International Electronic Commerce Research Articles

THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EAEU AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON CUSTOMS REGULATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

The ever-growing volume of international e-commerce poses a number of challenges to national governments related to the assessment of the fiscal component of this category of goods, competition issues of national and foreign online sellers. Attempts are being made to form a separate category of e-commerce goods that does not relate to either trade or non-trade turnover, methods and principles of customs regulation of e-commerce goods are being formed. The draft amendments to the EAEU СС revealed significant differences in the customs regulation of goods transported within the international electronic commerce in trade and non-trade turnover. Customs regulation of e-commerce in trade is developing in the direction of finding new and improving existing technological solutions for customs operations, organizing the interaction of state regulatory authorities with participants in foreign economic activity, ensuring proper customs control and further speeding up customs operations. In non- trade turnover, the introduction of a separate category of e-commerce goods primarily raises the question of the differences between this new category and goods for personal use. The issues of customs regulation of e-commerce goods in the EAEU, primarily intended for the personal use of individuals, are considered in order to systematize the created methods of such regulation, analyze the principles of e-commerce goods movement across the customs border and the main directions of development of customs regulation of international e-commerce in the EAEU and in the Russian Federation, as well as develop recommendations for further formation the legal basis for the movement of electronic commerce goods.

Future of E-Commerce in India

E-commerce encompasses all types of trade that take place solely in cyberspace. There are many advantages to buying things online, including greater selection, lower prices, and greater ease of use. E-commerce can be broken down into two distinct areas: sales of goods and services over the Internet, and the use of the Internet for financial and retail transactions. E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is the practis of conducting business dealings via electronic communication technologies such as the Internet, telephones, and fax machines. The banking, tourism, media, and retail sectors are just a few examples of online businesses that stand to benefit from future expansion. Where and how various forms of international electronic commerce are practis around the world is determined by a variety of economic, political, cultural, and supranational institutions. The Indian economy will not be the only one hurt by this. The Internet economy has been compared to a "gold rush." E- significance commerce's to the expansion of the economy can be attributed to a number of factors. The study looked at regions all the way from Australia to the Antarctic, and from North America to South America. The potential for e-commerce to better people's lives and the world at large makes it essential for both B2B and C2C transactions.

An Analytical Look at the Importance of a Legal Organization for the International Electronic Commerce Arbitration Body: Comparative Study between a Draft Law on Arbitration in the UAE and the French and English Laws

This study provides theoretical and practical viewpoints regarding the law required to be applied to proceedings in the field of international commercial arbitration. The Emirati arbitration has been compared under UAE, French, and English laws. The regulations, rules and procedures of international arbitration bodies, institutions and chambers have also been undertaken in this study. This study presents the subject that was not covered from theoretical and practical viewpoint. By discussing the international electronic commerce arbitration body, this study provides insights for researchers, arbitrators, lawyers, judges with the emphasis given to all the English and French Arbitration Act along with the rules and regulations of national and international arbitration institutions and chambers. Similarly, the importance of this issue lies in the importance of arbitration as an alternative means to litigation to settle disputes. When the role of the arbitration board arises from the agreement of the parties to the arbitration dispute and from what is stated in the arbitration contract or arbitration document in the rules that obliges the parties to the arbitration to sign an arbitration document at the beginning of the proceedings. Therefore, proceedings begin because a party to the arbitration dispute expressed its desire to settle the dispute by arbitration, i.e. from the time of the request for arbitration until the award is issued in its final form.

