International Telecommunication Research Articles

Bright Structural-Phase-Pure CsPbI3 Core-PbSO4 Shell Nanoplatelets With Ultra-Narrow Emission Bandwidth of 77 meV at 630 nm.

Achieving a narrow emission bandwidth islong pursued for display applications. Among all primary colors, obtaining pure red emission with high visual perception is the most challenging. In this work, CsPbI3 halide perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) with rigorously controlled 2D [PbI6]4- octahedron layer number (n) are demonstrated. A perovskite core-PbSO4 shell structure is designed to prevent aggregation and fusion between NPLs, enabling consistent thickness and quantum confinement strength for each NPL. Consequently, exact n = 4 CsPbI3NPLs are demonstrated, exhibiting emission peaks around 630nm, with very narrow spectral bandwidths of <24nm and high absolute photoluminescence quantum yields up to 85%. The emission of n = 4 NPLs falls exactly within the pure-red region, closely aligning with the International Telecommunication Union Recommendation BT.2020 standard. Measurements suggest predominant stability and color homogeneity compared to traditional red-emitting CsPbIxBr3- x nanocrystals. Finally, proof-of-concept pure-red emissive light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are demonstrated by integrating n = 4 CsPbI3 NPLs films with a blue LED chip, showing an excellent external quantum efficiency of 18.3% and high brightness exceeding 3 × 106 nits. Stringent requirements for future display technologies, are satisfied based on the high color purity, stability, and brightness of CsPbI3 NPLs.

Politeconometrics: The Regulatory Confluence Theory as a Mathematical Framework for Measuring the Impact of Regulations Relative to Other Factors and Externalities in the Space Industry

This paper introduces “Politeconometrics: The Regulatory Confluence Theory,” a novel mathematical framework designed to measure the impact of regulations in the burgeoning space industry. Traditional approaches to regulatory evaluation are inadequate in capturing the complexities of modern space activities. This paper addresses these limitations by proposing Politeconometrics, which combines econometrics, mathematical modeling, and regulatory theory to provide a comprehensive assessment of space regulations.The framework evaluates the efficacy of space regulations in advancing objectives across various jurisdictions, translating legal structures into quantifiable impacts, and identifying regulatory gaps. By incorporating factors like market entry feasibility, regulatory resistance, and industry dynamics, Politeconometrics offers a refined understanding of regulatory outcomes.Through case studies, including New Zealand’s space industry and the challenges of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Spectrum Allocation, the paper demonstrates the practical application of Politeconometrics. The methodology involves data collection, assumption management, application of structural formulae, sensitivity analysis, and scenario simulations to ensure robust and actionable insights. The paper also explores the Regulatory Confluence Theory, which assesses the interconnectedness of regulatory frameworks and their cumulative effects on industry dynamics. This theory, combined with Politeconometrics, addresses the limitations of international space law by offering a dynamic, evidence-based approach to regulatory governance.Despite challenges like data availability and interdisciplinary integration, Politeconometrics and the Regulatory Confluence Theory provide significant advantages over existing methods. They offer a nuanced evaluation of the space industry’s regulatory environment, fostering innovation and sustainable development in space activities.

Bright unintended electromagnetic radiation from second-generation Starlink satellites

We report on the detection of unintended electromagnetic radiation (UEMR) from the second-generation of Starlink satellites. Observations with the LOFAR radio telescope between 10 to 88 MHz and 110 to 188 MHz show broadband emission covering the frequency ranges from 40 to 70 MHz and 110 to 188 MHz from the v2-Mini and v2-Mini Direct-to-Cell Starlink satellites. The spectral power flux density of this broadband UEMR varies from satellite to satellite, with values ranging from 15 to 1300 Jy, between 56 and 66 MHz, and from 2 to 100 Jy over two distinct 8 MHz frequency ranges centered at 120 and 161 MHz. We compared the detected power flux densities of this UEMR to that emitted by the first generation v1.0 and v1.5 Starlink satellites. When correcting for the observed satellite distances, we find that the second-generation satellites emit UEMR that is up to a factor of 32 stronger compared to the first generation. The calculated electric field strengths of the detected UEMR exceed typical electromagnetic compatibility standards used for commercial electronic devices as well as recommended emission thresholds from the Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R) aimed at protecting the 150.05–153 MHz frequency range allocated to radio astronomy. We characterize the properties of the detected UEMR with the aim of assisting the satellite operator with the identification of the cause of the UEMR.

