International Passenger Transport Research Articles

Unemployment Rate in Poland and USA during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study

Purpose: The paper analyses the literature on research in unemployment, COVID-19 pandemic, and economic security. The paper focuses on the analysis, evaluation, and forecasting of unemployment rates in Poland and the USA regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic security. Design/Methodology/Approach: The preliminary research was carried out by analyzing the monthly exchange rates of the dollar, ruble, euro, and yen for the period 2004-2020. All preliminary studies in the form of analyses of exchange rate quotations and oil prices are presented in one linear chart to observe the trends governing them in dynamic terms. Then, the analysis and assessment of unemployment rates in Poland and the USA were carried out monthly in 2010-2020. Regularities could be seen in the mass phenomena being observed. The forecasting will be carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Findings: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the world economies to slow down due to border closures, the suspension of international passenger transport, and restrictions on buying and selling in a global approach. The continuing restrictions related to the suspension of air traffic have resulted in a lack of demand for energy resources in diesel fuel. The phenomenon observed has caused world oil prices to fall to their lowest level in many years. The proclamation of the pandemic has also had an impact on strong increases and decreases in exchange rate quotations. This proclamation, in turn, has resulted in an increase in unemployment in many world economies. Practical Implications: This paper analyzes, evaluates, and forecasts unemployment rates in Poland and the USA for August and September 2020 during the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of economic security. Originality: The prices are analyzed before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.

Guide on how to adapt air transport to international transport of passengers in the time of COVID-19

The article presents the current state of knowledge about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease in such a way as to provide the basis for the modernization of the flight and airport management system in such a way as to maximally protect passengers and crew from infection and transport of sick people from one country to another.

INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT FLOW PLANNING ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF DEFICIT

Public transport has become more attractive as an alternative to private transport in recent years, because of congestion worsening in large urban areas and the increase in fuel prices. Therefore, the issue of traffic flows optimization is extremely important for Ukrainian transport enterprises. This is related to the reduction of international freight transit, which seems to be systematic and requires the same analysis, using scientific methods, including modeling process. Transport flow modeling is an effective mean of improving and optimizing transportation systems and improving the quality of transportation services. In this work, the technique is developed to solve the problem of planning the transport fleet. The purpose of this methodology is to minimize the size of the transport park and reduce the passengers waiting time. The task of traffic flow optimization is realized on the transport company basis of the data from the report of tickets sale for international transportations in 2018-2019. Data on the available company resources were used to build model constraints. The target function takes into account the operating costs that accompany the trip and the reputational losses that have been taken into account in the deficit function. Reputation losses are determined and based on the deficit function. A deficit function approach is used to implement departure and stop shifts to minimize the size of transport park. Finally, this methodology applies to the company of international passenger transportation. The optimum combination of all available resources required for the trip was found, with the minimization of all possible losses.The results show that the total costs can be reduced by 25% over current charts. Keywords: traffic flow, deficit function, transport network, road losses, operating costs, waiting time, flat peak.

A multi-criteria selection of the transport plan of intercity passenger trains

The study proposes a methodology based on Sequential Interactive Modelling for Urban Systems (SIMUS) method for selection the transport plan of intercity passenger trains. The methodology uses linear programming to assess different transport plans. The research includes five steps. First, the alternatives transport plans of movement of passenger trains are determined. Second, the criteria for multi-criteria optimization of transport plan are defined. The SIMUS method is applied in the third step for ranking the alternatives. New approaches of integrated SIMUS-VIKOR and SIMUS-TOPSIS procedures have been proposed and compared. The verification of the results has been conducted in the fourth step by applying the Multi-criteria Optimization and Compromise Solution method (VIKOR) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method (TOPSIS). The fifth step includes the determination of the suitable transport plan according the changes in passenger flows. This step takes into account of uncertainty of process. The methodology has been applied for study the transport plan of passenger trains in Bulgaria’s railway network. The suitable organization of intercity passenger trains has been proposed. The elaborated new approach could be applied to make decision on a separate railway line or throughout the railway network, as well as for international passenger transport.

