International Manufacturing Research Articles

Bajaj Auto (a) – catering to the African market

Learning outcomes After working through the case and assignment questions, students will be able to: understand how product markets in a given global region are to be analysed and assessed; assess various dimensions of consumer behaviour that would impact the strategies of a firm under consideration; identify how a firm can create its brand image and value proposition in a given international market; and evaluate and categorize various threat dimensions that a firm would experience in an international market. Case overview/Synopsis Bajaj Auto (BA) was India’s largest two-wheeler exporter, with ongoing exports to more than 75 countries worldwide. Besides being in other regions of the world, BA’s foray into the African market had been very successful, and it was growing from strength to strength in this market. BA’s motorcycles, three-wheeler rickshaws and small commercial vehicles had been successfully plying the roads of many countries in Africa such as Egypt, Nigeria and Kenya. Rakesh Sharma (Sharma), the Executive Director of BA, knew very well that Africa was a high-risk-high-gain market for BA. Intense competition from Indian and international two-wheeler and three-wheeler manufacturers, global supply chain and logistics issues, various economic and legal challenges, and the threat of losing African consumer patronage were the challenging issues that Sharma was facing in this market. Would Sharma be able to effectively assess the market environment and consumer behaviour prevalent in the African countries? Would he be able to recognize BA’s brand and value-propositions and identify the international marketing challenges threatening BA’s smooth ride in this market? Complexity academic level The case can be taught in advanced undergraduate, MBA or executive-level programs. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 5: International Business.

Coordination of Digital Transformation in International Manufacturing Networks—Challenges and Coping Mechanisms from an Organizational Perspective

Coordinating the digital transformation of globally dispersed factories within international manufacturing networks has become a critical issue for competitiveness, yet there has been limited attention paid to this issue in previous research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to, from an organizational perspective, explore the challenges in coordinating the digital transformation in an international manufacturing network and the coping mechanisms to overcome those challenges. A case study is conducted in a manufacturing company within the heavy vehicle industry, thus contributing to the limited empirical research covering coordination of digital transformation. The data is analyzed through organizational structure and design theory, and the findings are mapped into four core dimensions: differentiation, integration, centralization, and formalization. The results show 15 challenges and 11 coping mechanisms for coordination of digital transformation in international manufacturing networks, identifying the significance of the coordination uncertainty within the formalization dimension that is particularly exposed to the changes induced by digital transformation. The findings include the need for a coordination-oriented organizational structure that incorporates how and where coordination can be actualized. The research implications contribute with new insights by providing a detailed description of the created organizational structure and, in contrast to previous research, focuses specifically on the coordination aspect of digital transformation in an international manufacturing network.

Reinforcement learning based optimal decision making towards product lifecycle sustainability

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in robotics, automation, finance, healthcare, etc. However, using AI for decision-making in sustainable product lifecycle operations is still challenging. One major challenge relates to the scarcity and uncertainties of data across the product lifecycle. This paper aims to develop a method that can adopt the most suitable AI techniques to support decision-making for sustainable operations based on the available lifecycle data. It identifies the key lifecycle stages in which AI, especially reinforcement learning (RL), can support decision-making. Then, a generalised procedure of using RL for decision support is proposed based on available lifecycle data, such as operation and maintenance data. The method has been validated in a case study of an international vehicle manufacturer, combined with modelling and simulation. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the method and identifies that RL is the current most appropriate method for maintenance scheduling based on limited available lifecycle data. This paper contributes to knowledge by demonstrating an empirically grounded industrial case using RL to optimise decision-making for improved product lifecycle sustainability by effectively prolonging the product lifetime and reducing environmental impact.

Potential impact and cost-effectiveness of injectable next-generation rotavirus vaccines in 137 LMICs: a modelling study

