International Telecommunication Research Articles

Separation of Ambient Radio Noise and Radio Signals Received via Ionospheric Propagation

Systems for atmospheric research and wireless communication use the High Frequency (HF) radio spectrum. At these frequencies, typically up to 20 MHz, the ambient electromagnetic noise is stronger than the noise generated by the receiver itself, thereby limiting the sensitivity of the instruments. Especially in urban areas, the noise level is high. In remote rural environments, where artificial noise sources are absent, a much lower noise level is observed. It has been shown that this noise arrives via ionospheric propagation and consists of impulsive noise from lightning and a background component that resembles additive white Gaussian noise. To establish the absolute field strength of this background noise component, a direction- and polarization-agnostic antenna is realized by adding the power of two orthogonal antenna elements in the digital domain. To suppress radio signals arriving via ionospheric propagation—of which the spectral and temporal aspects are not known a priori—a novel adaptive filter is demonstrated that separates the background noise from the radio signals in the joint frequency-time domain. This method is demonstrated using measurements from a polarimetric experiment on 7 MHz in a remote rural area in Catalonia. The results are submitted to the International Telecommunication Union for the validation of ambient noise models.

Social media as a tool against eye cancer

The constant evolution of technology is changing the way we live. With the advent of highly developed and robust telecommunication networks, we can instantly communicate and send high-definition images and videos across the globe. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), almost 85% of the world’s population is covered by a 4G network,() and phones have become considerably more affordable. These information and communication technologies can play a significant role in providing cost-effective and high-quality dissemination of health information and [...]

WRC-23 on the Horizon: Large Satellite Constellations, ITU Issues, and Industry Perspective

Although the previous World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC-19) attempted to resolve spectrum-sharing issues among the disparate new satellite constellations, issues have multiplied as these constellations are coming into use before all the rules have been created. The upcoming WRC, to be held at the end of 2023, will grapple with spectrum and situational sharing issues among constellations that are larger than ever before, and that are disrupting national regimes designed for licensing more traditional, one-at-a-time geostationary satellites. The agenda for WRC-27 will surely include multiple areas of study related to constellations, and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) will need to work closely with the UN’s Office of Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to resolve situational issues such as traffic management, debris, and the sustainability of the outer space environment. The emergence of operational constellations is disrupting legal regimes for states and industrial players, and future Agenda Items (AIs) should be added to WRC-27 or future Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) sessions. constellations, LEO, ITU, spectrum, WRC

Influence of wind speed on rain-based attenuation at Ku-band for earth-satellite links in Nigeria

The peculiarity of the tropical climate shows that when the quality of service (QoS) on Satellite-Earth propagation links is to be determined, the statistics of rain-based attenuation (RbA), storm speed, and their impacts are the important parameters to be considered, especially at frequencies above 10 GHz. This paper assesses the influence of storm speed in estimating RbA at Ku-band, based on 2-year rain rate data obtained using automatic weather station (AWS) and RbA beacon measurements in Nigeria. The rain rates based on the time series were employed to deduce the time series RbA based on the synthetic storm technique (SST) algorithm. The results show a seasonal pattern of rain rate that correlates with the SST-based RbA. The RbA generated closely follows suit with the beacon measurement, especially under low wind speed, and outperforms the international telecommunications union–radiocommunication sector (ITU-R) model based on the lowest metric measures. However, at a higher storm speed, the RbA generated deviated widely from the measured RbA values by about 16%. These results are crucial for figuring out what needs to be done to protect QoS in a tropical area where wind and rain are common.

Adoption of Deep Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Rain Attenuation

Weather, rain, and atmospheric forces cause attenuation in communication satellites and devices, which affects the quality of calls and internet access. Communication signals can seriously be affected by rainfall and various research has entailed developing adequate rainfall prediction models that can accurately predict rain attenuation. Predicting rainfall attenuation from measured data is a challenging process and several rainfall attenuation models exist, but their estimates are not close to actual measured rainfall attenuation data. This paper predicts rain attenuation using a Deep Neural Network (DNN) and modelling process to propose a probabilistic model that gives better results. The proposed model was built using information from the International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication for propagation statistics and prediction techniques needed for the construction of Earth-space telecommunication systems. Rainfall data spanning a period of seven years (January 2014 to December 2020) in Oyo State were collected from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). Results showed that the proposed model was able to predict well even with new data (2021) and this was used to show how well the DNN model can perform using rainfall features and elimination complex mathematical models to describe the mappings between rainfall attenuation and rainfall data. This is also evident from the performance graph which shows an RMSE of 0.21 and a Loss of 0.021 at the 100 epochs. The results also reveal that the proposed model results observed against predicted, performed relatively well. From the performance metrics, it shows a value of 0.7172 for Pearson’s linear correlation, showing a strong similarity of predicted versus observed. The mode efficiency index nt on the other hand, shows a value of 0.1744 and gives near acceptable results. In conclusion, the research showed that the Deep Neural Network model was able to predict well compared to the ITU-R model.

