International Division Of Labour Research Articles

СУЧАСНА ТЕОРІЯ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ

International trade is a system of international commodity-monetary and economic relations, consisting of foreign trade of all countries of the world. International trade is the central link of the link of global economic relations, mediating almost all types of international division of labor and connecting all countries of the world into a single international economic system. The purpose of the article is to highlight the problematic aspects of the modern theory of international trade. Methods used in the research: comparison, comparative analysis, systematization and logic, etc. The hypothesis of the study was the assumption that trade is a means by which countries can develop specialization, increase the productivity of their resources and, in general, increase the total volume of production (develop as a whole). Presenting main material. Economic and political risks in international trade are determined by geographic, political, and demographic factors. Modern international trade is dynamic. The structure and volumes of exports and imports of the turnover of various countries and regions of the world are rapidly and continuously changing. Originality and practical significance of the research. Modern theories of international trade either develop the principles of classical theories, extending them to a larger number of goods, countries and factors of production, or study certain aspects of international trade that for some reason remained unexplained by classical theory. Conclusions. The competitiveness of large national firms is certainly oriented towards national ones. To analyze their activities, Porter's concept of the value chain (value chain, production chain) is used, i.e. the set of business operations of the firm during which it creates added value. Concentration on the company's most expensive links of this chain (for example, R&D and sales) and the transfer of other operations to partner firms (foreign or domestic small and medium-sized enterprises) allows TNCs to maximize the production of added value. For example, the American company Nike dominates the world market of sportswear and shoes, but it almost does not produce them itself, because it distributes orders mainly to foreign partner companies and specializes in design and logistics.

“What I really wanted was some rivets, by heaven!” The labours of empire: Work and production in Conrad’s “Youth” and Heart of Darkness

ABSTRACT Written during the decline of the imperial-capitalist international division of labour, Joseph Conrad’s maritime adventures such as “Youth” constitute some of the earliest literary registrations of the stagnation of a world-system undergirded by the exploitation of labour. This is perhaps why Fredric Jameson claims that Conrad’s fictions mark “a strategic fault line in the emergence of contemporary narrative”. Conrad’s are some of the first texts to question whether imperial capitalism actually contributed to social development in the colonies. This article argues that his representation of the inefficiency and unproductivity of work aboard the Judea in “Youth” and in the Belgian Congo in Heart of Darkness signals a broader strategy of exploring the contradictions and discontinuities of the social logic that structures capitalist accumulation. Whilst still writing within an imperial language and logic, Conrad’s portrayal of imperial inefficiency in these texts moves towards representing the colonialist division of labour from without.

Capitalism, Imperialism and the Food Question

The success and failure of capitalism have been commonly measured by the yardsticks of industrialisation, technical progress and innovations in the financial markets. The emergence of industrial agriculture under successful capitalist transitions is supposed to have taken care of all food and raw material constraints that could have arrested the development of industrial economies and societies in the North. Simultaneously, the problems of underdevelopment and food insecurity in the South is attributed to internal constraints and barriers. The work of Utsa Patnaik challenges these views as she explored multiple aspects of the contribution of colonies to the advance of capital accumulation in the North. She delves into the nineteenth century ‘international division of labour’, the role of tropical food and raw materials exports by commercialised southern agriculture and implication for food security in the colonies. The objective of this article is to engage with the anti-imperial scholarship of Utsa Patnaik with a specific focus on the food question in capitalism. The article traces the evolution of the food question as capitalism evolved and dominated the world economy. JEL Codes: P1, F54, Q18

