International Labour Organization Research Articles

Democratic Education in Russia: Historical Aspects and Modern Development Paradigm

The authors devote this review to understanding the key provisions and conclusions obtained by T.K.Rostovskaya, E.B.Bedrina and O.A.Zolotareva in a new collective monograph entitled “Development of Demographic Education in Russia and Abroad”, published in the winter of 2024. The release of this academic work was timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which was celebrated in Russia on February 8, 2024. This work is based on a wide array of various regulatory documents, in particular the International Labor Organization and the Ministry of Labor of Russia, related to the regulation of demographic processes. The work includes a variety of specialized foreign and domestic scientific relevant literature. The authors of the collective monograph note that at the end of perestroika in the USSR, demographic education experiences a real upsurge, which is manifested, first, in the popularity and status of the profession taught at Lomonosov Moscow State University and MESI. Then this is associated with the publication of a significant number of important demographic theoretical, methodological, and practical scientific works, which subsequently begin to acquire significance not only among purely specialist demographers, but also other specialists such as historians, sociologists, and economists. The authors of the collective monograph carefully and step by step describe the importance of the professional standard “Demographer”. It was established that at the present time, alas, in Russia there is a certain “personnel shortage” in demographer specialists. But despite this, the authors also note a positive feature, which concerns the broad opportunities of demographers in the Russian labor market (economist-demographer, leading economist-demographer, consultant, and specialist in demographic expertise, etc.) and, therefore, the further development of their potential. In the process of a comprehensive study, the authors of this collective monograph noted the importance of preserving scientific traditions in training personnel with competencies in the field of demography on a stable and comprehensive basis. In the peer-reviewed collective monograph, for example, the analysis of historical aspects concerning the development of demographic education in foreign countries such as Great Britain, Germany, the USA, Finland, France, and the Czech Republic can undoubtedly be of great interest to the readership (especially to demographers and sociologists). The milestones of demographic education in our country also received due coverage. But the most interesting are the latest transformational trends in the domestic education system, where a significant role was played by the Institute of Demographic Research (IDR) of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which since 2022–2023 has been actively involved in the development of the draft Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education in the specialty “Demography”, the results of which have yet to be deeply and fully comprehended by the scientific community and appropriate adjustments made. According to the authors of the monograph, now it is undoubted that demographic knowledge is a key part of Russian science and education. In conclusion, the reviewers briefly summarize the conclusions and note new possible paths (directions) in the development of this topic.

Roundtable discussion: Domestic worker organizing in Latin America and beyond

AbstractIn 2011, the International Labor Organization (ILO) adopted the Domestic Worker Convention (no. 189), which established labor standards for household workers, including protection from abuse, provisions to ensure freedom of movement for migrant domestic workers, coverage under national minimum wage, overtime, child labor, and human rights laws, and access to contact information of private employers and appropriate legal resources, among others. Domestic worker advocates throughout Latin America rallied behind the ILO's Domestic Worker Convention to ensure its ratification at the national level. Latin American and Caribbean nations account for 55% of the national signatories to the convention; at the same time, 77% of domestic workers in the region remain informally employed. The roundtable discussion brought together scholars conducting research in Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico, and among Central Americans in the United States, to address the impact of the ILO convention and to share their research on domestic work and domestic worker movements. How have the changes in domestic work regulation affected the organizing efforts of domestic workers? How are domestic workers advocating for their rights in the wake of the ILO Convention?

Social Dumping Issue: European Union Measures and Social Protection Rights of Workers in North African Countries

This study emphasized that social dumping issue remains problematic on a global scale. The background of this problem is the globalization of the economy, liberalization of trade and capital movements. They increase labor mobility, but due to labor productivity differences, they cause social dumping in countries where labor laws are weak and unqualified labor is dense. Social dumping causes unfair competition between countries and is therefore a practice that should be abolished in accordance with the International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions. Solving this problem on a global scale, will be possible if countries implement the seven basic conventions of the ILO. The study examines the issue from two perspectives. The first is the European Union’s problems with social dumping and the measures it has taken, and the second is the progress of North African countries in adopting ILO Conventions, given their role as southern Mediterranean trade partners of the Union within the context of developing countries. Temporary assignment, as an application of the right of free movement of persons included in fundamental laws of the Union, covers temporary mobility of workers from one member state to another. This mobility affects wages leading to injustices and increase social dumping cases, due to differences in labor laws and labor productivity among member states, The Union is developing efficient measures to combat against this problem. As For North African countries, as relatively labor-intensive trade partners of the Union, their social protection will improve with the increase in the share of qualified labor in trade and capital movement with the European Union and their compliance with the fundamental conventions of the ILO.

