International Dictionary Research Articles

Smith, Colin, in collaboration with Manuel Bermejo Marcos and Eugenio Chang-Rodriguez. Collins Spanish-English English-Spanish Dictionary London and Glasgow: Collins, 1971; De Gamez, Tana (Editor in Chief). Simon and Schuster’s International Dictionary. English-Spanish Spanish-English. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973; Castillo Carlos and Bond, Otto F. University of Chicago Spanish Dictionary Spanish-English English-Spanish. Revised by D. Lincoln Canfield. Chicago and London:

Smith, Colin, in collaboration with Manuel Bermejo Marcos and Eugenio Chang-Rodriguez. <i>Collins Spanish-English English-Spanish Dictionary</i> London and Glasgow: Collins, 1971; De Gamez, Tana (Editor in Chief). <i>Simon and Schuster’s International Dictionary. English-Spanish Spanish-English</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973; Castillo Carlos and Bond, Otto F. <i>University of Chicago Spanish Dictionary Spanish-English English-Spanish</i>. Revised by D. Lincoln Canfield. Chicago and London:

Health and Normality

IN ORDER to diagnose any disease, a standard of reference is required. This standard is the state of or normality. The term health is said to be the general condition of the body or mind with reference to soundness or vigor, and to freedom from disease or ailment ( Random House Dictionary of the English Language , unabridged edition, 1966). When we say that a person is in good health, we mean that this person may indulge in physical and mental activities without distress, and is free from diseases that may threaten his or her well-being or life. 1 Similarly, the orthodox medical definition of normal denotes the absence of infection, disease, or malformation, or the absence of experimental, or therapeutic manipulations ( Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language , second edition, unabridged, 1960). With these definitions, we may expand the concept of normality to include and describe each of the

A program to hyphenate English words

Hyphenation programs used in computerized typesetting employ varied techniques-often in combination-to determine where to break the last word on a line. Usually, a dictionary lookup procedure is combined with a `logical hyphenation program' which bases its decisions on the recognition of certain characters, strings of characters, or patterns of vowels and consonants. The described program is such a logical routine. It is based on the word division rules of Webster's New International Dictionary and recognizes prefixes, suffixes, and other letter combinations which require special processing, including strings which are likely to belong to accented syllables.

Political Dictionaries: A Bibliographical Essay

The editors and authors of these ten books call them dictionaries. All the same, these political dictionaries must not be confused with a standard desk dictionary, let alone the massive unabridged kind. Webster's Eighth New Collegiate Dictionary (1973) has 150,000 entries with 27,000 usage examples which, with some additions, is based on Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1969) with 450,000 entries and 200,000 usage examples. The largest of the volumes reviewed here has fewer than 4,100 entries, and most have far fewer, so that the books are not comprehensive in the sense of exhausting their subject and capturing all possible terminology.t It remains true that the more specialized books here, limited to definite subjects, provide cohesive and ample treatments. This is particularly true for Abrams on cities, Luttwak on armaments, and Safire on American political catchwords and usages. They are really books that could have been cast in other forms than dictionaries, but their authors simply found it attractive to do their work in this format

Simon and Schuster's International Dictionary English/Spanish Spanish/English

Simon and Schuster's International Dictionary English/Spanish Spanish/English

Simon and Schuster's International Dictionary: English-Spanish, Spanish-English

Simon and Schuster's International Dictionary: English-Spanish, Spanish-English

So eh? is Canadian, eh?

In a somewhat condescending review of A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles some years ago, Mavor Moore complained about “a slighting of spoken practice and of distinctive Canadian syntax,” among his objections being the absence of an entry for eh?, for “both the English and the Americans can spot a Canadian from his ‘eh?’ at the end of a sentence: ‘It’s hot, eh?’” Admittedly, the interjection is not in the DC; moreover, there are no slips for eh? in the citation files of the Lexicographical Centre for Canadian English. This situation certainly indicates that the readers for the DC did not consider it a Canadianism: either that or they were unaware that eh? might be relevant to the collection.The second of these possibilities may be set aside, for eh? is, in fact, entered in the Intermediate Dictionary and the Senior Dictionary, general dictionaries of English published in Canada for Canadians as part of the Dictionary of Canadian English series, to which the DC belongs. It should be added that eh? is also entered in every general dictionary of English, both British and American, on my shelves—a very considerable collection indeed, and one which includes the Oxford English Dictionary and Webster’s New International Dictionary (Third Edition).