PROBLEMS OF THE FORMATION OF THE UNITED EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SPACE

Topicality. The relevance of the study is based on the fact that the transport sector of the European Union is at a crossroads today, as it requires a policy that meets the needs of the 21st century and which will contribute to the growth of jobs in the EU. It must avoid constraining mobility, while at the same time responding to a range of social and economic problems that arise. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical, methodological and practical applications, which should justify the optimization of transport services and changes in the design of vehicles and infrastructure of the European Union. In addition, various factors of historical and geographical nature often affect the political merits of States parties. After decades of EU activity, there is currently not a sufficiently compatible and resource saving network of interconnected, trans border transport infrastructure. Reasearch results. The essence of the formation of a united European transport network is the implementation of direct links between the main nodes and the infrastructure that forms the mobility of passengers. Airports, ports, railways, undergrounds and bus stations must increasingly be transformed into multimodal communication platforms for passengers and cargo. Online information, electronic booking and payment systems that combine all vehicles will contribute to multimodal travel. But today legal, administrative and technical barriers multiply and slow down the process of forming a single European transport space. Despite the intensification of rail freight and international passenger transport, access to the transport services market continues to be a serious problem. This is largely due to lack of independence and lack of financial transparency between infrastructure managers and service providers, which can lead to discrimination and distortion of the market. Conclusion. The transport policy of the European Union provides a powerful lever for economic recovery. A new issue for European transport systems is their intermodality, that is, the opportunity for logistic chains to use different consecutive modes of transport according to their specific needs for optimizing costs and environmental impact. This means the implementation of regular, clear efforts at European level country by country, industry by industry, according to different geographical, economic and historical features. An investment strategy in transport infrastructure will make sense only if it is shared by actors in the world market. By means of joint financing of individual objects by business and states, the possibility of creating a single European transport network will be real.

ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ЛОГІСТИЧНИХ ПІДХОДІВ ДО АНАЛІЗУ ПЕРСПЕКТИВ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ПАСАЖИРСЬКИХ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ

One of the most promising directions of solving the satisfying constantly growing problem of Ukrainians residents tourist, business and migration activity is the diversification of the rail transport activity in the international passenger transportation market. In the conducted studies, the analysis of possible variants of passenger transportation logistics from Eastern Ukraine (in particular from Kharkiv) to Krakow was made. For comparison, seven possible variants of transportation and a new project solution (direct passenger train Kharkiv - Kiev - Lviv - Mostiska II - Krakow with the perspective of continuation of the route to Prague or Vienna) is selected. Based on the SWOT analysis, as well as marketing and logistics research on project variants, it has been proved that the proposed direct rail rout between Kharkiv and Krakow can compete on an equal footing with existing variants of transport.

International passenger transportation: status of the refugee-related passenger transportation ban after Fourth Circuit Opinion

International passenger transportation: status of the refugee-related passenger transportation ban after Fourth Circuit Opinion

International Civil Aviation and the Dehumanisation of Activities

International passenger and cargo transportation plays a crucial role in the world’s economy, and central to the success of this industry and to its continuous growth is ensuring safe, secure, and efficient operations at a national, regional, and international level. In pursuance of this, the aviation industry is becoming increasingly reliant on technology, with the aim of replacing the human user with technology. The introduction of automation, from its rudimentary beginnings, throughout its constant evolution, is now essential in almost every area of international aviation and is one of the core components in ensuring safe and efficient operations. However, its evolution, which has undoubtedly revolutionised the industry, has not always been free from challenges and controversies. This paper will therefore analyse, from both a manned and unmanned perspective, the benefits and challenges that automation has presented and continues to present to international civil aviation.

National and international passenger transport accessibility of the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation: modern configuration and development plans

National and international passenger transport accessibility of the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation: modern configuration and development plans

TAX INSTRUMENTS FOR ENSURING THE INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING DEVELOPMENT

The shipping industry occupies an important place in the economy of many countries, plays a significant role in the development of related industries, creates favorable conditions for the functioning of others and is an element of the formation of economic security and the image of the country. Therefore, many countries use tax incentives to stimulate investment, and the economic crisis has encouraged some of them to increase such incentives. But the availability of tax privileges and special modes is constantly changing. Coupled with a decline in government revenues, an increase in the economic value of multinational companies and various forms of globalization, the OECD countries were forced to reconsider various types of tax regimes that could lead to a low tax rate for companies operating international freight and passenger transport, which also affects tax shipping modes. The largest difference between the shipping industry and other industries is the large degree of its internationalization. This feature creates conditions for the formation of a specific institutional component of the development of navigation, such as tax legislation, which is rapidly changing and requires a detailed study. The article gives an overview of the tax regimes applicable in international shipping, examining the benefits of tax treaties and tax liabilities of non-resident taxpayers whose activities fall under the term "international trade". The general laws are determined and differences in taxation are analyzed for the shipping industry. Three categories of tax regimes are considered: means of taxation of tonnage (in Dutch and Greek models); modes of stimulating the development of navigation (by narrowing the tax base, reducing the tax rate or providing a full tax benefit); favorable tax regimes that do not provide for special exemptions for the shipping industry. It is proposed to reconsider traditional approaches and use new opportunities for the formation of the shipping company's profit, as well as to create more favorable conditions for the operation of shipping companies by increasing tax incentives.