Millimeter Wave Attenuation Due to Wind and Heavy Rain in a Tropical Region.

Millimeter wave fixed wireless systems in future backhaul and access network applications can be affected by weather conditions. The losses caused by rain attenuation and antenna misalignment due to wind-induced vibrations have greater impacts on the link budget reduction at E-band frequencies and higher. The current International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) recommendation has been widely used to estimate rain attenuation, and the recent Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT) report provides the model to estimate the wind-induced attenuation. This article provides the first experimental study of the combined rain and wind effects in a tropical location using both models at a frequency in the E band (74.625 GHz) and a short distance of 150 m. In addition to using wind speeds for attenuation estimation, the setup also provides direct antenna inclination angle measurements using the accelerometer data. This solves the limitation of relying on the wind speed since the wind-induced loss is dependent on the inclination direction. The results show that the current ITU-R model can be used to estimate the attenuation of a short fixed wireless link under heavy rain, and the addition of wind attenuation via the APT model can estimate the worst-case link budget during high wind speeds.

Telecommunications and Space Debris: Adaptive Regulation Beyond Earth

The existing policy frameworks surrounding the launch of man-made objects and expeditions into space are largely unequipped to deal with the long-term consequences of debris accumulation beyond the Earth's atmosphere. This has serious implications for all telecommunications satellites. As space-faring actors (who are increasingly from the private sector, in addition to government-affiliated) become more involved with these activities, fragmentation from a variety of sources (colloquially grouped as space debris) will only continue to proliferate before outright impeding the ability of humans to conduct operations in space altogether. This paper proposes, as a solution, the implementation of adaptive governance structures with regards to the issue of space debris. This solution takes place in the form of collaborative/flexible endeavors between the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), private sector spaceflight corporations, and governmental space agencies to mitigate space debris pileup. Through the usage of new technologies to spearhead space debris cleanup, non-partisan economic incentives, and clarification on acceptable environmental conditions for satellite launches, an adaptive governance model for handling space debris is key to making space safe for communication and research.

Goal-oriented requirement language model analysis using analytic hierarchy process

We present the application of multi-objective optimisation analytic methodologies to goal models in this research, with the intention of providing various benefits beyond the initial modelling act. Optimisation analysis can be used by modellers to evaluate goal satisfaction, evaluate high-level design alternatives, aid analysts in deciding on high-level requirements and system design, verify the sanity of a model, and improve communication and learning. Goal model analysis may be done in a variety of methods, depending on the nature of the model and the study’s goal. In our work, we use the Goal-Oriented Requirement Language (GRL), which is part of the User Requirements Notation (URN), a new International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendation that offers the first standard goal-oriented language. Existing optimisation methods are geared towards maximising objective functions. On the other hand, real-world problems necessitate simultaneous optimisation of both maximising and minimising objective functions. This work explores a GRL model analysis that may accommodate the conflicting goals of various inter-dependent actors in a goal model using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). By evaluating the qualitative or quantitative satisfaction levels of the actors and intentional elements (e.g., objectives and tasks) that make up the model, we construct a multi-objective optimisation method for analysis using the GRL model. The proposed hybrid technique evaluates the contribution of alternatives to the accomplishment of top softgoals. It is then integrated with the top softgoals’ normalised relative priority values. The integration result may be utilised to assess multiple alternatives based on the requirements problem. Although the URN standard does not mandate a specific propagation algorithm, it does outline certain criteria for developing evaluation mechanisms. Case studies were used to assess the viability of the suggested approach in a simulated environment using JAVA Eclipse and IBM Cplex. The findings revealed that the proposed method can be used to analyse goals in goal models with opposing multi-objective functions.