Eurointegration, marketing communication and virtual logistic in Ukrainian and Polish enterprises

In contemporary virtualised and globalised economy, the use of synergies in industrial resource management is of particular importance. Taking into account the revealed features and trends of marketing interaction of the companies in Ukraine and Poland it is important to utilise determinants in the virtual sphere. The author offers the methodical approach to assessment of the capital and quality of production of the enterprise, based on analysis of elements of quality. The methods of performing the dynamic analysis of the movement of enterprise capital’s elements are worked out. Synergy as a generalising and targeting movement of economic processes is an important scientific tool in e-economics. It is necessary to consider the mechanism for building network structures for managing financial and marketing activities, to evaluate the effectiveness of financing and investing capital in the main and working assets of production units of the enterprise that contribute to international electronic commerce and business. The use of modern marketing communication and logistic technologies in the world for improvement of psychological perception, as well as economic and social support for the maximum use of renewable energy resources is significant. At the same time the leading innovative technologies of energy saving, which are based on generation of alternative energy sources in a complex, must be taken into account.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ SMART-КОНТРАКТІВ В УКРАЇНІ

The emergence of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, the development of information technologies and international electronic commerce have led to the formation of a new type of civil law contracts, namely smart contracts. The use of mathematical algorithms in the implementation of smart contracts contributes to reducing the costs of organizing business relations, speeding up the implementation of agreements between business partners and increasing the level of security in the process of their cooperation. Investigating the issue of conclusion and implementation of smart contracts, its key elements are given, namely: the parties to the contract, who, on the basis of an electronic digital signature, agree or reject previous agreements; the subject of the contract and the availability of tools necessary for its implementation; an algorithm that accurately describes the conditions for executing a smart contract; a decentralized platform in which the algorithm of the smart contract itself is written, the algorithm in which the specific conditions for the execution of the smart contract are described. The article highlights the program-coordinating, protective, guarantee and security functions of smart contracts. The comparative characteristics of a smart contract with a civil law contract are given. The main advantages and disadvantages of the formation and implementation of smart contracts in Ukraine are grouped. The conclusion of smart contracts in Ukraine entails certain risks associated with the legal regulation of such contracts, in particular when determining their legal status. A technology for the development and signing of a smart contract as an innovative tool for contractual relations has been formed, which provides for the implementation of the following stages: determining business conditions and requirements for a smart contract, choosing a blockchain platform, selecting tools for developing a smart contract, developing a smart contract and auditing smart contract, deploying and signing a smart contract. Smart contracts are successfully used in various fields, such as: international settlements, securities transactions, banking, real estate, international e-commerce, recruiting, insurance, marketing and logistics, public and administrative services, agricultural sector, energy, medicine, etc.

СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ В СОЦІАЛЬНИХ МЕРЕЖАХ

Trends of the development of international e-commerce in social networks have been examined in the article. The factors which influence the international e-commerce market as the element of market infrastructure in the digitalized business environment have been identified. The various scientific points of view on the interpretation of the category “international e-commerce” in the narrow and broad sense have been systematized. It has been determined that international e-commerce is the basic and effective tool for promoting business in social networks. It has been shown that the volume of international e-commerce in the global business environment is growing dynamically. It has been established that the expansion of the World Wide Web has made international e-commerce accessible to all people. It has been established that the development of the world e-commerce market is faster than the development of the real sector of the economy. It has been investigated that buying goods and services online became a common practice for many people around the world. Comparison of the three main e-commerce markets – United States, China and Europe has been made. The dynamics of the global digital population growth in the world has been studied. The number of active Internet users has been analyzed. The rating of the ten largest countries and e-commerce markets in the world has been presented. Interpretation of the essence of the concept of “international electronic commerce in social networks” has been given. The dynamics of the number of active users of social networks in the world has been given. The rating on activity of users of social networks has been presented. The basic opportunities of international e-commerce in the global business environment have been identified. The main ways of doing business through social networks have been identified. The directions of international e-commerce in social networks have been singled out. The main advantages of international e-commerce in social networks have been outlined (relative lightness of forming the potential target audience for further trade; wide opportunities are providing for effective presentation of information on goods (products, services) for their potential consumers; relative lightness of communication with potential customers).