ABSTRACT While current live, oral rotavirus vaccines (LORVs) are reducing severe diarrhea everywhere, their effectiveness is lower in high burden settings. Alternative approaches are in advanced stages of clinical development, including injectable next-generation rotavirus vaccine (iNGRV) candidates, which have the potential to better protect children, be combined with existing routine immunizations and be more affordable than current LORVs. In an effort to better understand the real public health value of iNGRVs and to help inform decisions by international agencies, funders, and vaccine manufacturers, we conducted an impact and cost-effectiveness analysis examining 20 rotavirus vaccine use cases. We evaluated several currently licensed LORVs, one neonatal oral NGRV (oNGRV), one iNGRV, and one iNGRV-DTP (iNGRV comprising part of a DTP-containing combination) over a ten-year timeframe in 137 low- and middle-income countries. The most promising use case identified was a high efficacy iNGRV-DTP, predicted to have the lowest vaccine program cost (US$1.4 billion), the highest vaccine benefit (750,000 rotavirus deaths averted, 13 million rotavirus hospital admissions averted, US$ 2.7 billion health-care cost averted), and most favorable cost-effectiveness (cost-saving). iNGRV-DTP vaccine remained the most affordable, safe, and cost-effective option even when it was assumed to have equivalent efficacy to the current LORVs. This study shows that while the development of iNGRVs with superior efficacy to currently licensed LORVs would be ideal, iNGRVs with similar efficacy to LORVs would offer substantial public health value. It also highlights the economic value of accelerating the development of DTP-based combination vaccines that include iNGRV to provide rotavirus protection.

Supplier selection in sustainable supply chains: Using the integrated BWM, fuzzy Shannon entropy, and fuzzy MULTIMOORA methods

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection and social responsibility, sustainable supplier selection (SSS) has been receiving more and more attention. However, traditional methods for selecting sustainable suppliers suffer from three main drawbacks: (i) Few existing studies have considered criteria weightings that have been determined both subjectively and objectively, reasonably and simultaneously. Moreover, among these limited studies, existing methods for combining weightings that have been calculated both subjectively and objectively provide only a poor degree of differentiation. (ii) Although MULTIMOORA method has high potential to solve the complex SSS problem, few researchers have given it much attention. (iii) The current Reference Point Approach within MULTIMOORA is not comprehensive as it only considers the distance between the alternative and the positive ideal point. Together, these drawbacks result in both inefficiency and ineffectiveness in SSS. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy MULTIMOORA-based method for SSS. The proposed method, firstly, obtains weights by both group Best Worst Method (subjective method) and fuzzy Shannon Entropy Method (objective method), respectively. Then the two types of weights are combined by Deviation Maximization method, reasonably and effectively. Finally, the paper introduces an improved fuzzy MULTIMOORA method to rank alternative suppliers, which considers both the minimum distance from the positive ideal point and the maximum distance from the negative ideal point. The practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in an illustrative application in Company L, a well-known international forklift truck manufacturer in China.

Indian women consumers’ wine choice: a study based on conjoint analysis

PurposeWine consumption among women in India is gradually increasing on the back of several factors such as increased urbanization, higher disposable income, rising affluence of the people, exposure to new cultures and a gradually changing perception about wine being a healthy beverage. Eventually, this offers tremendous opportunities for wine marketers to design appropriate strategies to target Indian women consumers. However, along with this growth, there is growing need to identify the attributes that the women desire in the wines of their choice. Toward this, the current study aims to identify the wine attributes that influence the purchasing behavior of Indian women consumers.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth interviews of 27 women wine consumers, aged between 25 to 46 years, were conducted to identify the topmost essential wine attributes. Later, a conjoint analysis using 1000minds, an Internet-based software implementing Potentially All Pairwise RanKings of all Possible Alternatives (PAPRIKA), was used to collect data from the participants. The total number of responses received was 271.FindingsThe type of wine, taste, price, familiarity and country of origin emerged as the five most crucial wine attributes in wine choice after the in-depth interview. Conjoint analysis results revealed that sweet red wine priced between Rs 600 to Rs 1,200 is the most preferred wine by Indian women consumers.Research limitations/implicationsThe study provides valuable and actionable insights for both domestic and international wine marketers and manufacturers in the identification of wine attributes that predominantly influence women consumers’ choice of wine in India.Originality/valueThe study contributes to wine consumers' literature by identifying wine attributes favored by women consumers in India. Our findings will be of great use to wine marketers who can leverage the insights to design appropriate marketing and advertising strategies, develop new products and make more informed branding and pricing decisions.