Competition in the international passenger transport market : passenger transportation between Warsaw and the capitals of the countries of Central Europe

Mobility is extremely important for economic development and for the quality of life of citizens who are free to travel both for leisure and leisure purposes and for business purposes or training. In this article, being the next in a series of publications on international competition passenger transport, results are presented analysis of transport offers from Warsaw to the capitals of the countries of Central Europe. Comparisons were made with individualized transport and public transport. Considered taken availability of the means of transport, travel time and price.

Competition in the international passenger transport market: passenger transportation between Warsaw and the capitals of the countries of Western Europe

Mobility is extremely important for economic development and for the quality of life of citizens who are free to travel both for leisure and leisure purposes and for business purposes or training. In this article, being the next in a series of publications on international competition passenger transport, results are presented analysis of transport offers from Warsaw to the capitals of the countries of Western Europe. Comparisons were made with individualized transport and public transport. Considered taken availability of the means of transport, travel time and price.

Competition on the international passenger transport market : passenger transportation from Warsaw to North’s Europe Capitals

Mobility is extremely important for an economical growth and life quality of citizens, who are able to freely travel on tourist and entertainment purpose, as well as business and educational. In this article, which is first in series of publications referring to transport market competition, Presenting analysis results of transport's offers from Warsaw to North’s Europe Capitals. There has been compared individual connections and public transport, keeping in mind availability, time and cost of travel.

Formulation of a roadmap towards the enhancement of international rail passenger transport – The South East Europe example

No strangers to the phenomenon of rail transport decline, related authorities responsible for managing the sector have lately turned their attention to exploring ways for enhancing its position in the transportation market. In the quest for identifying optimal measures that will contribute to its overall improvement, they find themselves presented with a series of options, yet have no assurances that their choices will best deal with the challenges. Starting from a detailed desktop and literature review, in order to create a consolidated knowledge base on the challenges currently faced by rail transport, and focusing on South East Europe, this paper proposes a methodological approach for the formulation of roadmaps regarding the enhancement rail passenger transport. The paper conducts a clustering of reported measures in content structures (e.g. technical options, organizational and decision making structures, etc.) and assesses them in terms of their contribution to the enhancement of rail transport. These assessments build towards the formulation of roadmaps of actions, measures, policies and strategies that should be taken to strengthen the future of rail passenger transport. The evaluation is conducted via an expert group survey, covering multiple sectors and disciplines (academia, research, industry, government). Findings are formulated in the form of roadmaps that can serve as a useful tool and basis for an improved decision-making approach for different end-users to address rail transport decline.

아시안하이웨이 6번 노선의 국제여객 교통수단선택에 관한 연구

By promoting the international transportation and the improvement of advanced exchange between South and North Korea, the Asian Highway plan was expected to make considerable economical effects in the North-East Asian region. This study focuses on a part of AH6 route (i.e., South Korea-North Korea-China-Far East Russia) and aims to analyze the behavioral change of international passenger transport around the Korean Peninsula by assuming the non-existent North Korea land transport network connectivity. The study was performed using two main methods. First, a stated preference survey was performed to derive the actual modal share of each travel mode. Second, a disaggregate analysis was performed to develop possible mode-choice models for international passenger travel and find out the suitable choice. Based on the results of the model estimation, it is found that over 90% of the international passenger transport would be converted to land transport (rail+highway). In addition, international railroad modal share rate would be increased from 62.8% to 66.1% and international bus would be decreased from 29.6% to 21.9% as the distance lengthened (903km~1,631km).