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ЗВ’ЯЗКИ МІЖ УКРАЇНОЮ ТА КАНАДОЮ В КОНТЕКСТІ УГОДИ ПРО ЗВТ

The new international division of labor, production internationalization along with the acceleration of integration processes development challenge the role of government and business elite in terms of fulfillment of the integration potential of the national economy to ensure its competitiveness on world markets and welfare of its citizens. The successful solution to a wide variety of issues related to the effective use of tariff and non-tariff regulation is a critical factor in the development of the integration potential of Ukraine. It is also obvious that already concluded FTAs require revision from the point of view of advocating economically more rational and expedient use of relevant instruments of government regulation of economic relations with partners. The study deals with the trade in goods between Ukraine and Canada in the context of Canada-Ukraine Free Trade Agreement. The data taken from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine allows to examine the commodity patterns of exports and imports, to analyze the dynamics of exports, imports, balance of trade in goods between Ukraine and Canada for 2016–2021. Exports of goods to Canada in 2016 – 28.9 mln USD and in 2021 – 160.1 mln USD, i.e. increased 5.5 times; the share of exports of the Ukrainian goods to Canada in all exports of goods of Ukraine grew 3 times from 0,08% to 0,24%. Imports of goods from Canada in 2016 – 217.3 mln USD, and in 2021 – 260.6 mln USD; the share of imports of the Canadian goods to Ukraine in all imports of goods of Ukraine decreased from 0,6% to 0,4%. The trade deficit in goods has been slightly improved: in 2016 the negative balance of trade in goods of -188.4 mln USD is observed and in 2021 it is -100.5 mln USD. The analysis of commodity pattern of Ukraine's exports and imports is presented to identify the changes in the share of the main product groups. It is emphasized that the trends of deindustrialization and primitivization of exports significantly narrow the possibilities for development of the integration potential of Ukraine. It is recommended to modernize the FTA with Canada so that its implementation contributes to the restructuring of the national economy. A key role in this restructuring should be played by the competitive industrial sector integrated into the world economy, which will also result in the long-term investments and additional opportunities for Ukraine to participate in those production segments of global chains where the maximum added value is created.

КРЕДИТНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ВАЛЮТНОГО ФОНДА – ПОМОЩЬ НУЖДАЮЩИМСЯ ИЛИ ИНСТРУМЕНТ ЗАКАБАЛЕНИЯ?

The article discusses three examples of lending to countries with different degrees of economic development. Macroeconomic analysis makes it possible to determine the specific effects of the crisis and the reforms of the International Monetary Fund on the economy, while the world-system analysis based on these data reveals the position of certain countries in the international division of labor.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ И ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ЕЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ В МИРЕ

In recent years, among the many global and most acute problems of mankind, a special place has been occupied by the solution of the food problem, since food, on the one hand, has become the most important geopolitical factor, and the sufficiency and usefulness of the nutrition of the population is a kind of measure of the well-being of any nation, on the other hand, everything in the world more often food is used in the political confrontation of countries and their individual groups. Moreover, in the future, the solution of the world food problem may turn out to be much more complicated and a longer process compared, for example, with overcoming global socio-political, environmental, financial, economic crises and cause an acute internal destabilization of the food supply, primarily in many developing countries with relatively rapidly growing but poor population, with all the ensuing negative consequences for them. The system of food supply and the international division of labor in the agrarian sphere of the economy that has developed in the world does not guarantee sufficient stability for the functioning of the world and many national agri-food markets, their individual product segments, as well of national systems for ensuring food security.

Resilience of Polish Exports to Non-Economic External Shocks

Goal – the paper aims to assess the resilience of Polish exports to disruptions caused by external factors of a non-economic nature, using the example of the shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Research methodology – the author of the study uses a literature review and analysis based on official statistics. The three dimensions of export resilience were operationalized and assessed, i.e. resistance, responsiveness and adaptation. Short- and medium-term results were evaluated. Score/results – Polish exports are not completely resilient to non-economic external shocks, as there has been a short-term deterioration in performance due to the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, but taking all dimensions of resilience together and the medium-term time horizon, the resilience of Polish exports to this type of disruptions has been strongly confirmed. Originality/value – the study responds to the need to assess the economic security of economies participating in the international division of labor in connection with the emergence of non-economic external shocks negatively affecting international cooperation. The study makes an important contribution to the recognition of the resilience of Polish exports, its various dimensions and over a longer time horizon. To date, such research has not been conducted, and the issue of trade resilience, although very important for continuing to reap the benefits of international trade, is not sufficiently explained.