A Program to Hyphenate English Words

Hyphenation programs used in computerized typesetting employ varied techniques-often in combination-to determine where to break the last word on a line. Usually, a dictionary lookup procedure is combined with a "logical hyphenation program" which bases its decisions on the recognition of certain characters, strings of characters, or patterns of vowels and consonants. The described program is such a logical routine. It is based on the word division rules of Webster's New International Dictionary and recognizes prefixes, suffixes, and other letter combinations which require special processing, including strings which are likely to belong to accented syllables. Otherwise, normal processing consists of finding the character pair corresponding to the greatest interruption of spoken sound, using a prestored table which contains a "break value" for each possible pair of characters. The program was coded for the RCA Spectra 70/45. Program performance was evaluated by simulation of line justification in a narrow column measure.

A Grammar of Coördinate Conjoined Structures: I

a REDUCTION transformation. A set of selection features based on properties of the quantifiers each, all, and both are discussed and shown to play a significant role in the grammar of coordinate conjoined structures. Of two hypotheses for describing such structures, one, the Phrase Structure Rule Hypothesis, is shown to extend naturally to the grammar of respectively sentences and reciprocal constructions, including constructions which incorporate the element each other. An alternative hypothesis, the Conjunction Reduction Hypothesis, is shown to have significant failings.1 1. BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM STATEMENT. Webster's New international dictionary (2nd ed.) defines a conjunction as 'a connective or connecting particle with the special function of joining together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words'. A coordinate conjunction is defined as 'a conjunction that marks equal rank between the words or word groups that it connects'.2 The coordinate conjunctions that will be discussed in this study are and, or, and nor. The reasons for distinguishing these three conjunctions from all the other conjunctions in English will be presented as the analysis of coordinate conjoined structures proceeds. One significant characteristic of these three conjunctions is that they have co-occurrence restrictions with certain quantifiers. If we consider coordinate conjunctions of singular noun phrases, the conjunction and occurs with each, all, and both; or occurs with either; and nor can occur with

The Effects of Horticultural Practices on Man and his Environment

Abstract It is recognized that the practice of horticultural science is not necessarily synonymous with the general practice of agriculture. Webster’s New International Dictionary defines horticulture as “the cultivation of a garden or orchard, the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers and ornamental plants; one of the main divisions of agriculture.” You may or may not agree with this definition or there may be a more accurate and up-to-date one. Nevertheless, the definition does establish certain limits or boundaries of your science. However, the impact of horticultural practices on man and his environment are not as well defined.

The Effects of Horticultural Practices on Man and his Environment

Abstract It is recognized that the practice of horticultural science is not necessarily synonymous with the general practice of agriculture. Webster’s New International Dictionary defines horticulture as “the cultivation of a garden or orchard, the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers and ornamental plants; one of the main divisions of agriculture.” You may or may not agree with this definition or there may be a more accurate and up-to-date one. Nevertheless, the definition does establish certain limits or boundaries of your science. However, the impact of horticultural practices on man and his environment are not as well defined.

Pediatric and Pediatrics

I wish to express my concern with the widespread, incorrect use of the words "pediatric" and "pediatrics." With increasing frequency, medical journals and even more often, people in conversation, use such phrases as "pediatrics resident," "pediatrics service," and "pediatrics department," employing a noun as a modifier of another noun. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language states: pediatric also paediatric/ /adj. (paed- + -iadnic): of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children (an effective ~ service): belonging to or concerned with pediatrics.