Fator Acidentário de Prevenção – Fap: a Ofensa à Convenção Nº 155 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho, à Vida do Trabalhador e a Aplicação de Benchmarking como Impulsionador de Boas Práticas no Ambiente do Trabalho

The general objective of this research is to understand whether the lack of transparency in the indicators of the Accident Prevention Factor – FAP contributes to the violation of Convention No. 155 of the International Labor Organization and, consequently, to the worker's life. This is because FAP was created as an institute that aims to protect the work environment in defense of workers' health and safety. Furthermore, the hypothesis is that transparency regarding FAP was created as an institute that aims to protect the work environment in defense of workers' health and safety. Furthermore, the hypothesis is that transparency regarding FAP exposure constitutes a benchmarking practice that promotes good practices in the workplace. Regarding the methodology used in this research, the deductive approach and monographic procedure methods were adopted, considering that extensive bibliography and documents on the subject were used. The results achieved indicate that it does not make sense for one of the main indicators of the FAP, which is the comparative analysis of a company with others that supposedly best-applied protection measures in managing the reduction of occupational accidents, not being able to have its index disclosed in the name of fiscal secrecy. As final considerations, the importance of this disclosure was discussed as a good practice of transparency and benchmarking.

Informality as deviancy: the problem of difference in the Decent Work Agenda

More than half of workers globally are informal workers; operating in non-standard, temporary employment that is often, but not always, poorly paid and unprotected. The Decent Work Agenda (DWA), pioneered by the International Labor Organization (ILO), has been broadly adopted to bri- dge the concerns of workers and states by pursuing “Decent Work for all”. A core component of the DWA is the reduction of informality. Almost ten years later, however, informality is increasing in many countries. In this paper, I explore the conceptual foundation of the DWA by asking: how does the ILO understand “work” in their 2015 Decent Work Agenda? What are the consequences for those whose rights are protected within global governance projects? I compile a corpus of 36 ILO documents to demonstrate three interlocking discursive schemas: development, paternalism, and colorblindness. While the DWA progressively shifts regulatory discourses, its conceptualiza- tion of work constitutes informality as a condition of deviancy. This positions informal workers, who often occupy other vulnerable intersectionalities, as outside the scope of contemporary so- cial protections. Gender, race, class, location and more factor into the formation of global and national labor policies; achieving equitable conditions for all workers requires grappling with the complexity of informality.

‘The Angolan Experiment’: Colonial and Post-Independence Rural Social Engineering, 1960s-1980s

ABSTRACT This article sheds new light on the intersections of Portuguese late colonial repressive developmentalism and the programmes implemented by international and Non-Governmental Organisations in Angola. It focuses on rural extension projects and the various actors involved in Angola’s Central Highlands from the 1960s to the 1980s – a crucial time marked by the violent transition from colonial rule and anti-colonial warfare to independence and subsequent civil strife. Drawing on documents from the Portuguese National and Overseas Archives, the Archives of the International Labour Organisation, and those of the German Catholic development agency Misereor, along with published and further archival material, the article provides a detailed analysis of personal and institutional entanglements in international development in an African region. Special emphasis is placed on the German agronomist Hermann Pössinger, whose professional trajectory links the various institutions. Although concepts of rural development and foreign ‘expertise’ connected Angola’s Central Highlands with the wider world, challenges rooted in colonial legacies and the destruction caused by civil war made the ‘Angolan experiment’ a unique case of rural social engineering in times of war.