Being good at being good—The mediating role of an environmental management system in value‐creating green supply chain management practices

AbstractThis study adopts a resource‐based view to explain the complementary role of the corporate structure in the value creation of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices. Using 8‐year panel data collected from 317 US international manufacturers, we analyze the influence of GSCM practices on corporate financial performance (CFP) and the mediating role of a certified environmental management system (EMS) in this relationship. We show that GSCM practices have a positive impact on accounting‐based financial performance, meaning, return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). In contrast, firms that implement GSCM practices and a certified EMS simultaneously achieve a higher market valuation in terms of Tobin's Q in addition to a higher ROA and ROE in the following year. Our study demonstrates that, through their synergistic combination with a firm's complementary EMS, utilizing GSCM practices can result in intangible assets as sources of long‐term financial benefits. Our results have several theoretical and managerial implications. They also address the limitations of the prior use of varying survey‐based items for internal and external GSCM practices and add nuance to the existing GSCM practices in the literature.

Lean, sustainability and the triple bottom line performance: a systems perspective-based empirical examination

PurposeThis study draws on the systems perspective to study the individual and combined interaction effect of lean management (LM) and sustainability management (SM) on the organization's triple bottom line (TBL) performance.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs structural equation modeling to test the proposed hypotheses using data from the sixth version of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS VI).FindingsThe study finds that LM is positively related to all dimensions of the TBL performance. In contrast, SM is positively related to social and environmental performance and negatively related to economic performance. Finally, by finding that the interaction between LM and (SM) is positive for social and environmental performance, this study not only confirms that LM is an enabler for sustainability, but it also supports that the two paradigms are mutually compatible and reinforcing.Practical implicationsThe findings imply that practitioners pursuing both LM and SM should leverage their mutual positive effects and balance the unintended effects of implementing isolated bundles by implementing them together as a complete socio-technical system. Their combined impact on the TBL performance will outweigh the sum of their individual effects in the case of isolated implementations.Originality/valueIn contrast with the extant literature, this study proposes that LM and SM make parts of one system as opposed to one correlated with the other or having a positive causal effect on the other. Taking an integrated systems approach, the study empirically verifies the “mutual compatibility” of the lean and sustainability paradigms argument, with regard to their effect on the TBL performance.

International Manufacturing and Trade in Colistin, its Implications in Polymyxin Resistance and One-Health Global Policies: A Microbiological, Economic and Anthropological Study

International Manufacturing and Trade in Colistin, its Implications in Polymyxin Resistance and One-Health Global Policies: A Microbiological, Economic and Anthropological Study

THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING FOR BASIC TECHNICAL RESOURCES AND ITS IMPROVEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION

Introduction. Construction is one of the key sectors of the Ukrainian economy, the management of which requires deep engineering, logistics and economic knowledge. Among the important resources of the construction industry are technical resources, which are based on construction machinery and equipment. These machines and equipment are systematically used during construction and installation works and significantly facilitate the work of builders and speed up the commissioning of buildings and structures. Unfortunately, not enough attention has been paid to the accounting of construction machinery and equipment as the main technical resources of construction, but it was and is relevant, so we will try to deal with this topic in more detail. The purpose of the article is to classify the main technical resources in construction, analyze the state and form proposals to improve their accounting system and, in particular, the system of analytical accounting accounts. Methods. The study used general methods: systems approach, induction and deduction, synthesis and generalization in order to improve the classification of basic technical resources in construction, as well as special methods in order to analyze the state and form proposals to improve accounting and, in particular, analytical accounting. basic technical resources in construction. Results. The author's definition of technical resources is formulated and the list of fixed assets that are part of the main technical resources of construction is specified. The dynamics and specific mass of fixed assets in Ukraine, as well as the structure of non-current tangible assets of one of the construction companies are analyzed. The classification of construction machinery and equipment with the indication of potential numbers of their analytical accounts, as well as a number of classification features of such machinery and equipment to meet the information needs of users with management accounting indicators. The information on the largest international manufacturers of construction equipment is generalized. The author's vision on current issues and some issues of accounting for fixed assets, including the accounting of basic technical resources of construction in terms of reservation and coverage of future current costs for repairs and improvements of health facilities; opening of a separate sub-account 47.4 “Ensuring the restoration of the technical park”; transition to accounting for fixed assets at fair value with documentary evidence of the assessment; separate accounting of operating costs and accounting of maintenance costs of construction machinery and equipment, etc. Perspectives. In further research it is expedient to reveal the tasks, methods and organization of accounting of the main technical resources of construction enterprises using information and computer technologies, first of all, accounting programs of Ukrainian production (“Clerk”, “BAS Accounting”, “IT-Enterprises”, “Master Accounting”, etc.). At the same time, it is necessary to develop research on Ukraine's economic policy and the formation of financial resources to establish a full cycle of domestic production of construction machinery in Ukrainian machine-building plants in the context of postwar reconstruction of industrial and non-industrial facilities, new approaches to autonomous energy supply of buildings and structures (including energy supply of the houses of the future – “smart homes”), etc.