ROLE OF CYBER SECURITY IN WOMEN AND CHILD PROTECTION

Cyber Security in Women and Child Protection is on the forefront of the Government of India's mandate to make India a digital nation. In this light, the Government of India in partnership with the International Telecommunication Union launched the "World Plan for Women and Child Internet" (WPCI) in 2011. The aim was to align global Internet policies with the Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, the Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD) has issued an advisory – Cyber safety and Use of Internet for Women and Children. Based on this advisory, the National Internet Crime Report-2017 states that between April-May 2017, the number of reported cybercrimes of women and children across India increased by 15.5% compared to previous year. In 2016, 74,633 reported cases of cybercrimes were registered with the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).

The effect of changing the formation of multiple input multiple output antennas on the gain

In this paper, different 2×1 and 2×2 multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas were investigated with changing substrate shapes and changing the placing of the patches on the substrate, all the investigated antennas based on FR-4 substrate are characterized by , and loss , with a partial ground. The original antenna covered 3.4 to 13.5 GHz. The best simulation results of the proposed 2×1 MIMO antenna received for 2×1 inverted with high ultra-wideband (UWB) with bandwidth up to 40 GHz, the received maximum gain was up to 6.51 dB, with an average gain of more than the original single antenna at about +1.27 dB. The best of eight 2×2 MIMO antennas configurations that give good results were shown. The best-received gain compared with a single antenna gain were at 4.2 GHz about +2.73, +1.17, and +0.92 dB for plus-shaped, loop, and chair-shaped respectively. A comparison between the proposed MIMO antennas and other reported works were done. The proposed MIMO antennas give a good maximum gain and are suitable for different narrow bands within the UWB such as wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), aeronautical radio navigation (ARN), International Telecommunication Union 8-GHz (ITU-8), and X-Band applications with the ability to give high gain without the need to increase the radiated power of the transmitter antenna.

An evaluation of scintillation index in atmospheric turbulent for new super Lorentz vortex Gaussian beam

Super Lorentz vortex Gaussian beam (SLVGB) is propagated via the turbulent atmosphere parameters. The benefit key of the SLVGB wave model is that the unlimited bandwidth wave and a spherical wave are involved. Additionally, Huygens Fresnel integral was used for schoolwork to study the propagation of SLVGB in a slant direction via a moderate turbulent medium. On the other hand, applying the crude international telecommunication union (ITU-R) model possible. Moreover, the Kolmogorov turbulent power spectrum model is applied, and the source field is dispersed by the zenith angle to the receiver plane. Additionally, examine the contour of the source field and the SLVGB intensity. To investigate various parameters such as source size, mode, scintillation index, topological charge, and others that are associated with the beam of super Lorentz vortex Gaussian are entirely understood, the outcomes were examined, and obtained other references to build the beam of slant path propagation in turbulent; the form constants are especially in comparison and matching. Our graphical findings indicate that the parameters happened randomly in the scintillation index and intensity of the SLVGB, resulting in a novel beam technical configuration. To summarize, this article is advantageous for remote sensing and uses an optical communications system and laser applications.

An Optimized Planning Tool for Microwave Terrestrial and Satellite Link Design

Today, the internet is fundamental to social inclusion. There are many people that live in remote areas, and the only way to supply internet services is through the use of microwave terrestrial and satellite systems. Thus, it is important to have efficient tools to design and optimize these systems. In this paper, a tool with the objective to shorten the time spent in the design process of microwave terrestrial and satellite point-to-point links is presented. This tool can be applied in academia by engineering students, providing an extended analysis of many sections of a link project design, as well as in professional practice by telecommunication engineering departments, presenting a concise step-by-step interactive design process. This tool uses three-dimensional world visualization, with the Cesium Application Programming Interface (API), to display and analyze site-specific characteristics that can disrupt the link’s quality of service (QoS). Using this visualization, two ray-tracing algorithms were developed to analyze signal diffraction and reflection mainly throughout terrestrial links. Using this new algorithm, an innovative process for signal diffraction and reflection calculations was created. Using updated standards provided by the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), the characteristics of the defined simulated links could be predicted, thus providing the user with the metrics of signal quality and system link budget.