The Impact of International Electronic Commerce on Export Trade: Evidence from China

The impact of international electronic commerce (IEC) on export trade increases along with its expanding scale. Based on relevant data and the gravity model of China’s IEC export trade, this paper develops a theoretical model that can be used in IEC scenarios, applies regression equations, a Hausman test, and other empirical methods to verify relevant data, and performs a robustness test. The purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanism of IEC impact on China’s trade, and hopefully to study the temporal structural changes of the impact of IEC activities on China’s export trade based on the financial crisis and European debt crisis variables. The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the large sample of China’s trade selected in this paper. It can also determine the changes in the distance effect of international trade in the era of IEC, and reveal the mechanism by which IEC applications help foreign trade enterprises overcome economic crises. Four key conclusions are obtained as follows. First, the development of IEC has significantly promoted the expansion of China’s export trade scale. Second, in the context of the global financial crisis and European debt crisis, the positive promotion effect of IEC on exports is not significant. Third, the promotion effects of IEC on China’s exports to both developing and industrialized countries are significant, with the impact on developed country exports being slightly greater. Fourth, although the geographical distance for measuring transportation costs has a negative effect on China’s exports, such effect has been greatly weakened.

Performance evaluation of e-commerce firms in China: Using three-stage data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist productivity index

As a new business form of international trade and electronic commerce, e-commerce has been a controversial topic that has attracted the attention of scholars and industry professionals. This study estimated the operating efficiency and total factor productivity (TFP) of listed e-commerce firms in China from 2015 to 2019. Three related methodologies were applied: data envelopment analysis (DEA), the Malmquist TFP index, and stochastic frontier analysis. The DEA analysis results showed that environmental variables exerted a substantial effect on technical efficiency. Most firms demonstrated effective technical efficiency after adjustment for input variables. Business-to-business firms had the highest operating efficiency, followed by business-to-consumer and production-to-consumer firms. Technical progress and scale were identified as two major factors affecting improvement in TFP. Hence, e-commerce firms should make full use of advanced technology and aim to achieve economies of scale.

РОЗВИТОК ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the study of the international e-commerce market and trends in the development of e-commerce in Ukraine, one of the key trends in the progressive development of the national economy and the world economy as a whole is international electronic commerce. Within accelerated development of information technology growing socio-economic needs influence Internet commerce constantly, as far as access to the resources of the global Internet information network opens up new opportunities. Therefore, the tendency to increase the volume of e-commerce and the importance of its optimization is obvious. The subject of the study is the analysis of the market of international e-commerce and Internet commerce in Ukraine at the present stage. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of e-commerce in Ukraine on the basis of information technology implementation tools and develop proposals for its further development in accordance with global trends. Objective: to study the development trends of international e-commerce and Internet commerce in Ukraine in connection with the growing role of computerization in the global dimension. The normative base of legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine, the concept of e-commerce and the main forms of Internet commerce are given. The number of Internet users in the world, the socio-demographic structure of regular Internet users in Ukraine, the net profit of world leaders in e-commerce, the dynamics of marketplaces with the Android application are analyzed. The following results were obtained: the analysis of the current state of e-commerce indicates the dynamic development of e-commerce in the world, including in Ukraine. It is investigated that the world leaders in e-commerce are Amazon and Alibaba, and in the Ukrainian e-commerce market – olx.ua, rozetka, prom.ua. It is established that e-commerce is a promising area of intensification of Ukraine's foreign trade activities. Conclusions: for the further development of e-commerce in Ukraine, increasing its volume in line with global trends and expanding actors in the e-commerce market, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions that would promote the inclusion of the state in the segment of international trade relations.

Comparison of approaches to legal regulation of e-commerce in the BRICS countries

The article examines the importance of e-commerce in the modern world, as well as the level of its development and legal regulation in the BRICS countries. The author studied the problems of functioning of international electronic commerce during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. For the purpose of comparative legal research, the legislation on electronic commerce of the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, Brazil, India, and the Republic of South Africa was considered. In the course of the study, it was concluded that the existence of a single normative act regulating exclusively legal relations within the framework of electronic commerce was the most effective way of legal regulation in this area.