Анализ внешнеэкономического потенциала стран Латинской Америки

The article analyzes the foreign economic potential of Latin American countries in the context of its development in the last decade, characterized by significant global crises and geopolitical upheavals. Considering that Latin American countries are active participants in international relations, including with the Russian Federation, and also play a significant role in the international division of labor, we have set the goal of the study – to quantify the changes and the state of the main economic indicators that reflect both foreign economic and domestic processes in the leading countries of the region under consideration, which determine their foreign economic potential. To achieve this goal, traditional methods of scientific knowledge, analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of analytical tools for working with statistical data were used: tabular, graphical, coefficient method, analytical indicators of time series. Based on the results of the study, a number of patterns of recent years have been identified. In particular, the region under consideration experienced the colossal destructive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, however, under these conditions, it generally retained its position in the share of world GDP, which is demonstrated by the analyzed international statistics. According to the results of the analysis, it was noted that the realization of the potential of Latin American countries and the development of their economies is ensured through significant structural changes with priorities for such sectors as the agro-industrial complex and high technology, which largely provides prospects for further development of foreign economic activity and strengthening its position in world markets. The data of international statistics demonstrate the effectiveness of the efforts of the leadership of these states to reduce dependence on the export of the oil and gas industry and develop other types of economic activity. A special place in the economies of countries and their potential as a global supplier is occupied by the modernizing agro-industrial complex, and the tourism services sector plays a significant role. The development of enterprises in the field of information and communication services and digital technologies is assessed by experts as the potential for new positive qualitative changes both for the domestic economy and for international cooperation. However, despite the potential, the economies of Latin America are also subject to systemic problems, which are also clearly reflected in the statistics. The main ones are: corruption, which prevents the formation of a favorable market environment; the complexity of organizing business activities; negative investment flows reflecting capital flight; low standard of living of the population as a whole. As a conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the main systemic problems that prevent the countries of Latin America from realizing their socio-economic potential, as well as about the possibilities of foreign economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and them.

Типологизация региональных систем России в связи с процессами декарбонизации экономики

The Paris Agreement on climate change was adopted on December 12, 2015 by 197 states. Despite mutual sanctions between Russia and a group of countries led by the United States, the agree-ment remains in force. Since sanctions negatively affect the dynamics of the global economy, they cannot be perpetually imposed. Therefore, the state should be ready for any changes in foreign economic relations, including the lifting of sanctions and, in particular, fulfilment of the requirements of the Paris Agreement. To decarbonise the economy, regions have to take effective action and thoroughly assess the future work. The influence of the emission factor in each region is determined by the scale and structure of the econ-omy. The study presents a typology of regions based on the scale of production, functional localisation, vol-ume and structure of exports to non-CIS countries, volume and structure of exports by economic sectors subject to environmental taxation by the European Union and members of the Paris Agreement. Industrial regions, being major exporters of fuel and energy, chemistry and petrochemistry, metals, agricultural pro-duction, are more dependent on decarbonisation. Economically underdeveloped regions, such as Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tyva, Chechnya and Jewish Autonomous Oblast, do not actively participate in the international division of labour and, consequently, do not depend on decarbonisation processes. Thus, the territorial differentiation of Russian regional systems should be considered when implementing socio-economic strategies, which take into account decarbonisation pro-cesses. Introduction of international hydrocarbon regulation by the European Union and transition to envi-ronmentally friendly technologies for the production of goods and services will require the territorial and structural transformation of regional economic systems.