Dijital Ekonomi ve Rekabetçilik: Seçilmiş Asya ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

The purpose of this study is to provide an assessment of the status and development of the digital economy and digital competitiveness in selected Asian economies. Today's economy has become more digital due to scientific and technological developments. The digital economy is an economy based on digital technologies, knowledge and innovation. It involves the primary use of information technology hardware, software, applications, and telecommunications in all sectors of the economy. The importance of the research is that it presents an approach to determine the competitive position of countries in terms of digitalization. The study assessed the digital competitiveness positions of selected Asian countries on the basis of specially selected indicators. Eight Asian countries were included in the study: Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and China. The study examined and compared the Network Readiness Index, Digital Competitiveness Index and E-Government Index. In addition, the World Bank, UNCTAD and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) databases were used as digital economy indicators. When the indices and indicators included in the study to evaluate competition in the digital economy are evaluated as a whole, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea have come to the forefront among the countries studied, while Indonesia and Thailand have lagged behind these countries. As a result, the study discusses what needs to be done for countries to maintain and improve their digital competitiveness and use modern digital technologies in all sectors of the economy.

A perspective on boron-based multiple resonance narrowband emitters and devices

Boron-based multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescent (MR-TADF) emitters have shown great promises for applications in high-definition displays. This class of heteroatom-doped nanographene materials typically show very narrow-band emission, small singlet–triplet split (ΔEST) values, high Photoluminescence quantum yield, quality chemical and thermal stabilities. Undoubtedly, boron-based MR-TADF emitters hold a leading position in satisfying the wide-color gamut standard of BT. 2020 (The International Telecommunication Union announced a new color gamut standard of broadcast service television for ultra-high-definition TV in 2012). Thus, the development of novel boron-based MR-TADF emitters attracted a great deal of attention from both academia and industry. Here, a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in boron-based MR-TADF emitters is presented, therein, rational strategies for molecular designs, as well as the consequent optical behavior and efficiency and lifetime improvement in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) devices are discussed. Finally, the challenges as well as some future research directions to unlock the full potential of this fascinating class of materials are provided.

A New Perspective on the Scattering Mechanism of S-Band Weather Radar Clear-Air Echoes Based on Communication Models

Clear-air echo studies are usually based on isotropic turbulence theory. But the theory has been considered incomplete by modern turbulence theory. The intermittence of turbulence can reveal obvious shortcomings in the existing studies of clear-air echoes. The mechanism of clear-air echo scattering needs to be supplemented. This paper introduces the troposcatter theory, normally used in over-the-horizon communication, to fill the gap left by Bragg scattering. By treating radar as a self-transmitted and self-received device, the equivalent transmission loss of weather radar is established and compared with the recommendations of the Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R). The results show that the S-band radar transmission loss aligns with ITU-R recommendations. There is also a linear regression relationship between the radar transmission loss and height, which conforms to the troposcatter theory. This means that the theory of troposcatter scattering is a supplement to the theory of Bragg scattering. Tropospheric scattering can be thought of as general Bragg scattering. Meanwhile, based on ITU-R recommendations, this study also provides a new way for the recognition of biological echoes.

Implementation of turbo decoding for VDES signal data segments

Abstract The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) mandates the use of turbo coding for VDES signal data segments. Previous studies primarily focused on turbo decoding for a specific link in VDES, often neglecting its applicability to all links. This paper proposes an FPGA-based implementation method for turbo code decoding, aiming to achieve fast and accurate turbo decoding of VDES signal data segments, while also ensuring compatibility with different links. The resulting turbo decoder can adapt to the different code rates and data segment lengths specified in the VDES. A comparison of the decoding speeds between DSP and FPGA confirms that the parallel computing capability of FPGA can significantly improve the decoding speed. Finally, the main onboard resources required for FPGA implementation of turbo decoding were provided.

Coexistence of 5G/6G and Digital Terrestrial Television Networks

This paper analyzes practical solutions for implementing 5G/6G and Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) network coexistence in the UHF band. Two potential scenarios are explored using the case study of a nationwide DTT network: spectrum splitting and spectrum interleaving. Both scenarios are thoroughly examined based on current UHF spectrum usage and the DTT network structure based on a case study of Poland. The analysis includes potential future benefits and limitations of each scenario. The results presented in this paper can guide administrations in implementing decisions made at the International Telecommunication Union—Radiocommunication Sector, World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 (ITU-R WRC23), improving spectrum efficiency and 5G/6G networks development.

THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION / ԹՎԱՅԻՆ ՏԵԽՆՈԼՈԳԻԱՆԵՐԻ ԴԵՐԸ ՏՆՏԵՍՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՓՈԽԱԿԵՐՊՄԱՆ ԳՈՐԾՈՒՄ

Over the past few years, scientists have been focusing on changes occurring both globally and in national economies, resulting in both positive and negative consequences, as well as all potential risks associated with the transformation of the economy and the integration of digital technologies into various aspects of public life. The main goal of this scientific article is to identify the impact of information and telecommunication technologies on digital transformation and the development of countries' economies by studying and analyzing international indices. Within the framework of the article, scientific, logical, as well as analytical and synthetic methods were used. With the help of indices developed by experts from the World Economic Forum, the International Telecommunication Union, the United Nations, and Surfshark VPN, assessments of the degree of digital development of countries and the quality of digital life were conducted, keeping RA at the center of the study. Factors influencing the digital transformation of the economy are identified, the weaknesses and strengths of the Republic of Armenia are highlighted, and measures to correct the situation are proposed.

The ICT–Economic Growth Nexus: Revisiting the Impact of the Internet on GDP

Over the past decades, the intensive development of information and communication technologies (ICT) has prompted numerous studies assessing the relationship between ICT and economic growth. Initial doubts about the importance of the Internet for economic growth have recently been replaced by conclusions supporting the positive significance of this technological revolution. However, despite the abundant research conducted in recent years, the obtained outcomes do not allow for a consensus, particularly regarding the impact of specific types of ICT. This paper investigates the connection between Internet usage and economic growth. The estimation is based on a broad group of economies (88 countries) from 2006 to 2020 using data from the International Telecommunication Union database. The results suggest a statistically significant relationship between Internet usage and GDP growth.

Ionospheric Channel Impulse Response Measurement System for NVIS Propagation Mode Over Java Island Based on Low‐Cost SDR Platform

AbstractThe development of a digital high‐frequency (HF) radio communication system requires an ionospheric channel model from the channel impulse response (CIR) measurement. Although the Watterson ionosphere channel model has been available and used for a long time, several CIR measurements have been conducted in all regions of the Earth in an attempt to validate or replace the Watterson channel model with a suitable model for their region. However, only a few CIR measurements were conducted in low‐latitude regions, especially over Indonesia. In this study, we develop the CIR measurement system for the near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) propagation mode over Java Island based on the software defined radio platform to meet low‐cost and simple operation requirements. The specification of the system is based on the International Telecommunication Union ionospheric channel characteristic document and increased in order to be able to capture higher values. Results from a 1‐week campaign measurement period show the ability of the system to measure the root mean square of time delay within the range of 0.2–1.3 ms and the Doppler shift within the range of 0.7–1.1 Hz in the quiet conditions of the ionosphere. Further measurements will be conducted to obtain a comprehensive ionosphere CIR that is useful for designing the NVIS‐HF digital communication in Indonesia, which is located beneath the crest region of an equatorial ionospheric anomaly.

What is beyond 50G: future standards of optical access networks [Invited

In the past two decades, optical access networks have been widely deployed by operators around the world. The global optical access network market reaches about 1 billion users with a revenue of over 10 billion US dollars. As strategic tools to facilitate mass production, the optical access network standards play a crucial role in driving the product deployment and market growth. This paper overviews the latest effort in international standards bodies on the next generation optical access networks. It discusses projects in this area within the International Telecommunication Union’s Telecommunication Standardization Section (ITU-T), the IEEE, and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Promising technologies are investigated with the goal of providing rates beyond 50 Gbps. Challenges are highlighted to satisfy the requirements on balancing access rates, loss budgets, and cost. Candidate systems are analyzed in three categories: point-to-multipoint (PtMP), point-to-point (PtP), and new applications. These standardization endeavors will jointly guarantee optical access networks as the premiere solution of wireline broadband access.

Towards an ITU Standard for DLT Energy Consumption

Towards an ITU Standard for DLT Energy Consumption

Information and communication technology and poverty alleviation in Nigeria

There is a disconnect between the abundant resources at the national level and the severe poverty at individual and household levels in Nigeria. Information and communication technology is an efficient tool that the Asian economies have used to alleviate poverty. Information and communication technology is regarded as a tool which helps create an information and communication technology-based economy. This quantitative study examined how Nigeria can use information and communication technology to alleviate the enormous poverty levels. Data were sourced from the World Bank and International Telecommunication Union, for the period 1992–2020. In terms of the research methodology, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was employed in the research. The empirical findings showed that information and communication technology can have a projected 50% positive effect in reducing poverty. Foreign direct investment had a positive effect on reducing income inequality. Primary research findings depicted that information and communication technology, economic growth, foreign direct investment and private domestic credit were key tools for reducing poverty in Nigeria. Concerning policy recommendations, it was suggested that private domestic credit and foreign direct investment should be channelled to the information and communication technology sector to have a greater impact on poverty alleviation.