Use of Generational Theory for the Assessment of Involvement In International Electronic Commerce Activities

Over the past two decades the number of Internet users around the world has incredibly increased. E-commerce is becoming a potential area for business development creating significant added value for the global economy. This increases competition between e-commerce platforms and makes it difficult to survive. The purpose of this article is to create a conceptual model for the success of e-commerce by identifying the factors that determine the involvement of different generations in the international e-commerce activities. An analysis of the scientific literature was carried out to identify the factors. The assessment of existing success factors and success models has identified weaknesses and shaped the model of e-commerce success, which includes the generational divide as a factor that determines the choice of the consumer.

Нові інституційні формати розвитку світової електронної торгівлі

The article examines the growing trends of institutionalization of the global e-commerce. It reveals the multilevel and multifaceted character of this process, which extends to the policies of both national states and international organizations and regional associations, and involves both state and non-state structures. The identified main changes in national institutional systems related to digital transformation embrace: a clearer definition of strategic priorities and tools for stimulating investment in digital infrastructure and developing digital competences; creation of free e-commerce zones; and implementation of a sound legal framework for digital transactions focusing on consumer protection, personal data and intellectual property, guaranteeing cybersecurity, promoting competition and enhancing competitiveness for small, medium and micro-enterprises. At the same time, there is an increase in electronic protectionism and measures to restrict the freedom of commercial operations in cyberspace. The author argues that the global nature of cyberspace determines the centrality of global and regional international organizations in the creation of the latest institutional digital trade formats. A key role in the mechanisms of global regulation of e-commerce should be played by the World Trade Organization, which requires adjustments and innovations in its mechanisms and agreements, in particular for the implementation of regulatory standards for the innovative institutional e-business formats. At the same time, there is a process of forming a network of international organizations for digital trade regulation, with increased differentiation and specialization, on the one hand, and coordination and cooperation of their regulatory functions – on the other hand. Regional policies and regulatory institutions, as well as regional integration associations play an important role in this system. However, the institutional support for digital commerce at the regional level is characterized by a considerable level of heterogeneity, and driven by cultural traditions and differences in the levels of socio-economic development. Prepared within the research on Formation of the Institutions of International Electronic Commerce in the Conditions of Emerging Information and Network Based Economy topic of Research on the Institutional Architectonics of Information and Network project at the Institute for Economics and Forecasting of NAS of Ukraine (2018-2020), state registration No 0117U001686.

Modern Trends of Development of Electronic Trade in the Conditions of Digital Economy

E-commerce is rapidly gaining popularity and is a dynamically developing industry in the global economy. With the help of information technologies, Internet companies are open to opportunities to develop new markets, providing the Internet consumer with great potential for product research. For the further effective development of commercial activity, an important condition is fulfilling the need to assess the main trends and changes in the development of electronic commerce.The purpose of the study is to analyze the development and current state of electronic commerce in the world, as well as develop methods and recommendations for participants in foreign economic activity doing business through the Internet in the interests of expanding companies and increasing the efficiency of their activities. Results. A study of the basic principles of electronic commerce and the factors affecting it. E-commerce systems are presented that enable buyers not only to interact with the seller, but also to receive the most complete information about the goods sold and the services provided. Using the results of the analysis, the state and main trends in the development of electronic commerce are determined. A system of indicators has been supplemented to assess the level of development of international electronic commerce.

International electronic commerce in the system of modern world economic relations.

Modern globalization processes are characterized by rapid economic development and the entry of our state into the European European space, which determines the new European level of development and requires the coverage and synthesis of theoretical issues with the development of practical recommendations for the improvement of trade relations inherent in the modern world. This research is based on understanding and systemic integration of the specifics, specific features and development pillars, namely, e-commerce, which provides opportunities for adaptation to new markets with new opportunities.

