International Environmental Programs Research Articles

REDD+ in Indonesia: An assessment of the international environmental program

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature and assesses the progress on the effects of Indonesia’s REDD+ program. Due to the significance of Indonesia in terms of global rainforests and the comprehensive implementation practice of REDD+ programs since 2009, focusing on the case study of Indonesia enables interesting insights regarding the challenges and opportunities of REDD+. Indonesia faced challenges during the project’s implementation, but there were also reductions. This success is attributed to the set program design of REDD+. In this paper, we show that without international development cooperation in the field of climate change mitigation, the countries in the Global South lack locally driven forest conservation or restoration incentives. These incentives emanate exogenously from international development cooperation programs in the field of climate change mitigation. The review of the program also shows that despite the rigorous institutional design of REDD+ in Indonesia, not all the stakeholders could benefit from the program appropriately. Because of the de facto weakness of the smallholder farmers, indigenous population groups, and other vulnerable categories in the political process of Indonesia, these groups’ interests have not come fully to their own in Indonesia. Hence, we conclude that international programs that target environmental protection, while addressing inferior institutional quality, bad governance and operate through more accountable NGOs than government agencies would perform better in terms of global environmental targets and the sustainability of local livelihoods.

ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СИСТЕМ РЕСУРСОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ ГОТЕЛЬНОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ

The article deals with the implementation of resource saving systems at hotel enterprises. The main obstacles on the way to the introduction of resource-saving technologies in Ukraine are indicated and actual ways to solve them are proposed. The problems of resource conservation and ensuring energy efficiency are relevant for Ukrainian hotels in connection with a significant increase in the cost of hotel services due to a significant volume of electricity use and a rapid increase in energy prices. In Ukraine, resource-saving technologies are just beginning their development. Basically, resource saving systems are implemented by hotels belonging to international hotel chains. Currently, the majority of foreign hotel enterprises strive to participate in international environmental programs, which make the use of non-traditional sources of heat and energy relevant. In addition, in recent years, the population, especially within the framework of the European space, has become more environmentally responsible. Therefore, environmental responsibility in business also serves as an effective tool for creating a positive image of the enterprise, increasing the occupancy of the number pool and, as a result, increasing profits. Proposed important measures that can be implemented in hotel enterprises for the purpose of saving resources, which will make it possible to accelerate the scientific search for new mechanisms for reforming the industry, to develop new concepts and management methods, because in the conditions of constant variability of both the internal and external environment, the hotel business is always faced with new problems and challenges. The effectiveness of implementation of scientific developments will provide Ukrainian business with a worthy place in the world market of the hospitality industry, will increase its significance for the growth of the national economy and international integration, in particular in the European direction.

Prerequisites for the ecologization of recreational and tourist activities in Ukraine

The article considers the main steps of further greening of recreational and tourist activities in Ukraine and proposes models of greening of the enterprise’s activities. The world experience of forming the ecological and economic foundations of the genesis of eco-tourism in the recreation areas of the countries has been analyzed and summarized. The international ecotourism certification program « Green Globe 21 » and its sphere of influence, as well as the international environmental program « Green Key » in terms of the use of natural resources and natural materials, were investigated. A survey of hotel guests was conducted regarding the importance to them of activities related to the minimization of resource consumption, and the importance of criteria for the ecological use of hotel resources was determined. A profile map of consumer satisfaction with environmental services was created, which shows the advantages and disadvantages of hotel services after evaluating the various components of the satisfaction tree and highlights the main ways of balanced functioning of eco-tourism in the recreational areas of Ukraine identified..

УПРАВЛІННЯ ПРОЕКТАМИ ЕКОСИСТЕМНИХ ПОСЛУГ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКИХ СТРУКТУР В УМОВАХ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

This article considers the principles and approaches to project management aimed at the provision of ecosystem services by business structures taking into account the principles of sustainable development. The authors emphasize the importance of an integrated approach that takes into account the interrelationships between economic, environmental and social aspects of projects. The article emphasizes the importance of involving all stakeholders and partners in order to achieve the most positive results. The essence of environmental projects and the main elements of the implementation of environmental project management have been studied. Modern approaches to environmental project management are described. Aspects of effective use of resources, measurement of results and risk management are considered in detail. It also emphasizes the importance of innovation, an ethical approach and a long-term perspective in project planning and implementation. This article is a useful resource for managers, entrepreneurs and professionals who are interested in the integration of sustainable development and business projects based on ecosystem services. The negative impact on the environment is associated with outdated management approaches and requires the development of scientific recommendations in the environmental field. The following main principles of managing the implementation of environmental projects are defined: priority, purposefulness, safety, systematicity, complexity, ensuring the most effective use. On the basis of these principles, management of ecosystem services projects can be carried out using systemic, process and situational approaches. Managing environmental projects and developing environmental strategies allows companies to develop more intensively and gain an additional competitive advantage in the market for two reasons: more appropriate use of resources and environmental management. International environmental programs and projects operate in Ukraine to prevent, effectively regulate and solve environmental and economic problems.