The evolution of social standards and guarantees in the context of the rule of law: international experience and prospects for development in Ukraine

The article is dedicated to the study of social standards and social guarantees in Ukraine, their evolution, current state, and prospects for development in the context of European integration processes. Social standards play an important role in ensuring social justice, equal opportunities, and a decent standard of living for citizens. They regulate basic social rights, including access to healthcare, education, pension provision, and social insurance. At the same time, social guarantees serve as mechanisms for the practical implementation of these standards, providing citizens with access to essential social goods and services. The article examines the evolution of social standards in an international context, starting from the mid-20th century when international organizations such as the UN and the ILO began actively implementing social norms that became the foundation for modern social protection standards. Special attention is given to the influence of European social standards, particularly the European Social Charter, on Ukraine’s national legislation, and key aspects of the implementation of these standards in the national social protection system are analyzed. A particularly important topic is the issue of financing social standards and the effectiveness of their implementation in Ukraine. The problems of insufficient funding for social programs, the uneven distribution of social services between regions, corruption, and inefficient management of state resources are highlighted. Based on the analysis of the experience of European Union countries, solutions to these problems are proposed, including the introduction of digital technologies for monitoring and controlling the provision of social assistance, which can improve the targeting of social payments and reduce corruption risks. Pension system reform is another important component of the development of social standards in Ukraine. The article provides a detailed analysis of the prospects for the implementation of a funded pension system, which will reduce the burden on the state budget and ensure a more efficient distribution of pension resources among citizens. The introduction of individual pension accounts and additional pension savings will help ensure the stability of the pension system in the long term. The article also highlights the role of international organizations and their influence on the development of social standards in Ukraine. The activities of organizations such as the European Union, the International Labour Organization, and others are analyzed, which, through their programs, contribute to the development of national social policies and the improvement of the level of social guarantees for the citizens of Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with European social standards. The authors of the article emphasize that the implementation of European norms and standards in the field of social protection will promote Ukraine’s further integration into the European community. This, in turn, will improve the standard of living for citizens, ensure the fair distribution of social benefits, and create a sustainable social protection system that meets the best European practices. The article concludes with recommendations for comprehensive reforms to Ukraine’s social system aimed at improving social standards and guarantees, taking into account international experience and the realities of the Ukrainian economy. The recommendations focus on the further development of the pension system, improvement of targeted social assistance, and modernization of healthcare. The authors stress the importance of coordinated actions between state institutions, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector to ensure a high level of social protection and a decent quality of life for all Ukrainian citizens.

Trade unions in the age of digital technologies: new challenges for the freedom of association

This article explores the impact of digital technologies on the activities of trade unions and their ability to uphold workers’ rights. Special attention is given to the challenges for the freedom of association in the context of labor market changes and digital transformation. Based on the analysis of current trends, the article discusses how digital tools can both enhance and limit trade union activity. Recommendations for the development of trade unions in the digital age are also provided. From the perspective of protecting workers’ rights, the article examines certain digital tools as opportunities for trade unions to modernize their operations, particularly through online communication and mobilization of workers. It also analyzes the challenges to freedom of association in the digital age, including the rise of unstable forms of employment and the impact of algorithmic management. Examples of trade union adaptation are presented, along with recommendations aimed at strengthening their role to ensure resilience and activity in the face of the digital transformation of the labor market, in accordance with proposals from the International Labour Organization. In the contemporary environment, the protection of workers’ rights has become complicated, as most non-standard and innovative forms of employment typically lack a direct dependency of the worker on the employer. The most complex employment situations arise in the context of the development of the Internet and mobile communication devices, where it is not always clear whether labor relations exist, and it is even more challenging to determine whether protections designed for standard labor relations should apply to individuals engaged in such forms of employment. These circumstances highlight the need for the implementation of appropriate mechanisms that would extend collective bargaining regulation to workers with non­standard (precarious) employment, particularly those working on online platforms. One possible guarantee for the realization of such rights may be the inclusion of these workers among social partners by granting them the independent right to collective bargaining and/or representation in the labor market through sectoral trade unions.

Assessing the Viability of a Professionally Managed community-Based Health Insurance Scheme in Koungheul, Senegal: Perspectives for Universal Health Coverage