Incentive system in project management on the example of an international manufacturing company

Incentive system in project management on the example of an international manufacturing company

Ramp-up of New Products in International Manufacturing Networks: Exploring Coordination Challenges Based on a Multiple Case Study

Shrinking product life cycles and increasing R&D costs force companies to launch new products to markets in ever shorter periods of time. Yet, this critically depends on a fast production ramp-up of the new products, which requires interdepartmental coordination of the R&D and manufacturing interface. Here, international manufacturing networks (IMN) cause new coordination challenges in global ramp-up management as it is also necessary to coordinate ramp-up time, costs, product quality, and quantity between the internationally dispersed and interdependent plants. This managerial problem is, however, mostly ignored by scientific literature. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore network-specific coordination challenges in global ramp-ups. Drawing on a multiple case study design, we use expert interviews and online-questionnaires to explore the importance of 16 challenges in regard to ramp-up success. Based on the in-depth analysis of three companies, we also show that the importance of these challenges can vary depending on the network configuration. Thereby, this study can help practitioners to develop a better understanding of their global ramp-up processes and improve future coordination activities.

A position statement and practical guide to the use of particulate filtering facepiece respirators (N95, FFP2, or equivalent) for South African health workers exposed to respiratory pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2

Summary Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted mainly by aerosol in particles <10 µm that can remain suspended for hours before being inhaled. Because particulate filtering facepiece respirators (‘respirators’; e.g. N95 masks) are more effective than surgical masks against bio-aerosols, many international organisations now recommend that health workers (HWs) wear a respirator when caring for individuals who may have COVID-19. In South Africa (SA), however, surgical masks are still recommended for the routine care of individuals with possible or confirmed COVID-19, with respirators reserved for so-called aerosol-generating procedures. In contrast, SA guidelines do recommend respirators for routine care of individuals with possible or confirmed tuberculosis (TB), which is also transmitted via aerosol. In health facilities in SA, distinguishing between TB and COVID-19 is challenging without examination and investigation, both of which may expose HWs to potentially infectious individuals. Symptom-based triage has limited utility in defining risk. Indeed, significant proportions of individuals with COVID-19 and/or pulmonary TB may not have symptoms and/or test negative. The prevalence of undiagnosed respiratory disease is therefore likely significant in many general clinical areas (e.g. waiting areas). Moreover, a proportion of HWs are HIV-positive and are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death. Recommendations Sustained improvements in infection prevention and control (IPC) require reorganisation of systems to prioritise HW and patient safety. While this will take time, it is unacceptable to leave HWs exposed until such changes are made. We propose that the SA health system adopts a target of ‘zero harm’, aiming to eliminate transmission of respiratory pathogens to all individuals in every healthcare setting. Accordingly, we recommend: 1. the use of respirators by all staff (clinical and non-clinical) during activities that involve contact or sharing air in indoor spaces with individuals who: (i) have not yet been clinically evaluated; or (ii) are thought or known to have TB and/or COVID-19 or other potentially harmful respiratory infections; 2. the use of respirators that meet national and international manufacturing standards; 3. evaluation of all respirators, at the least, by qualitative fit testing; and 4. the use of respirators as part of a ‘package of care’ in line with international IPC recommendations. We recognise that this will be challenging, not least due to global and national shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE). SA national policy around respiratory protective equipment enables a robust framework for manufacture and quality control and has been supported by local manufacturers and the Department of Trade, Industry and Competition. Respirator manufacturers should explore adaptations to improve comfort and reduce barriers to communication. Structural changes are needed urgently to improve the safety of health facilities: persistent advocacy and research around potential systems change remain essential.