A Framework for Assessing the Interference from NGSO Satellite Systems to a Radio Astronomy System

As the number of non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellites continues to grow, interference with other communication systems, including radio astronomy systems (RASs), is becoming increasingly critical. In this study, an interference simulation framework was developed to analyse the potential impact of NGSO systems on RAS in accordance with the relevant International Telecommunication Union (ITU) regulations and recommendations. In addition to the simulation of interference generated by individual NGSO satellite systems, the framework also supports the analysis of aggregate interference from multiple NGSO satellite systems. By inputting satellite system parameters, including constellation configuration, user distribution and beam scheduling strategy, the framework is able to obtain interference probability distributions for a typical RAS ground station at different latitudes and observation directions. The simulation results provide a reference for the analysis of interference from NGSO satellite systems to RASs, and can also be used to guide the development of strategies to mitigate harmful interference to RASs.

A Comprehensive Review on Smart Grid Ecosystem

A smart grid is an intervention technology for the massive energy demand of the world today. It combines cyber-physical technologies, information communication technology, and electrical power networks from the generating company stations to the end-users while ensuring bidirectional communication among the actors. The smart grid is a complex growing technology that is yet to reach its maturity state. This paper seeks to examine the literature on the state of the art of smart grid technology both from the industry perspective and from academia. To this end, a literature review with a qualitative deductive approach built on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) guideline and the simplified International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) five-domain model were used as a guide to this research. Furthermore, the paper reviewed Smart Grid data centre topologies and identified prospects in spine-leaf architecture as a promising architecture that can be adapted in a smart grid ecosystem data centre design. The literature was searched from the databases: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Springer Link Digital Library, and Google Scholar, IET Digital Library, Frontiers Library, ACM Digital Library repositories resulting in 151 papers after several exclusions. The work reviewed relevant literatures published from 2002 to 2021 and grouped the reviewed papers according to the key domains of the NIST/ITU-T model. Based on the evaluated literature, the need for more built-in predictive learning curves in smart grid systems and robust Smart grid architecture with enhanced data centre design for Smart grid systems is observed and recommended Keywords: Smart Grid, Smart Metre, Data Centre Computing, Distributed Energy, Protocols

Flexible terahertz metamaterial filter with high transmission intensity and large tuning range for optical communication application

The resonant frequency of indoor wireless communication based on wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth is limited to several gigahertz (GHz). Following the international mobile telecommunications specification proposed by international telecommunication union in 2020 (ITUIMT-2020), communication links with sub-terahertz (sub-THz) waves are desired for indoor networks in the coming years. In this study, we present a flexible terahertz (THz) metamaterial (FTM) filter consisting of cross-shaped metamaterial configurations on a polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) substrate. As a band-stop filter, such designed FTM filters possess the selectivity of resonant frequency and thus provide a controllable transmission carrier for a broad frequency range in the sub-THz window. The FTM filters can generate a tuning range of over 85-GHz resonant shift from 360.6 GHz to 446.1 GHz by changing the distance between the top and bottom metamaterial layers. For specific frequency carriers in passband, the proposed FTM filters show the transmission intensity higher than 94%. This design will play a key role in the future indoor wireless communication with miniaturization, large tuning range, and high transmission intensity characteristics. • Tunable metamaterial filter (TMF) shows high transmission intensity and large tuning range. • Tuning range of TMF is 85 GHz from 360 GHz to 445 GHz. • For wireless THz communication from, the proposed TMF can modulate specific carriers. • TMF enables the transmission end of the communication system more flexible in data processing. • TMF provides a feasible scheme for the future ultra-high-speed wireless transmission system.

Perspectives of the Teachers on Challenges and Possibilities to Online System of Education amid COVID-19 Outbreak in Balochistan, Pakistan.

The study investigates the issues of access, quality, and other major challenges to the online system of education for students in Balochistan during this pandemic of Covid-19. Using the mixed-method design, 100 participants from schools and 7 curriculum experts responded to the survey and the interview questions. Survey results suggested that majority of the schools have enough digital devices, and teachers, to some extent, have skills to use technology in teaching, but limited electricity, funds, weak internet connections, and teacher training were some of the major challenges for them. In interviews, the participants showed disappointment in terms of responsiveness of the curriculum because the textbooks have manifold deficiencies in responding to online education. Considering these deficiencies, proposals were suggested to cope with the existing situation. The findings of the study call for the need on the part of the academia, educational stakeholders, and elected representatives to start joint efforts with national and international donor agencies, technology benefactors and telecommunication operators in developing digital infrastructure to provide students with access to education, quality, and lifelong learning through various pathways. The findings can be generalized to other underdeveloped regions both within and across the country, as the public schools are confronting the same issues and the online system of education has not yet been initiated.

