the pandemic on Russian students, businessmen and labor migrants in the PRC is analyzed. The measures taken by the Russian Federation for the urgent and successful evacuation of Russian citizens from China are analyzed. It is noted what difficulties compatriots faced during the evacuation.