EDITORIAL ABBREVIATIONS-Reply

The American Medical Association's Style Book and Editorial Manual demands that an expression be spelled out the first time used in a manuscript, with the abbreviation immediately following in parentheses. Thereafter, the abbreviation may be used alone. Some standard phrases, such as venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL), come to be known better by the standard abbreviation, so much so that writers will speak of the VDRL test, without knowing what the abbreviation really stands for. Webster's Third New International Dictionary began a bold venture into abbreviations, listing many yet still unknown to much of the editorial world. The need for abbreviations is especially great in chemistry, or in other fields which employ long technical phrases. Dermatology is not exceptionally prone. Absent from Webster's Second International , the abbreviations in the Third scarcely meet the need. It gives nine definitions of MD, but only one for TCA. Consequently, for the present it

Little Boy and Little Girl

ANYONE WHO has ever found himself, or, more typically, herself, in a playground minding a three-year-old has on innumerable occasions had to answer question, Is that your little boy (or little girl) ? The alternatives to little boy/little girl are boy/girl and son/daughter. Either pair would be accounted more formal, especially latter. Only little boy/little girl can describe in vernacular a boy or girl considered too old to be called a baby-usually age at which child walks unaided-and too young to be called a boy or girl without qualification-usually age of early elementary-school grades.1 By age of ten or eleven, boys and girls are seldom called little. A study that I have been engaged with on language used in children's literature has tended to corroborate these general observations and to raise question whether these expressions are compounds that merit inclusion in English dictionaries. 1. Philip Babcock Gove, editor-in-chief of Webster's Third New International Dictionary, fortunately published working guidelines governing inclusion of compounds in his dictionary.2 Self-explanatory compounds, he says, are to be excluded from dictionary. He adds that for W3 purposes the term self-explanatory designate[s] a regularly formed compound of which component elements are vocabulary entries, of which meaning, spelling, and pronunciation are readily attainable by addition of its component elements, and which consequently requires no formal definition.3 He then defines key words used in that statement, namely, regularly formed, compound, vocabulary entries, and attainable, and says that a failure to meet specifications of any one of these items disqualifies a compound as self-explanatory and requires its inclusion in dictionary. In next two sections I shall consider meanings Gove attributes to compound and to attainable.

Shallow Shelf Sedimentation in Rock Record--Introduction to Symposium: ABSTRACT

A is defined in Webster's Third International Dictionary as 1 a : a thin, flat, usually long and narrow piece of wood or other material fastened horizontally at a distance from the floor (as on a wall or in a frame) to hold objects; and 2 : something resembling a in form or position. Something resembling a in the contemporary geologic scene cannot be well defined. For example, modern continental are defined in different ways by hydrographers, by geographers, and by geologists. Some describe the continental as a surface marginal to continents and lying between the strandline and that place where the sloping surface of the lithosphere steepens toward a deeper part of the ocean basin, regardless of water depth. Others define the as that surface between sea level and a particular depth (commonly 100 fm), irrespective of steepening of the surface. Still others apply the term shelf to surfaces formed under the control of erosional, depositional, or structural agencies, or by various more specific biologic or sedimentologic agencies. In most cases, a surface so defined displays the same topographic habit for a distance in either direction from the strandline. With so many apparent variations, can any consensus definition of shelf be established within the geologic community? The presumably representative AGI Glossary and the pertinent literature demonstrate that the term shelf is applied to any shallow marine sediment. Examples include deposits formed in a great range of physical and tectonic environments. Among these are continental shelves, broad shallow intracontinental basins (epeiric seas), stable shelves at cratonic margins, shallow intracratonic basins, and various types of geosynclines. Physical environments in which deposits form are neritic, littoral, and paralic. For the purpose of this symposium, shelf is used in a broad sense. Shelf sediments are subaerial and submarine sediments which were deposited on a relatively shallow, uniformly, gently sloping surface which includes the marine-land interface of the strandline. The zone of sedimentation as here defined is terminated landward and seaward by a perceptible change in the slope and topographic character of the depositional interface. The purpose of this symposium is to bring together various contemporary viewpoints on sediments. To this end authors representative of the various schools of thought and subdisciplines of studies have been invited to contribute basic papers related to the geology, biology, and chemistry of shelves, or papers illustrating typical from various parts of the rock record. It is hoped that such an enunciation of principles and examples will bring into focus the parameters that have controlled sediment accumulation in shallow seas associated with the continental masses and will lead to the construction of reliable theoretical models for their interpretation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 709------------