International division of labor in civil aircraft industry

International division of labor in civil aircraft industry

Brands, pseudo-brands, and quasi-brands in the multi-level macroecosystem of nation branding

Goal: to apply an integral approach to building a model of a multi-level macroecosystem of nation branding based on: analyzing of options for representing the brand phenomenon in the context of the modern international division of labor; applying the brand concept behind the borders of markets for goods/services and relationships between their producers, sellers and consumers. Methodology: the theoretical research was carried out on the basis of a semantic-conceptual analysis of publications relevant to the purposes of the article concerning issues of brand representation, the country-of-origin effect, pseudo-foreign brands and the ecosystem approach in economics. Findings: three aggregated categories of brands were identified, their definitions were developed and relevant examples in various areas of the country’s socio-economic life were considered, as well as the feasibility of an ecosystem approach to country branding was substantiated. Originality and contribution: for the first time, along with the category of true brands of goods/services and corporations, quasi-brands and pseudo-brands are comprehensively considered (with special attention paid to the state and prospects of pseudo-foreign branding in Russia); in addition, an original model of a multi-level macro-ecosystem of country branding and a corresponding definition of the latter are proposed. Besides, the identification of complex connections between brands of these three categories made it possible to propose the author’s model of a centralized multilevel macroecosystem of nation branding and an original definition of the latter.

INFLUENCE OF AIR TRANSPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

In the modern world, aviation plays an extremely important role because it allows us to cover thousands of kilometres quickly. Every year, more and more new airlines are created, trying to win the favour of passengers. Aviation serves almost all points of the globe. The main task of the industry is to ensure the rapid and sustainable development of aviation technology and infrastructure and to adapt existing capacities to new opportunities for their operation. Air transport is an integral part of the modern system of economic relations. In the conditions of the progressive international division of labour and the growth of international economic and cultural ties, its importance for the world economy is becoming increasingly significant. Air transport belongs to the branches of the world economy that develops much faster than others. Today, one of the main sources of atmospheric pollution is transport. Although aviation is significantly (approximately 15 times) inferior to road transport in terms of the pollutants emitted into the air, it affects the ecology of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere every day. The peculiarity is that aviation affects air quality at the local, regional and global levels, unlike other forms of transport. The share of air transport in the world economy is constantly growing, which is facilitated by both technological development and the latest developments in the aviation industry, as well as globalization and ever-closer business and cultural ties between different countries of the world (Civil Code of Ukraine, 2003).

ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ ЯК ПЕРЕДУМОВА ФОРМУВАННЯ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПОТОКІВ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The article discusses the main aspects of intermational migration. International migration is a process of crossing borders by population for long-term aims. International migration streams are described as the amount of migrants that cross the border within the one certain route. The volume of international migration depends on key important factors. Studying the determinants, the author has found out that the they are firmly connected with the problem of reasons and consequences of international migration streams. The question of the mounting amount of population in poor countries and the problem with the increasing of negative effects of transnational corporations activity have been investigated in the aspect of the globalisation of international economic relationships. Various factors have been mentioned. The risks connected with the tax dodge, the acts of taking control over the largest part of domestic firms and politic impact on the country’s parliaments are among the most hazardous. The vital issue that has been studied by the autor is the influence of world crisises and military conflicts on the world economy at all. In the addition to the main part of the study the graph with the information of increasing amount of migrants has been attached to the work. During the study the author has figured out that the consequences of globalisation affected mostly the volume of international labour migration. The number of migrants has rocketed since the first features of globalization have been noticed. According to the open resources that have been used while studying the determinants of migration processes, globalization is the process the is described as an increase of number of international connections among the countries all over the globe. The most known features of global world are the enhancement of international division of labour, the economy of volume of production, the improvement of competitiveness, the increase of productivity, the maximization in usage of financial resources and the progress of innovation implementation. As a result of the work it has been concluded that precondition of formation of migration streams is determinants (key factors) that influence the rate and volume of migration and, as a fact, change its structure and directions.