Opportunities and Challenges for Field Experiment Equipment

Modern seed industry development could contribute up to 40 percent to increase agricultural production and effi ciency. Mechanization of fi eld experiments is an important means to improve the effi ciency and precision of fi eld breeding experiments. There is a big gap in the mechanization level and development of fi eld experiments in diff erent countries of the world. The International Association on Mechanization of Field Experiments established in 1964 has played a great role in promoting the development of fi eld experiment mechanization in the world. At present, the advanced fi eld experiment equipment is mainly concentrated in international manufacturers such as Wintersteiger in Austria, Almaco in the United States, Haldrup and Zürn in Germany. As a great agricultural country, China’s demand for rice and maize seeds, the major food crops in the last 10 years, is about 250 million kilograms and 1.15 billion kilograms, respectively. A large amount of demand for seeds prompted China’s fi eld experiment mechanization that has made great progress. The research team of Qingdao Agricultural University has developed 16 types of new plot planters and plot harvesters which have been popularized and applied in China. But diff erent crops, planting patterns and regional characteristics put forward higher requirements for adaptability of fi eld experiment equipment. The precision of the seeder, the cleaning performance of the seeding and harvesting equipment and the intelligent technology of the equipment need to be further improved. In future development, more attention should be paid to the integration of modern information technology and intelligent technology into fi eld test equipment, to improve operational effi ciency and accuracy.

The Refractive Error and Vision Impairment Estimation with Spectacle Data Study.

PurposeTo investigate whether spectacle lens sales data can be used to estimate the population distribution of refractive error among patients with ametropia and hence to estimate the current and future risk of vision impairment.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 141 547 436 spectacle lens sales records from an international European lens manufacturer between 1998 and 2016.MethodsAnonymized patient spectacle lens sales data, including refractive error information, was provided by a major European spectacle lens manufacturer. Data from the Gutenberg Health Survey was digitized to allow comparison of a representative, population-based sample with the spectacle lens sales data. A bootstrap analysis was completed to assess the comparability of both datasets. The expected level of vision impairment resulting from myopia at 75 years of age was calculated for both datasets using a previously published risk estimation equation combined with a saturation function.Main Outcome MeasuresComparability of spectacle lens sales data on refractive error with typical population surveys of refractive error and its potential usefulness to predict vision impairment resulting from refractive error.ResultsEquivalent estimates of the population distribution of spherical equivalent refraction can be provided from spectacle lens data within limits. For myopia, the population distribution was equivalent to the Gutenberg Health Survey (≤ 5% deviation) for levels of –2.0 diopters (D) or less, whereas for hyperopia, the distribution was equivalent (≤ 5% deviation) for levels of +3.0 D or more. The estimated rates of vision impairment resulting from myopia were not statistically significantly different (chi-square, 182; degrees of freedom, 169; P = 0.234) between the spectacle lens dataset and Gutenberg Health Survey dataset.ConclusionsThe distribution of refractive error and hence the risk of vision impairment resulting from refractive error within a population can be determined using spectacle lens sales data. Pooling this type of data from multiple industry sources could provide a cost-effective, timely, and globally representative mechanism for monitoring the evolving epidemiologic features of refractive error and associated vision impairment.

Історичний досвід та перспективи корпоратизації Дніпровського електровозобудівного заводу (1988–2021)

The article provides a retrospective analysis of the historical experience and problems of corporatization of the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant – a leading domestic manufacturer of industrial electric vehicles and railway rolling stock. The author traces historical circumstances of development and preconditions of diversification of production activity of the enterprise on the background of market economy in Ukraine and decrease in demand for narrowly specialized products. It was found out that during the 1990s–2000s the staff of SPA «DEVZ», having a promising research and production potential, mastered a wide range of production of mainline equipment to meet the needs of railways for innovative electric vehicles. However, due to low product quality and inefficient management system, the company is currently on the verge of bankruptcy, and its outdated design and technological improvements are not able to ensure competitiveness in the global railway market. It is proved that given the strategic importance of SE «DEVZ» for the national economy as the last profile locomotive company, its corporatization can be a real alternative to privatization, providing effective capitalization, financial and technological recovery and improving the culture of production with a state guarantee of preservation of the enterprise, as well as obtaining additional funds through the placement of securities on stock exchanges, and attracting private investment and innovation from international manufacturers. Further research on the historical aspects of the development of domestic engineering enterprises and their impact on the fleet of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» should be carried out taking into account the achievements of domestic science on the problems of structural adjustment of the economy and the use of modern strategic management tools.