Current issues over electronic commerce in Brazil: vertical integration between platforms and payment systems, personal data protection and international regulatory cooperation

This article focuses on the trending issues about vertical integration between payment systems and the electronic commerce platforms from a Brazilian perspective. It describes the increasing international electronic commerce and it indicates three kinds of potential risks to consumers: direct, indirect and social. It shows that vertical integration can bring some benefits, which are very difficult to measure due to the related risks. The article creates a model of the remote commerce based on an evolution of a typology of typical trade relations to shed some light over the current automatization. Afterwards, the article states that the leakage of personal information coupled with vertical integration is a major threat to electronic businesses. It describes two international cases of mass data leakage to demonstrate the difficulties faced by the national systems in regulating transnational electronic commerce and data protection. Then, the article performs an assessment of the Brazilian legal system to conclude that there is a grave lack of integration of the electronic commerce regulations and that there is an absence of international cooperation provisions designed for electronic commerce. It concludes that Brazilian law may benefit from international experiences of personal data protection, and that the new legal provisions must take in account the risks associated with internationalization and vertical integration.

Cross-border e-commerce wzdłuż Cyfrowego Jedwabnego Szlaku

Electronic commerce has been developing along with the advancement of the Internet and technology. There have been numerous successes and failures among e-businesses, and one of the main reasons for either scenario is shown to be consumer satisfaction. Data shows that one of the major factors influencing customer experience is related to logistics. Along with the globalization of trade, cross-border e-commerce has brought new challenges that need to be overcome in order to meet the higher requirements of “digital consumers.” In spite of challenges, global e-commerce nowadays plays an essential role in promoting the development of both economy and industries, including logistics. Recently, global electronic commerce was included in the China-led Belt and Road Initiative, in particular with the Digital Silk Road, which emerged as a result of the initiative merging with the digital economy. This paper aims to explain what the Digital Silk Road refers to and what its relation is with international e-trade. Moreover, it presents an analysis of how the Digital Silk Road supports global e-trade and how cross-border e-commerce influences the Road. This paper forms part of a more thorough study of the role of international electronic commerce in facilitating trade along the Digital Silk Road.

DETERMINANTS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL e-COMMERCE

In this article the authors have considered and summarized results of previous scientific studies as well as some actual events and issues of comprehensive evaluation of determinants and factors of influence in particular on the development of international or domestic e-commerce. With the use of the system analysis e-commerce activities have been considered as a result of interactions between endogenous and exogenous environmental factors. Exogenous determinants of the international electronic commerce include micro- and macroenvironmental determinants. The microenvironmental determinants define a system of relations among consumers, competitors, potential competitors including manufacturers of substitutes, suppliers and intermediators. The macroenvironmental determinants are represented by economical, political and legal, scientific and technical, natural and social factors. Such an approach is a subject of our further scientific studies and it encourages the next stage of searches - research into the international aspects of institutional provisions for controlling international e-commerce activities.

THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

Urgency of the research. A retrospective study of international electronic commerce is timely diagnosing its current state for forecasting future situation, determine the level of involvement of Ukraine in international e-commerce. Target setting. The rapid variability of the environment, the dynamic development of the scientific sphere, active introduction of innovative technologies of information society has led to the emergence of a qualitatively new type of international e-trade. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Among the foreign scientists who studied the formation and development of international electronic commerce are J. Neumann, Dzh. Forester, Henry Morgan’s Harald company and Stanley [6] and so on. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The analysis of studies and publications shows that local scientists have not considered the possibility of including Ukraine into the international e-commerce as a promising direction revival of foreign trade activities of the state, most attention was paid to achieving positive results within the country. The research objective. An international study of electronic commerce in the world is appropriate and define the role of Ukraine as its member, which, combined with the discovery of the prospects of this form of economic relations in our country will propose ways to modernize ecommerce Ukraine towards intensification of foreign economic activity. The statement of basic materials. There is a clear upward trend in the number of Internet users, new post offices, including country. During last years the number of ATMs was increased, which is a prerequisite for the development of electronic commerce, although the structure of payments for purchased online products still continues to dominate the cash calculation. Currently trading over the Internet ranks 2nd in the structure of retail trade in Ukraine. Conclusions. Ecommerce should be positioned as a real opportunity to develop trade relations in Ukraine and in international economic activity.