Comment on “Recasting geomorphology as a landscape science” by

Slaymaker et al. (2021) argue that geomorphology is poorly known and has little influence outside its practitioners and therefore should be recast as both a geoscience and a landscape science. The only evidence they evince for the claim about the lack of influence of geomorphology is that it is not evident in the publications from international environmental programs. This is far from a convincing case and does not support their view that geomorphology should be recast. We contend that most geomorphological influence is at the national, regional to local scale, not internationally. Our main concern with their proposal is however that a change of language could confuse potential users and students, with the opposite effect to what they wish.

The Role of Environmental Safety in Integration Processes of the Greater Eurasia

The article focuses on the prominent role of environmental security in international integration taking place in the Greater Eurasia area. The authors discuss and clarify the concepts of Greater Eurasia and ecological safety. The paper explains the thesis that environmental aspects of security should be given much greater attention, since environmental problems can lead to severe conflicts of national interests, or they can become the most important means of achieving interstate environmental agreements and creating ecological programs and projects, uniting people and ensuring common strategic interests. The authors classify global and regional environmental threats. Plenty of examples illustrate local environmental risks and their relation to regional security issues. Accordingly, two interconnected sets of measures are distinguished between two types of environmental threats (risks). The first set involves the active participation of countries in various international environmental programs. The second set of measures aims at developing mechanisms for systematic expert analysis of significant projects directly or indirectly affecting the environment of neighboring countries.

Охраняемые виды животных как индикатор экологического состояния территории Новой Москвы

One of the indicators of the ecological state of the territory is an indicator of the number of protected species of biota as an element of the natural heritage, which is directly dependent on the state of the environment and nature conservation activity; at the same time, the state of species of biota is important, which categories and protection status speak about. On the territory of New Moscow live animal species that are currently listed in the Red Book of the Moscow Region [2018]. In 2012, these territories were transferred to the capital, and their development is planned within the city. However, the registration of protected species has not yet been combined with the accounting in the metropolitan territories. The development of New Moscow in the rank of the capital will inevitably lead to an increase in anthropogenic load and the environmental situation will worsen, which even now is not everywhere favorable. The species that are found in New Moscow (was studied the territory of the Troitsky and Novomoskovsky administrative districts — hereinafter the TNAD), in Moscow, as a rule, have a higher protection category or do not occur at all. Many of these species are listed in the Red Books of regions adjacent to Moscow region, and some in the Red Book of Russian Federation [2001]. There are species that are also included in international environmental programs, Red Books and specialized environmental actions of different countries or groups of countries. In the article species considers from this point of view, compares with the Red Book of Moscow, provides a list of protected species of animals and maps of species findings, with considering the ecological situation. On the territory of TNAD, currently 67 species of animals are listed in the Red Books in different categories, among them are 3 species of mammals, 20 — birds, 2 — reptiles, 2 — amphibians, 1 — fishes, 39 — invertebrates (37 insects, 1 a representative of the class of gill legs and 1 — gastropods). In the process, maps of the Red Book of the Moscow Region [2018] for individual species are summarized and 5 maps of finds were compiled for classes and large groups of protected animals in 5 protection categories.

Learning through practice? Learning from the REDD+ demonstration project, Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP) in Indonesia

Despite a growing recognition of the importance of social learning in governing and managing land use, the understanding and practice of learning has received limited attention from researchers. In global environmental programs and projects aimed at supporting sustainable land use in developing countries, learning is often promoted but without explicit learning goals. The focus may be on capacity building and community participation, and on testing policy tools, rather than on collaborative social learning. In this study, we looked behind the rhetoric of learning in the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP), a large demonstration project for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Indonesia. The novelty of such mechanisms, linked to international forest carbon outcomes, means that learning lessons provides a rationale for REDD+ pilot activities. We used a qualitative approach to examine the nature and type of learning that occurred in the KFCP. While the stated project aims were to support policy experimentation and apply learning, the project design was highly technical, and project decision-making did not explicitly encourage joint problem solving. Despite the project’s shortcomings, we identified that learning did occur by the end of the project in ways that were different to the initial goals. Our findings suggest that flexibility and openness in project design and implementation can enable different local actors to define shared learning agendas in ways that are meaningful for them. Designing and implementing environmental projects, and learning goals within them, should attend to the needs and aspirations of those who will have to live with their long-term consequences. Learning should be integrated into international environmental programs and projects at all levels, including for policy and funding bodies, rather than focusing on local capacity building and similar project ‘benefits’. Interviewees’ eagerness to learn suggests that building approaches to social learning into program design has the potential to yield opportunities for learning beyond REDD+ to other forms of policy experimentation and governance innovations.

Does environmental cost affect Japanese Firms' performance?

This article aims to examine the effect of environmental cost to financial performances, measured by profitability and firm value in Japanese chemical industry during 2012-2015. Examining about this matter in Japan case is suitable since the government has settled guidelines that assist the companies to record and report their activities in environmental preservation. This study focuses on chemical industry in Japan because the industry has been potential to create hazardous wastes along with its daily businesses. In Japan, the companies are involved in Japan Chemical Industry Association (JCIA) that initiates international environmental programs called Responsible Care.