The concept of word derivation

Introduction The term ‘derivation’ in linguistics is used in two different senses. In one sense it indicates the historical or diachronic development of a word, either from an earlier form of the word or by addition of an affix to an existing word; the Oxford English Dictionary (1961 : 228) defines derivation as,‘Formation of a word from a more primitive word or root in the same or another language; origination as a derivative’. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1965 : 608) defines it as ‘The forrration of a word from an earlier word or base usu. by the addition of an affix usu. noninflectional.. .’ In a second sense derivation indicates the formation of a word synchronically from a word which is said to ‘underly it’; Webster’s defines derivation in this sense : ‘Relation of a word to its base as expressed usu. in terms of presence of an affix, q . . vowel alternation J . . . consonant alternation’ . . . difference of accent J . o . absense of one or more sounds, . . . or zero difference J . . . (2) : the relation of a word to its base when the two do not belong to the same inflectional paradigm '1 *.. ) It is possible to describe a language from two basically different points of view: non-transformational and transformational (explanatory or generative). A non-transformational description is basically concerned with la,beling and classifying the constituents and describing the relationships among those constituents. The primarv aim of an explanatory description’ on 1 he other hand, is that fully adequate grammar must assign to each of an infinite range sentences a structural description indicating how this sentence understood by the ideal speaker-hearer’ (Ghomsky, 1965: 4-5). J

On Defining Adjectives: Part II

1. In the world of reality for which the elements of language are symbols, there are no visualizable objects which correspond to adjective symbols. Instead there are things having certain states or qualities to which correspond, in the realm of language, the combination noun plus modifying adjective. It is obviously difficult to think of state or quality as distinct from specific things having that state or quality. 2. Occasions when definition in the simple analytical style (genus + diflerentiae) is possible are rarer among adjectives than among other major parts of speech, for by and large adjectives seem less likely than nouns and verbs to occur in those hierarchies of sense-from most specific to most general-whose existence is basic to an analytical definition. Hence, the definer-unless he can find a synonym devoid of the faults of inexactness, ambiguity, circularity, and unfamiliarity-must frequently resort to a truncated or formulaic definition (e.g., ominous:of or related to an omen). 3. Many adjectives-especially those which are noun-derivatives with suffixes of multiple meaning-present the paradox of having numerous meanings but low over-all frequency. Practical considerations call for treating the various meanings of such adjectives in minimum space, using defining formulas which will cover several related meanings simultaneously; yet the acceptable practice of writing definitions which have breadth of sense-coverage too easily degenerates into an unacceptable practice of writing definitions which are merely vague or actually inexact. Because of these difficulties in defining adjectives, definers for Webster's Third New International Dictionary (NID 3) were given a guide to a wider variety of adjective-defining formulas than might be thought of offhand. This guide, dated May 9, 1955, includes forty-five numbered paragraphs,

Is the Governance of the Medical Schools Adequate to Meet the New Demands?

Governance is defined in Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition , as Act, manner, office, or power of governing; government.... Method or system of government or regulation. If we apply this definition to medical schools we are not concerned solely with the dean. We include the trustees or regents; the president and his staff; vice presidents, the dean, department chairmen, faculty and external agencies, federal and private, that influence the decision-making process. My assignment is to present the reasons why the Macy Foundation became interested in the problems of governance, what we have done, and what we plan to do in the future. The medical schools have undergone what it is not an overstatement to call wrenching changes in the last 20 years. First, there has been an explosive growth in the variety and scale of programs. Second, there have been rapid changes in the character of the medical schools. They

A Working Lexicographer Appraises Webster's Third New International Dictionary

W HEN THE NID 3 was published in 1961, we on the dictionary staff at Funk & Wagnalls were eager to see and use it. One of our colleagues had been on the Merriam-Webster staff for five .years, and we had avidly read the advance publicity. One day the mint-new books came into the office and we clustered about them as about a feast. Being professionals we were somewhat guarded in rendering judgment, but quite soon a strong anti-Third party emerged, along with a smaller pro-Third party. It should be noted that dictionary people in general tend to be very loyal to their own books and fierce toward others.

Atlas der Retinopathia diabetica.

According to Webster's Third New International Dictionary , an atlas is bound collection of tables, charts or plates, illustrating any subject. In the Atlas der Retinopathia diabetica , the excellent colored photographs form only a small part of the book and serve to illustrate brief clinical histories of diabetic patients who had retinal pathology. The remainder of the atlas is a 31-page text in semi-outline form, which describes the eye changes, especially the retinopathy, associated with diabetes mellitus. There is a bibliography which includes most of the outstanding work that has been done in this field.