Отражение эволюции железнодорожной сети в ландшафтной среде Калининградской области

137 This article addresses methodology of modern landscape studies from the perspective of natural and man-made components of a territory. Railway infrastructure is not only an important systembuilding element of economic and settlement patterns; it also affects cultural landscapes. The study of cartographic materials and historiography made it possible to identify the main stages of the development of the Kaliningrad railway network in terms of its territorial scope and to describe causes of the observed changes. Historically, changes in the political, economic, and military environment were key factors behind the development of the Kaliningrad railway network. Nature was less important. The existing Kaliningrad railway network is to a great degree the legacy of the earlier, pre-war times. Today, its primary function is to provide international cargo and passenger transportation. Two types of railway infrastructure are identified in the Kaliningrad region — modern (functioning) and relic (abandoned) ones. In the Kaliningrad region, the process of land reclamation of the railway system starts when the maintenance of railroads is discontinued, which is followed by the formation of primitive soils and emerging biocenoses enhanced by fill soils and artificial relief.

The proposal of taxation of international passenger transport with respect to the including into the travel services

Generally, international passenger transport is exempt from the value added tax, in the case of air transport. International road passenger transport is however liable to taxation. However, the Council Directive on Value Added Tax contains a number of variations in the frame of the taxation of international passenger transport both for the states that joined the Community after January 1, 1978 and also for countries that were members of the Community on January 1, 1978. The international passenger transport is therefore rather problematic field due to a number of exceptions for individual Member States. It is on the providers or recipients of transport services to inform correctly about the taxation of international road transport and to pay properly the tax. The aim of the article is to evaluate the possibilities of the taxation of international passenger transport in the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovak Republic, Germany and Poland and to determine how the taxation of international passenger transport affects the tax liability and price of travel services provided in this country. From the comparative analysis it is evident that the tax paid abroad should be included in the total price of the purchased service. Based on the comparative analysis there will be a proposal for the taxation of international passenger transport so that the tax collection in the monitored countries would be simplified. The proposal recommends to unify an approach during the taxation of international passenger transport for all Member States of the European Union in order to reduce administrative costs on the part of the governments and individual entities.

Impact of Low Cost Carriers and Multiple Airport System

This paper estimates the impact of the entrance of low cost carriers (LCC) on the Eastern Asia international passenger transport markets, especially to the high density short-haul markets, and discusses the efficient management policy of a multiple airport system. The authors apply a bi-level air transport market model to Osaka-Korea international passenger transport market, and estimate the impact of entrance of low cost carriers. The results suggest that the entrance of LCC improves passenger's utility, but the profit of legacy carriers is significantly reduced. The authors also evaluate the slot allocation policy of Osaka-Itami International Airport. Finally, they find that the policy used in Osaka-Itami is useful for protecting the legacy carrier's share, but this effect disappears with the increase of passenger's sensitivity to airfare.

Impact of Low Cost Carriers and Multiple Airport System

This paper estimates the impact of the entrance of low cost carriers (LCC) on the Eastern Asia international passenger transport markets, especially to the high density short-haul markets, and discusses the efficient management policy of a multiple airport system. The authors apply a bi-level air transport market model to Osaka-Korea international passenger transport market, and estimate the impact of entrance of low cost carriers. The results suggest that the entrance of LCC improves passenger's utility, but the profit of legacy carriers is significantly reduced. The authors also evaluate the slot allocation policy of Osaka-Itami International Airport. Finally, they find that the policy used in Osaka-Itami is useful for protecting the legacy carrier's share, but this effect disappears with the increase of passenger's sensitivity to airfare.

Intentional and Unintentional Double Non-Taxation Issues in VAT

This paper builds on an analysis of VAT jurisdiction rules in Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 09/44, to consider intentional and unintentional double non-taxation issues in the context of VAT. Since a VAT is an indirect consumption tax, imposed on suppliers but intended to burden the consumption of customers, the concept of non-taxation in VAT is inherently an economic concept, relevant primarily to business-to-consumer transactions. The paper outlines some of the examples of intentional and unintentional non-taxation or partial taxation that are common to most VATs. International passenger transport and international tourism are identified as the two main areas of intentional non-taxation or partial non-taxation in VAT. Sources of unintentional non-taxation, which are primarily analogous to source-conflicts in income tax, include the use conflicting proxies to determine the place of taxation for a particular supply, conflicting interpretations of same proxy, and the determination of tax status at different times. Furthermore, because exemption without credit is a means for intentionally imposing partial taxation, failure to impose an input tax burden on an exempt business is a form of non-taxation. The paper argues that the current interest in developing an international consensus on cross-border VAT rules should not be limited to double taxation issues and should include a focus on the prevention of non-taxation. Finally, the paper argues that there is a place for rules that tax 'exported' services in order to prevent the non-taxation of the domestic consumption of those services.