Assessing anthropogenic disturbance on forest health based on fragment grading in Durgapur Forest Range, West Bengal, India

With the increasing degradation and encroachment of natural landscape environmentalists are now highly concerned with declining forest cover as well as increasing forest fragmentation at different scales across the world for last several decades. Considering the major fourfold effect of forest fragmentation i.e., reduction in habitat area, increased number of fragmented habitats, decrease in area coverage of habitat patch and increased number of isolated patches forest fragmentation is recognized as a major threat to forest ecosystems. Indicators of forest fragmentation are thereby gaining gradual importance at national and international environmental programs. But Spatio-temporal change of forest cover using forest fragmentation along with incorporation of population growth and associated anthropogenic intervention, at a micro-spatial scale has become the major thrust area in the present study. Kanksa is one of the few forest dominated block in Barddhaman District mostly affected by the rapid population growth, land use change in terms of increase in irrigated area as well as agricultural land, rapid urbanization in the last three decades. Present study focuses on forest fragmentation and spatio-temporal dynamics of forest cover from the beginning of 1990s up to present using geospatial techniques.

PAH Metabolites in Bile Fluids of Dab (Limanda limanda) and Flounder (Platichthys flesus): Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Changes (7 pp)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important environmental contaminants which may lead to increased levels of neoplastic aberrations or tumours in fish liver. Therefore, monitoring of PAH and their effects are part of several international environmental programmes. The aim of the present field study was to investigate the concentrations of the PAH metabolites in fish bile, to elucidate spatial, seasonal and species differences as well as to discuss different strategies of normalisation with regard to environmental monitoring. PAH metabolites were determined in the bile fluid of dab (Limanda limanda) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) caught in the North Sea and Baltic Sea between 1997 and 2004. After enzymatic deconjugation, two metabolites were determined by means of HPLC. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were calculated. The accuracy of the method was tested with a standard reference material. Results were referred to bile volume as well as to biliverdin. The main metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene, was determined in concentrations from < 0.7 to 838 ng/ml in bile of dab (Limanda limanda) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) caught between 1997 and 2004. The values for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene in fish bile were considerably lower (<0.4-87 ng/ml). Significant differences in the 1-hydroxypyrene levels were found between summer and winter surveys as well as between the sampling sites in the data set from 2004 (383 dabs and 62 flounders): Highest levels of PAH contamination were found in dab from the German Bight and in flounder from the Baltic Sea. Spatial differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations between North Sea and Baltic Sea were discussed, as well as differences in relation to season, sex and species. Three parameters of normalisation (biliary protein, biliverdin and bile pigments) were discussed. Biliverdin was identified as a suitable parameter for the normalisation of PAH metabolites in field samples. Spatial differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations of dab demonstrate the usefulness of PAH metabolites in fish bile as a monitoring parameter in marine regions. Significant differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were found between summer and winter sampling campaigns. This may be linked to an annual cycle of 1-hydroxyprene in dab. It is also possible that bile synthesis/release in dab differs between the seasons. There is no indication for a time trend from 1997 to 2004. It is recommended to relate PAH metabolites in fish bile to biliverdin concentrations. Although the concentrations are low in offshore regions and bile volumes are small, the method presented here allows one to measure PAH metabolites on an individual level which is a crucial prerequisite for meaningful monitoring studies.

F.F. Dautov, R.G. Biktemirova, V.F. Bogoyavlensky, K.A. Galiev. Ecology and renal pathology. - Kazan, 2000 .- 152 p.

As you know, in many countries of the world, environmental pollution continues to increase, and researchers believe that the world is already on the eve of irreversible changes, that we are all at the last line. Nevertheless, many scientists substantiate a completely possible way out of the "ecological trap" if immediately, from the beginning of the XXI century, to deploy a planetary struggle to save the Earth for people. Scientific forecasting of the planned international environmental programs is of great importance.

Moving From National to International Environmental Policy

Environmental problems will increasingly spill over national boundaries. An effective and efficient response to these problems will require international solutions; relying purely on national regulatory mechanisms to address global issues will not suffice. To meet this need, better international environmental programs must be developed that maximize collective gain, enforce property rights, address the range of environmental values present in different countries, and fairly determine who should pay for global-scale pollution control.

Early Action on the Global Environmental Monitoring System. A Report of the International Environmental Programs Committee (Gilbert F. White, Chairman) of the Environmental Studies Board Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20418: pp. vi + 26 pp., map, 20.8 × 15.2 × 0.4 cm, paper covers (available free from the Committee, c/o National

Early Action on the Global Environmental Monitoring System. A Report of the International Environmental Programs Committee (Gilbert F. White, Chairman) of the Environmental Studies Board Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20418: pp. vi + 26 pp., map, 20.8 × 15.2 × 0.4 cm, paper covers (available free from the Committee, c/o National