International perspectives on measuring national digital public health system maturity through a multidisciplinary Delphi study

Unlocking the full potential of digital public health (DiPH) systems requires a comprehensive tool to assess their maturity. While the World Health Organization and the International Telecommunication Union released a toolkit in 2012 covering various aspects of digitalizing national healthcare systems, a holistic maturity assessment tool has been lacking ever since. To bridge this gap, we conducted a pioneering Delphi study, to which 54 experts from diverse continents and academic fields actively contributed to at least one of three rounds. 54 experts participated in developing and rating multidisciplinary quality indicators to measure the maturity of national digital public health systems. Participants established consensus on these indicators with a threshold of 70% agreement on indicator importance. Eventually, 96 indicators were identified and agreed upon by experts. Notably, 48% of these indicators were found to align with existing validated tools, highlighting their relevance and reliability. However, further investigation is required to assess the suitability and applicability of all the suggestions put forward by our participants. Nevertheless, this Delphi study is an essential initial stride toward a comprehensive measurement tool for DiPH system maturity. By working towards a standardized assessment of DiPH system maturity, we aim to empower decision-makers to make informed choices, optimize resource allocation, and drive innovation in healthcare delivery. The results of this study mark a significant milestone in advancing DiPH on a global scale.

Regulatory Standards and Guidance for the Use of Health Apps for Self-Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Scoping Review.

Health apps are increasingly recognized as crucial tools for enhancing health care delivery. Many countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, can substantially benefit from using health apps to support self-management and thus help to achieve universal health coverage and the third sustainable development goal. However, most health apps published in app stores are of unknown or poor quality, which poses a risk to patient safety. Regulatory standards and guidance can help address this risk and promote patient safety. This review aims to assess the regulatory standards and guidance for health apps supporting evidence-based best practices in sub-Saharan Africa with a focus on self-management. A methodological framework for scoping reviews was applied. A search strategy was built and applied across the following databases, gray literature sources, and institutional websites: PubMed, Scopus, World Health Organization (WHO) African Index Medicus, OpenGrey, WHO Regional Office for Africa Library, ICTworks, WHO Directory of eHealth policies, HIS Strengthening Resource Center, International Telecommunication Union, Ministry of Health websites, and Google. The search covered the period between January 2005 and January 2024. The findings were analyzed using a deductive descriptive content analysis. The policy analysis framework was adapted and used to organize the findings. The Reporting Items for Stakeholder Analysis tool guided the identification and mapping of key stakeholders based on their roles in regulating health apps for self-management. The study included 49 documents from 31 sub-Saharan African countries. While all the documents were relevant for stakeholder identification and mapping, only 3 regulatory standards and guidance contained relevant information on regulation of health apps. These standards and guidance primarily aimed to build mutual trust; promote integration, inclusion, and equitable access to services; and address implementation issues and poor coordination. They provided guidance on systems quality, software acquisition and maintenance, security measures, data exchange, interoperability and integration, involvement of relevant stakeholders, and equitable access to services. To enhance implementation, the standards highlight that legal authority, coordination of activities, building capacity, and monitoring and evaluation are required. A number of stakeholders, including governments, regulatory bodies, funders, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, academia, and the health care community, were identified to play key roles in regulating health apps. Health apps have huge potential to support self-management in sub-Saharan Africa, but the lack of regulatory standards and guidance constitutes a major barrier. Hence, for these apps to be safely and effectively integrated into health care, more attention should be given to regulation. Learning from countries with effective regulations can help sub-Saharan Africa build a more robust and responsive regulatory system, ensuring the safe and beneficial use of health apps across the region. RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025714.

A perspective on digital health platform design and its implementation at national level.