Economic globalization and countereconomic globalization from the perspective of Marx's theory of international division of labor

Economic globalization and countereconomic globalization from the perspective of Marx's theory of international division of labor

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ І ІНСТИТУЦІЙНІ МОДЕЛІ ЕВОЛЮЦІЇ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ТРАНСФЕРУ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ

It is well known that an extremely important role in ensuring long-term economic growth is played by the educational component of the technological evolution of world society. The circle of factors for the activation of technology transfer activities in the conditions of technoglobalism is quite wide, which is due to the awareness of the complexity of both the nature of socio-economic development and its driving forces. Summarizing the main provisions of scientific works on the development of Industry 4.0 makes it possible to single out a number of key factors of international scientific and technological exchange in the conditions of technoglobalism. It is well known that in the era of the dynamic deployment of Industry 4.0 and the widespread introduction of its technologies into the processes of global social reproduction, such processes as the digitization of all links of supply chains, conscientious and responsible performance of mutual obligations by business partners, permanent procurement and tracking of deliveries in real time mode. We can also identify the following stages of evolutionary development of models of international technology transfer, namely: the period of absence of a clearly defined model; the period of dominance of linear models of technology sharing; the period of formation of his interactive models; the period of dissemination of models of knowledge ecosystems. Now, as we can observe, the formation and dynamic introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies into global social production prove the objectivity, regularity and irreversible nature of the process of further deepening of the international division of labor according to all its key structural components – specialization and production cooperation. We can state that on the scale of the global economy, activities in the field of cross-border technology transfer are considered as a set of national policies in the field of higher education, science, innovation, migration, as well as business and antimonopoly policy. In addition, the practical development of the concept of open innovation and open science causes a significant expansion of international and global networks, specialized knowledge clusters and joint ventures, entrepreneurship research centers and science parks.

FATORES GEOFÍSICOS E DETERMINISMO ECONÔMICO. ALGUMAS CHAVES PARA TRAÇAR AS ORIGENS DA AGROEXPORTAÇÃO NA AMÉRICA LATINA

In this paper, we seek to analyze some correlations between the international division of labor, power, and the configuration of agrarian space in Latin America, using as our main theoretical reference the Food Regimes approach, conceived by Harriet Friedmann and Philip McMichael. The starting point is that, although the social division of labor obeys historical factors, it has been naturalized and masked by fetishes that alienate us from space, commodities, and other information flows, not perceived as social relations, but as mere objects. Regarding the international division of agricultural labor, we will review some links between climatic zones and the bifurcation of the diet (class diet) in this region, for this, we will introduce the concept of exoticization of intertropical agriculture, in which we identify two interdependent meanings: the first associated with the Colombian exchange and consequent introduction of foreign animal and plant species, and which spanned the entire globe as modern society arose, however, the second meaning is circumscribed to the intertropical zone of the planet, and can be defined as the construction of an idea of inferiority and complementarity of the crops of the said climatic zone in relation to those of temperate zones; again, our focus will be on Latin American countries: Central America, the Caribbean, and Northern South America.

1950년대 사회주의진영 국제분업론과 북한의 대응

The economic aid from the socialist camp including the Soviet Union was of huge help in North Korea"s post-war recovery and its process of socialist industrialization policies. But there were some points that both side could not agree with each other. In the economic aspect, socialist solidarity is required for the integration of each state"s economic plans based on trade. Entering the middle 1950s, the socialist theory of the international division of labor was established more clearly around the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Relatively less developed nations in the socialist camp including North Korea resisted the principle of the international division of labor and put a priority on their industrialization. In 1958, North Korea made it"s the First Five-Year Plan containing prospects for its future industrial constructions, and it was accompanied by the decision of the Soviet Union to support the plan. North Korea was able to get the content of support they wanted in some areas. Although it acted in concert with the atmosphere of the socialist camp yet, North Korea began to make its position.