The JPEG AI Standard: Providing Efficient Human and Machine Visual Data Consumption

The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) AI learning-based image coding system is an ongoing joint standardization effort between International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T) for the development of the first image coding standard based on machine learning (a subset of artificial intelligence), offering a single stream, compact compressed domain representation, targeting both human visualization and machine consumption. The main motivation for this upcoming standard is the excellent performance of tools based on deep neural networks, in image coding, computer vision, and image processing tasks. The JPEG AI aims to develop an image coding standard addressing the needs of a wide range of applications such as cloud storage, visual surveillance, autonomous vehicles and devices, image collection storage and management, live monitoring of visual data, and media distribution. This article presents and discusses the rationale behind the JPEG AI vision, notably how this new standardization initiative aims to shape the future of image coding, through relevant application-driven use cases. The JPEG AI requirements, the JPEG AI history, and current status are also presented, offering a glimpse of the development of the first learning-based image coding standard.

Особенности формирования системы национальной кибербезопасности Государства Кувейт

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state of the national cybersecurity system of the State of Kuwait. Based on the cybersecurity standards of the International Telecommunication Union (a specialized UN agency responsible for coordinating international efforts to develop the digital sector) the author reveals the main specific features of the formation of the Kuwaiti cyber system, and also determines the level of the country's participation in the development of the international digital security system. The author comes to the conclusion that the digital system of Kuwait is formed with imbalances, and many decisions are aimed at "selective" relief of digital threats. In addition, the author draws attention to the existence of contradictions in the Kuwaiti model of international cooperation on cybersecurity issues: on the one hand, the country advocates more active participation in international processes, and, on the other hand, does not actively participate in the work of key international platforms. In addition, the sharp anti-Israeli position of the country has a certain negative impact on the Kuwaiti model of digital protection. The author notes that Kuwait is currently aimed at harmonizing the national cyber system and developing a more effective approach to international cooperation. However, to make these efforts more effective, some aspects of the existing approach need to be revisited, such as developing a model for interacting with digital companies that do business with Israel.

Analysis of the WRC-23 Agenda Item Concerning the Future Use of the 470-694 MHz Band in Europe

The upcoming World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 (WRC-23), according to the preliminary agenda item 1.5, will decide the long-term use of the 470-694 MHz band in International Telecommunication Union Region 1 and consider regulatory actions for the rest of the decade. This article attempts to inform the debate on the future use of spectrum in the 470- 694 MHz band and the status of broadcasting services at the European level and in many individual member states. This article highlights the role WRCs played by allocation of the previous digital dividend bands for mobile services. It provides an overview of the most recent trends and developments of existing services in the sub-700 MHz band. The article also explores and analyzes options for future use of the 470-694 MHz band in Europe and discusses the benefits and implications of adopting each option. Based on this analysis, it is recommended to introduce a secondary allocation to mobile service in the downlink-only mode alongside traditional broadcasting services in the sub-700 MHz band at the upcoming WRC-23.

MUTUAL COUPLING REDUCTION IN STACKED STAR MIMO ANTENNA FOR WLAN AND ITU BAND APPLICATIONS

A two-port novel Stacked Star multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with a physical size of 46 × 23 × 3.2 mm<sup>3</sup> is proposed. The proposed MIMO is designed for wireless communication applications such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) band resonating at 5.4 and 8.5 GHz, respectively. The Star is designed by using a basic circular antenna, from which Star geometry is constructed with iterations to obtain the desired frequency bands using Rogers RT5880 with a thickness of 1.6 mm for Stacked Star. The Stacked Star structure allows a wide bandwidth at the desired frequencies of 5.2-5.5 GHz and 8.2-8.6 GHz, respectively. To minimize mutual coupling, a T-slot stub is placed between the radiating patches. The proposed structures are simulated using Computer Simulation Technology. The proposed design is fed with proximity feed coupling for good impedance matching. Further, it provides an improved isolation of -8 dB. The important characteristics of the antenna such as reflection coefficients, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, surface current distributions, and radiation patterns, are examined. In addition to that, MIMO characteristics elements like envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and diversity gain (DG) and group delay -11.3 and -14.2 ns are investigated. The ECC is less than 0.01, while the DG is near 10 Db, indicating good MIMO performance. The anechoic measurement chamber and Schwarz ZVL vector network were used to measure the target MIMO antenna. The simulated and measured result shows a high degree of similarity so that the proposed antenna is strongly suggested for WLAN and ITU bands.