International electronic commerce as the form of appearance of scientific and technical revolution in the Area of trading relations

Dissemination of Internet network, increase of the number of its users promoted development of regional and world electronic trade. However, different levels of social and economic development, different quality of infrastructure objects have significant influence at the rates of introduction of electronic commerce, its transformation at the steady system of economic links both — at the international and the regional level. The abovementioned stipulates the goal and the objective of this article, which is in studies of specific features of consolidation and unification of the latest tools of electronic commerce system in the world trade, establishment of the ways for introduction of innovation mechanisms for promoting development of international trade in the modern conditions of the economy.

Editorial: Mapping the Structure of International Research Collaboration Network and Knowledge Domains on Electronic Commerce in the Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research

IntroductionE-commerce has been an academic research discipline and a domain of practice since the 1990s, when the use of internet for commercial purposes started. This novel field of research required new venues to disseminate and present research ideas that could capture e-commerce knowledge from academia and industry. The Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) came to provide a space for this purpose in 2006 and since that time it has been a channel where researchers could publish their work. In the meantime, research topics on e-commerce have been evolving to reflect technological advancements and changes in society. These changes have impacted the patterns of collaboration among researchers around the world and the structure of knowledge-core subjects, concepts and phenomena- on e-commerce.This editorial explores the research published in the Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) from 2007 (i.e., since JTAER was indexed in Scopus) to 2014, providing a systematic review of the international collaboration patterns and the knowledge areas addressed by the journal. The objectives pursued by this study are:1. Illustrate the structure of the international collaboration network on e-commerce using the Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER)2. Identify the major domains of knowledge published in this journal3. Depict international collaboration in these major domains of knowledgeTo achieve these objectives, 175 research documents, published in JTAER between 2007 and 2014, in the category articles are analyzed. International collaboration among researchers in this journal is mapped using social network analysis techniques to identify the countries that collaborate and the ones that serve as a bridge for communication with other countries. Knowledge areas in the articles published in JTAER are mapped in accordance to the most relevant framework that structured the domains and themes in e-commerce research today [20].International Collaboration and Electronic Commerce ResearchResearch on international academic collaboration has witnessed a sustained increase interest from the worldwide scientific community in recent years [3], [7], [8], [12], [13], [14], [21], [22], [23], [24]. Research results suggest that the increase of international collaboration has fostered the citation impact of articles. For example, a research study reports that articles by authors from two different countries receive on average about 50% more citations than articles written by authors from a single country [6]. Another study reports that for science in general, articles published in international collaboration are cited twice as much as those published by means of the collaboration among authors coming from one country [10]. There is strong evidence that internationally co-authored publications have a higher impact than domestic ones [18]. A recent study found that Latin American papers on management published through international collaboration have 1.59 times more impact than those published through only domestic collaboration [15]. A different study researched the collaboration patterns and their relationships to the impact of the documents published in the field of management [24]. The authors analyze the collaboration networks of Chinese scholars and state that the accumulated number of Chinese authors and the accumulated number of articles published by Chinese authors increase by exponential form. Studies on the conformation and evolution of collaboration networks of a particular discipline through a journal are scarce. We are not aware of any previous study on the patterns of international collaboration research networks in e-commerce literature.Knowledge Domains in Electronic Commerce ResearchThe Internet was the main driving force behind the development of electronic commerce. From its beginning researchers have presented different frameworks to classify electronic commerce research and its development. …