Introduction: This study examines the viability of the Departmental Health Insurance Unit (UDAM) of Koungheul in Senegal, an innovative model of a professionally managed health insurance scheme, implemented as part of universal health coverage. Unlike traditional community-based health insurance schemes, UDAMs are entirely managed by a salaried team, with elected leaders playing only a supervisory role. The study aims to assess the viability of this alternative model and analyze the perceptions of various stakeholders. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative analysis, based on a theoretical framework developed by the International Labor Office (ILO), assessed the viability of the UDAM across four dimensions: institutional, technical, functional, and financial/economic. Data collected in 2022 were analyzed. For the qualitative component, individual interviews and focus groups were conducted with various actors, including beneficiaries, non-beneficiaries, community leaders, UDAM officials, and healthcare providers. Results: The study reveals a contrasting situation for the UDAM of Koungheul. On the institutional and technical levels, the UDAM has a solid foundation with legal status, agreements with healthcare providers, and risk control mechanisms. Functional viability shows positive signs, with a membership growth rate of 16.15% and a high penetration rate of 76.66%. However, the contribution collection rate is low (52.29%), and the average payment delay to providers is long (7 months). The financial situation is concerning: the immediate liquidity ratio is low (0.248), the reserve rate is insufficient (0.93 months), and the loss ratio is high (90.34%). Stakeholder perceptions are generally positive, but significant practical difficulties are identified, including lack of information, funding problems, and procedural complexity. Conclusion: The study highlights the progress of the UDAM model compared to traditional schemes. However, persistent challenges, particularly in terms of financial viability, underscore the need for continuous evolution of the model. A more integrated approach, involving deeper integration into the national social protection system and stronger state investment, could be beneficial in consolidating the gains of the UDAM model.

Interconnections in the education–migration–labor market chain in Central and Eastern Europe

This study examines the interconnections between transformations in the education sphere, migrations waves, and labor market in 2000–2021 based on a panel data set for 14 Central and Eastern European countries (7 – former members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; 5 – former republics of the USSR, and 2 – former republics of Yugoslavia). Statistical data were collected from the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the International Labour Organization databases. To describe this interconnection, a pool of parameters was formed. Those that cause the greatest variability were selected using exploratory factor analysis: for education – the number of teachers and students in higher education and public spending on education; for migration – the net migration flow, personal remittances sent and received; for labor market –unemployment rate and the share of highly educated people among the employed. Confirmatory factor analysis identified the most influential determinants: for education – the number of students in higher education; for migration – paid personal remittances; for labor market – unemployment rate. The covariance analysis demonstrated a robust direct correlation between education and migration (positive shifts in the education sector serve as a catalyst for pursuing superior employment opportunities or continuing education abroad). A relatively weak direct correlation was between education and the labor market (a more highly educated workforce has only a limited impact on the structure and dynamics of the labor market). Finally, a moderate inverse correlation was between migration and the labor market (deteriorating labor market conditions give rise to migration waves). AcknowledgmentThis study is funded in terms of the projects “Business-Education-Science” Coopetition: Institutional and Economic Models of Innovation Transfer for National Security and Sustainable Development (№ 0122U000772) and “Modelling educational transformations in wartime to preserve the intellectual capital and innovative potential of Ukraine” (№0123U100114).

Diagnostic ecologies: Medical standards, tinkering, and worker health in Turkey

AbstractIn Turkey's occupational health system, doctors must use the International Labor Organization's (ILO) standards to classify the chest radiographs of workers at risk of lung diseases caused by dust exposure. Yet these standards do not provide a uniformity of care within the tripartite structure of the occupational health system, which divides disease surveillance, disease diagnosis, and worker compensation into distinct silos. This division often produces ambiguity and unpredictable outcomes for occupational disease claims. The traffic of diagnostic decisions among workplaces and medico‐legal institutions—what I refer to as diagnostic ecologies—shapes medical knowledge. The tripartite organization of the occupational health system in Turkey makes the evaluation of chest radiographs a space where professional expertise and professional ethics are constantly negotiated. A focus on diagnostic ecologies illustrates how disease ontology is distributed across the occupational health system's components.

Small and medium-sized enterprises: A tool for socioeconomic development

Small and medium-sized enterprises are universally recognized as critical catalysts for socioeconomic development. Therefore, this study explores the empirical relationship between SMEs and economic growth, job creation, income generation, and poverty reduction. Through a cross-sectional research design, data was gathered via a questionnaire from 130 participants, including SMEs owners, operators, and young entrepreneurs who received training from entrepreneurship training programs such as the Next Economy program by SIMAD-Innovation Lab and the Start-Improve Your Business (SIYB) Training program by the International Labor Organization (ILO), as well as the entrepreneurship training program provided by Jamhuriya Incubation Centre (JIC). The study employed partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypotheses through SmartPLS (v.4.0.9.5). The study found that SMEs significantly contribute to economic growth, job creation, income generation, and poverty reduction. The findings provide significant implications for governments, international organizations, financial institutions, and policymakers, emphasizing integrating SMEs development initiatives into national development plans to improve social and economic development.