Accessible and affordable health services and products including medicines, vaccines, and public health are an important health agenda of all countries. It is well understood that without digital health technologies, countries will face difficulties in tackling the needs and demands of their population. Global agencies including the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), etc. have been instrumental in providing various tools, and guidance through digital health strategies in improving health and digital health maturity of the countries. The Digital Health Platform Handbook (DHPH) is a toolkit published by WHO and ITU to help countries create and implement a digital health platform (DHP) to serve as the underlying infrastructure for an interoperable and integrated national digital health system. We apply the foundational principles of DHPH and provide a perspective of DHP components in a layered, enterprise architecture of a digital health infrastructure. India has rolled out the blueprint of its National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) to address the emerging needs for digitization of healthcare in the country. In this paper, we also illustrate the design and implementation of WHO-ITU DHP components at the national level by exploring India's digital health mission implementation utilizing various digital public goods to build a digital health ecosystem in the country.

Preliminary Research Results on Exploring the Business Ecosystem and the Value Sources of Metaverse

Metaverse has become an emerging trend for both academia and industry, and it seems to concern the next generation of the Internet. Although it is still in its grassroots, metaverse is estimated to bring disruption to people’s lives. One of the effects concerns the generation of new value opportunities that don’t exist in real life. These new types of value as well as their impact on people’s lives must be explored. In this respect, this paper utilizes literature evidence to define the value types of metaverse, which are circulated with experts from the focus group on metaverse of the International Telecommunications Union. Results uncover economic, public, and social values that metaverse generates, which can ensure its financial viability and the community’s social sustainability. The economic value sources come from both the industrial and the commercial sectors, while the public values concern citizen empowerment and government efficiency. The social values of metaverse concern employment growth, and the provision of immersive experiences in entertainment and education environments. Finally, this paper critically reviews their role for environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The literature review indicated that metaverse can on the one hand, enhance sustainability but on the other hand, it can cause environmental impact.

Article: View on Regulations Concerning Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Service in Civil Aviation

This article presents the overall regulatory environment related to the provision of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) services in civil aviation. Through the evolution of international standards established by the Chicago Convention and through the development of CNS services, insight was given into the importance ofCNSservices in ensuring safe and efficient air traffic.The functions of the CNS system are presented and explained, as well as the key contribution of international organizations such as ICAO and International Telecommination Union (ITU) in the development of these services. Through research on the complexity of CNS services, the evolution in the past decades, the text explains the legal aspects related to civil aviation, but also international telecommunications and space activities that are related to civil aviation. The legal framework that regulates space activities, that is, the use of satellites in air traffic management, is especially covered. airspace (CNS/ATM). ICAO initiatives are additionally addressed, particularly the integration of satellite technology through Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) and the legal significance of resolutions such as A32-19 on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services from the 1998 Rio Conference. The narrative further examines the implementation of CNS/ATM concepts, legal considerations in air-ground communications, harmonization efforts, and the consolidation of resolutions for effective global implementation. The text concludes by highlighting ICAO’s ongoing commitment to align technological advancements with legal frameworks, promoting the seamless utilization of CNS/ATM systems worldwide. The significance of regional and national regulations, with a focus on European CNS regulations, is underscored for enhancing air traffic safety and fostering the development of CNS services. CNS Services, Chicago Convention, ICAO international standards, Annex 10, ICAO resolutions, CNS/ATM, ITU, FANS, GNSS, regional and national regulations

Rain Attenuation Prediction at Different Time Percentages for Ku, K, and Ka Bands Satellite Communication Systems over Nigeria

This paper evaluates the influence of rainfall on propagated signal at different time exceedance percentages of an average year, over the climate zones of the country. Specifically, it demonstrates critical and non critical signal fade or signal outage time exceedance (0.001% to 1%) for Ku, K, and Ka-band systems in an average year. The study was carried out using meteorological data made available by the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) over a period of 10 years (2009–2018). The four climate zones in the country were represented by five (5) locations; Maidugiri (warm desert climate), Sokoto (tropical dry climate), Port Harcourt (tropical monsoon climate), Abuja and Enugu (tropical savanna climate). The parameters were simulated into the International Telecommunications Union Recommended (ITU-R) models for rain attenuation over the tropics and results presented using MatLab and Origin Lab. Results of Ku band propagations showed that only locations in the tropical savanna and tropical monsoon climates experienced total signal outage for time percentage exceedance equal to or below 0.01% for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. At K band propagations, the five locations showed to have experienced signal outage at time exceedance equal to and below 0.01%, almost same was recorded for the Ka-band propagation. It was also observed that horizontal and vertical polarization of signal had slightly different rain attenuation values for the studied bands at the five locations, with horizontal polarization having higher values than vertical polarization.