DYNAMICS OF UKRAINE’S EXPORT IN THE CONDITIONS OF A FULL-SCALE WAR: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE WAYS OF THEIR ELIMINATION IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The article is devoted to the study of the consequences of the full-scale war in Ukraine as a factor, the reduction of its key export positions, and the identification of ways to support national exporters. The article examines the dynamics and current state of Ukraine’s exports, which play an important role in its economy. The traditionally dominant raw material positions in the structure of domestic exports were noted. It shows the reduction of Ukrainian exports in all product groups with the beginning of the full-scale war, and practically cessation in some traditionally key positions (export of metals). The reasons for the reduction of the export potential due to the drop in metallurgical production, disruption of logistics, and the reduction of the export potential of the oil-fat segment of the agricultural sector, mainly concentrated in the regions where active military operations are being conducted, are indicated. Modern trends in the structure of domestic exports are analyzed, and the reasons for the changes are revealed. Changes in the export specialization of the regions of Ukraine over the last decade are shown. Exports of Ukraine in 2022 were analyzed by month, product category, countries, and regions of the world. The instruments of national exporters’ support from both the state (from foreign market analysis, educational activities and consulting, search for partners to grants from the state and donor organizations) and the EU (specific actions towards trade liberalization) are named. It was noted that the EU membership candidate status opens up significant prospects for the Ukrainian industry, related to the use of opportunities for attracting foreign investments, technology transfer, and participation in various EU development programs. The study proves that at the current stage, the foreign and regional policy of the state, and the strategy of foreign economic activity of Ukrainian business entities should be focused on restoring the export potential, strengthening the position of Ukraine in the system of the international labor division, increasing the competitiveness of the domestic enterprises’ products, expanding sales markets, improving the export structure, achieving sustainable economic growth.

Post-war restructuring of the agricultural sector of Ukraine: elimination of distortions to achieve stability and well-being

The relevance of the study is due to the formation of the rent-seeking model of the agricultural sector, the dominance of the raw material structure of export and the related socio-economic problems that have escalated to the scale of national security in the context of Russia’s war against Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to identify cause-and-effect relationships of structural distortions of the agricultural sector and justify the state regulatory policy aimed at strengthening its sustainability. The methods of empirical observation, expert evaluations, dynamic series of statistics, monographic, critical analysis, graphic tools, statistical database processing, system-structural processing of material, abstract-logical and other tools. The scale of destruction of assets of the agricultural sector and ecology as a result of Russian aggression was revealed. The institutional prerequisites for structural distortions in the agricultural sector are substantiated. The dynamics of export-import operations of the agricultural sector and alternative possibilities in the international division of labour to increase its efficiency are highlighted. Measures to restore animal husbandry by activating micro and small businesses, establishing equivalent relations of market counterparties and their observance of virtuous practices have been developed. The practical significance is reflected with a proposal on overcoming the protracted crisis in animal husbandry through an inclusive approach to the realization of the potential of micro, small, and medium-sized farms

Recycling of Plastic Waste: A Systematic Review Using Bibliometric Analysis

Research into plastic recycling is rapidly increasing as ocean and land pollution and ecosystem degradation from plastic waste is becoming a serious concern. In this study, we conducted a systematic review on emerging research topics, which were selected from 35,519 studies on plastic recycling by bibliometrics analysis. Our results show that research on the biodegradability of plastics, bioplastics, life cycle assessment, recycling of electrical and electronic equipment waste, and the use of recycled plastics in construction has increased rapidly in recent years, particularly since 2016. Especially, biodegradability is the most emerging topic with the average year of publication being 2018. Our key finding is that many research area is led by developed countries, while the use of recycled plastics in the construction sector is being actively explored in developing countries. Based on our results, we discuss two types of recycling systems: responsible recycling in the country where plastic waste is generated and promoting recycling through the international division of labor between developed and developing countries. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches and propose necessary measures for sustainable and responsible production and consumption of plastics such as waste traceability system and technology transfer between developed and developing countries.