Investing in the care services sectors for employment generation and gender-inclusive growth: the case of Turkey

Abstract The care crisis intersects with economic, social, and refugee crises, necessitating focused attention to bolster care infrastructure and address the multifaceted challenges. Women bear a disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic work, exacerbating gender inequalities in labor markets and education. This paper applies the International Labour Organization–UN Women (2021) policy tool to Turkish data, estimating coverage gaps in education and healthcare, associated costs, and employment generation potential in the care sectors and related sectors. We identify a coverage gap in education affecting 5.8 million children. The required investment to address this gap is estimated at 2.28 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). In all, 303,000 healthcare workers are needed, requiring an investment of 1.23 percent of GDP. These investments have the potential to generate 1.740 million direct and 152,000 indirect jobs. This would result in a substantial 6.7 percent increase in total employment. Considering the current gender composition, women are expected to fill 65 percent of these jobs, leading to a 14 percent improvement in female employment. Incorporating 3.7 million Syrian refugees, Turkey’s investment cost rises to 3.74 percent of GDP, creating 1.878 million new direct jobs – an 8 percent boost over the non-inclusive scenario. Prioritizing public investments in care services promises to promote gender equality, human development, and inclusive economic growth.

Constructivist Perspective: Analyzing the Social Dialogue of the International Labour Organization in Promoting a Just Transition for Garment Workers in Bangladesh

To address the dual challenges of climate change and decent work for workers in Bangladesh, and to avoid the high risk of unemployment during the transition, the International Labour Organization is actively promoting a just transition in Bangladesh to ensure that workers' rights are protected during the transition to a green economy. The question raised in this paper is how to analyze the motivation of the International Labour Organization in promoting the just transformation of garment workers in Bangladesh from a constructivist perspective. To address this issue, this paper uses constructivism as a guiding framework to analyze the International Labour Organization's behavior policy. Constructivism emphasizes that actors in international affairs are influenced by immaterial factors, such as international norms, identity and reputation. At the same time, this paper uses literature analysis to review and integrate the International Labour Organization 's policy reports over the past decade. The findings suggest that the International Labour Organization, driven by its role as a global protector of Labour rights and its guidelines for just transition, uses social dialogue in Bangladesh to protect workers' rights while setting global priorities for just transition. This approach also encourages other countries to build people-centered policy frameworks in their own green transitions.

Truck driver relative pay and motor carrier safety performance

Abstract The United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO) has recently incorporated driver pay into its guidelines on the promotion of safe and decent work in road transport. ILO guideline 73 states that ‘the remuneration of … CMV [commercial motor vehicle] drivers should be sustainable and take into consideration the attractiveness and sustainability of the industry’. In the spirit of this, we explore the relationship between truck drivers’ relative income and intrastate motor carrier safety performance. We utilise the United States (US) Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage data for heavy and tractor-trailer truck driver median annual incomes and the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey estimates of median household incomes to construct county level relative income ratios for truck drivers. This information is merged with public safety data to analyse the relationship between truck drivers’ relative pay and motor carrier safety performance. We find that, all else constant, carriers located in counties where driver earnings are relatively high tend to experience fewer crashes. This provides evidence that safety performance is better when driver pay is more attractive in the truck driver labour market and, consequently, validates the ILO’s assertion under guideline 73.

The trajectory of a transnational right to land norm

Abstract In conflicts around land usage, vulnerable groups are often threatened by dispossession of their land. Governance structures that protect both individual and collective land rights are thus necessary. To counter such risks, social movements engaged towards the establishment of a right to land norm in transnational governance. Building on literature on norm emergence, this paper exemplifies the involvement of activists in the creation process of two transnational regulations that address land: The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169 of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in 1989 and the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries, and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT) of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations in 2012. Both documents emerged in response to increasing global awareness of each specific issue. In the case of ILO 169, rising awareness of social inequality and discrimination of indigenous peoples and in the case of the VGGT the rapidly growing global land market. The paper reflects on the importance of timing, engagement, and discourse in creating norms and embedding them in global governance.