Evaluation of uniformity on zinc-coated (galvanised) steel pipes applied to natural gas installations in civil construction

ABSTRACT Some natural gas distributors for residential and commercial buildings in Brazil use galvanised steel tubes and fittings manufactured by the hot-dip zinc process that is supported by the specifications contained in the Brazilian Standards. Zinc coating is one of the most widely used methods to provide protection against corrosion. It is therefore essential that national and international tube manufacturers and installation and maintenance companies in civil construction also meet the defined national and international standards, especially when the tubes and fittings are used for natural gas in residential buildings. Descriptions, characterisations, and comparisons are made by the Copper Sulphate Solution test of the zinc coating (g/m2), and defects can occur in the zinc layer using metallographic analysis. Considering that the Copper Sulphate Solution test not only evaluates the uniformity but also assesses the porosity of the coating on galvanised steel elements, some pipes available in the Brazilian market do not comply with the standards. At least 70% of the test specimens were rejected by the Brazilian standards.

Reduced ‘Border effects’, Free Trade Agreements and international trade

AbstractThis paper studies the impact of ‘border effects’ and the implementation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on international trade in manufacturing goods. We take advantage of the time dimension in a panel setting to capture the rise of trade in final goods and intermediate inputs that are a distinguishing feature of Global Value Chains (GVCs). Our results suggest that reduced border effects account for the bulk of the increase in international manufacturing trade. The cost of a national border is estimated to have fallen by around 4.3% per year for trade in final goods and 2.8% for trade in intermediate inputs. Moreover, we show that it is important to control for different border effects for final goods and intermediate inputs when estimating the trade impact of FTAs in gravity equations. With this enhancement, our results suggest that FTAs increase trade in final goods by 52% after ten years, with no statistically significant difference for trade in intermediate inputs. We also find evidence that FTAs that more comprehensive FTAs like the European Union have a greater trade effect than the average FTA.

Evaluation of GMP Compliance on Cosmetics: Case Study on Cosmetic Industries in Indonesia

The cosmetic industry has been designated as one of the priority sectors, as stated in the Master Plan of National Industry Development 2015-2035. The priority development programs in the cosmetic sector are mastering technology and building international standard manufacturing capabilities. The cosmetic industry's ability to comply with international standards, including good manufacturing practices (GMP), is mandatory, mainly since the ASEAN Harmonized Cosmetics Regulatory Scheme was fully implemented. It has been almost 14 years since the scheme's implementation, and the Indonesian FDA has enforced all stipulations within the scheme framework. This study aims to evaluate the policy impact of GMP compliance on cosmetic industries in Indonesia through a cost-benefit analysis. A qualitative descriptive method is conducted to identify the benefits and the costs of GMP compliance and determine the importance or significance of the benefits and costs components. The result findings showed the more significant cost components include maintenance of building and facilities, quality control, maintenance of equipment, and sanitation and hygiene. In comparison, the weight scores of the benefit components do not differ much, with the benefit of increased product sales being perceived to be the most important.

China's Hainan Free Trade Port: Medical Laws and Policy Reform.

In 2018, the government of China decided to develop Hainan Province as the country's first free trade port operating within the country's socialist system. Based on this strategy, Hainan reformed its medical laws and policies to make it freer and more open. For example, Hainan formulated policies for more rapid and convenient access of foreign medicine and sanitary equipment (MSE), allowed manufacturers to register MSE in China with real-world data (RWD), and provided legal and visa conveniences for international medical teams to carry out various activities, including: diagnosis, treatment and scientific research. Hainan's reforms are not only conducive to the improvement of local medical and public health levels, but also provide opportunities for international MSE manufacturers and medical research institutions swiftly to enter China's huge medical market. However, with opportunity comes risk: Hainan should be on guard against public health risks associated with medical tourism, and decide how to strike a reasonable balance between protecting local MSE enterprises and improving the accessibility of imported MSE through policies and legislation. Finally, the paper recommends that Hainan should improve the regulatory system as soon as possible to ensure the quality of diagnosis and treatment in its new hospitals, and deal with data and information security risks in the RWD research.