Nowhere else in the world? The Korean Safe Rates System in global context

Abstract The Korean ‘Safe Trucking Freight Rates System’ (‘Safe Rates System’) was an important effort to address road safety risks by regulating road transport supply chains. In effect between 2020 and 2022, the system set minimum standards for truck driver pay and placed obligations on road transport supply chain parties to comply with these standards. In this article, we explain how the system developed in response to the deregulation and restructuring of the road freight market in the late 1980s and 1990s. We also trace the influence on the system of regulatory development in Australia and debates at the International Labour Organization (ILO). In 2019, workers, employers, and government representatives at the ILO reached an agreement on the main principles of the Safe Rates regulatory model through the adoption of the Guidelines on the promotion of decent work and road safety in the transport sector. We use these principles to explain and evaluate the Korean system. We also summarise assessments of the system’s impact, arguing that the results of the few studies that exist, justify the continuation of the system. By locating Korean Safe Rates as part of a broader global trend, we respond to opponents’ claims that the system is without international precedent and make the system eligible for a global audience. In so doing, we seek to contribute to the ongoing debate about the reintroduction of Safe Rates in Korea and draw lessons from the Korean experience that may be used in other countries.

The Role of Labour Law in Enabling Mechanisms for Mitigating Military Conflicts. A Legal Model of Peace

The world is perpetually shaken by various forms of military conflicts, and these occurrences have consistently captured the attention of the International Labour Organization (ILO) due to their profound impact on far-reaching consequences on an international labour market. Our study aims to address potential strategies for mitigating risks arising from military conflicts. We firmly believe that labour law should be highly flexible and centered on neutralizing the ramifications of conflicts for states and citizens. Our research question guides the examination of labour law, using the ILO and Swiss labour law as cases, considering the location and scale of the military conflict. Existing literature on the development of the ILO’s legal and regulatory framework predominantly focuses on events, with limited attention given to analyzing the connections between them and lessons for the present. It is crucial to explore these connections to prevent the repetition of negative historical patterns and the compounding of problems. We express deep concern regarding the impact of military zones on the world of work. There is an imperative need for heightened attention to labour law response mechanisms. We strongly claim certain spheres of work must remain neutral concerning military conflicts. Labour law has long been engaged in formulating specific rules of conduct for employers and employees during the outbreak of armed conflicts. We contend labour law norms can serve as a means of promoting peace. In this regard, digital tools like the «Digitale Peer-Gruppen-Beratung» can prove instrumental in implementing pre-agreements among nations, employers, trade unions, and workers. By expanding functions from consultative to providing relocation of groups of workers due to the unscrupulous foreign policies of their countries we would contribute to a more peaceful world. This should be based on having pre-established agreements between nations regarding the fair and equitable distribution or temporary deployment of labour resources, particularly those crucial to the military and related industries of the conflicting parties. The concept of a strike merits consideration as a democratic tool, wherein workers relocate centralized because of disagreement with their country’s policies. It necessitates clarification to ensure non-interference in the internal affairs of nations and to consider industry-specific factors (e.g., continuous production cycles).

Determining the effect levels of augmented decent work criteria in sustainable economic development with the fuzzy DEMATEL method

Creating decent work is among the priority issues for sustainable employment and development. This study aimed to determine the effect levels of the International Labour Organization (ILO) decent work criteria by augmenting nine indicators in the ILO manual to 12 criteria through a comprehensive literature review. Fuzzy DEMATEL, a multi-criteria decision-making method, has been preferred in this context. According to the analysis results of the study, the most heavily ranked criteria are ‘healthy workplace environment’, ‘decent working hours’ and ‘safe working conditions’ respectively, which contribute to the decent work concept. Further, ‘balance between work–family–personal life’ has been found the most affected criterion, while ‘education and training system’ has been the most affecting. Based on the findings, remedial and developing strategies are suggested on issues such as corporate culture, working hours regulation, safe working environment, subordinate–superior relations, social activities and regulations that take family life into account.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR MIGRANTS

This paper reviews the role and importance of international organisations in protecting international labour migrants' rights. Millions of people are crossing borders to seek employment, and the protection of their rights is essentially related to their fair treatment, social security, and access to justice in a foreign country. Key organisations, such as the International Labour Organization and the United Nations, have developed conventions, policies, and frameworks that would guide labor migrants for workplace conditions, social protection, legal assistance, and family reunification. This article examines the shifting landscape of labor migrant rights using international conventions and organizational activities, along with the problems involved in creating and implementing such protection for them across the world. Current works to adapt international standards to the heterogeneous requirements of labor migrants and reviews future strategies that will enhance these protections at a global level, are also given due consideration.