Internal Reserves Research Articles

A bioenergetics approach to modelling tolerance limits under acute thermal stress in farmed finfish

Pinpointing thermal tolerance thresholds for commercially important species, such as aquaculture finfish, under acute and chronic thermal stress is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of climate change. While experimental research, traditionally quantified by the determination of the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTmax), offers valuable insights, it is necessary to further develop appropriate tools to provide predictions and shed light on the underlying mechanisms of thermal tolerance. Bioenergetic models have long been used to study the effects of temperature on fish metabolism under chronic, but rarely under acute, scales. In this study, we present a modelling approach based on the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory that describes the tolerance limits of fish under acute thermal stress in bioenergetics terms. It adopts the notion of an energy-dependent tolerance to stress and defines acute tolerance limits at the intersection of fundamental energy fluxes, namely those relating to the mobilization of energy and to maintenance costs. To showcase this approach, DEB models for two finfish, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the meagre (Argyrosomus regius) were used to run acute thermal challenge simulations and study shifts in the critical temperature achieved by the fish. The results suggest that the model can adequately capture the general tolerance patterns observed experimentally for the two species as well as pinpoint the parameters that may influence them. In particular, the simulations showed a positive relation between acclimation temperature and tolerance while the opposite stands for the body size of the fish, with smaller fish achieving higher critical temperatures than their larger counterparts. Also, tolerance limits were affected by the state of internal reserves, with well-fed fish exhibiting higher values. Finally, the potential application of this modelling approach on higher taxonomic scales was evaluated, by running simulations on species belonging to major fish orders. The preliminary results suggest that the method can capture differences among groups that are consistent with literature, suggesting it may be a realistic mechanistic approach for studying thermal tolerance in ectotherms.

Plant “Geophysics” in the 1920s – 1930s in the Context of Soviet Industrial Modernization

Introduction. The relevance of the topic is due to the importance of studying the mechanisms of industrial modernization in the 1920s – 1930s in comparison with the modern period of modernization taking place in the conditions of the information society. The experience of early Soviet industrial modernization can be useful in today’s difficult geopolitical conditions in which the next technological transition takes place. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the theory of modernization, taking into account the development of the economy, technology and the socio-cultural sphere. The formation of one of the enterprises of the optical-mechanical industry of the USSR is considered in the context of industrialization in the optical industry. The combination of macro- and micro-historical perspective of the study made it possible to study the phenomenon of industrial modernization at different levels. Results. In the development of the plant “Geophysics” in the 1920s – 1930s the processes of industrial recovery during the years of the NEP and the features of the Soviet industrialization were reflected. The dynamics of the plant’s development during the first five-year plans is impressive. In terms of technology, the plant moved to the third technological order. The plant began production of sophisticated optical instruments for defense purposes. The mechanisms of the planned economy harmoniously combined with the process of industrial modernization. Discussion and Conclusions. The features of “Stalin’s industrialization” were: a forced character; borrowing imported technologies with adaptation to domestic production; military sector priority. The problems of the first five-year plans (increased planned commitments, limited capital investment, overtime work, shortage of materials, interruptions in the supply of imported equipment, shortage of qualified personnel) were solved with the help of administrative resources, the reliance of the enterprise on internal reserves, the enthusiasm of workers and non-economic incentives, socialist competition, advanced training and a progressive bonus system of remuneration.

Rice growing in Kazakhstan: internal reserves and competitiveness

The goal is to determine the current state and development trends of agricultural enterprises in the Kyzylorda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan and their economic potential, directions for innovative development and increasing profitability of rice production. Methods – systematic approach, comparisons, systematization, generalization of data. Results – rice takes the third place in the menu of Kazakhstanis after bread and meat. Rice growing is an important component of ensuring the country's food security and has great export opportunities. The problems of the industry are shown, which reduce the volume of cultivation of this crop, limit exports, and do not contribute to improving the quality of products and expanding their market: low level of material and technical equipment; creation of cluster farms; lack of high-yielding zoned varieties; integration between the subjects of agro-industrial complex in the process of processing, storage, transportation. Conclusions – the study allowed the authors to prioritize the expansion of crop rotation and the use of highly productive species; formation of investment funds from nonbudgetary and budgetary sources; the use of the leasing mechanism as a means of providing the necessary equipment at competitive prices; development of a system of agrotechnical measures, while it is recommended to improve the condition of inter-farm and on-farm main canals, drainage systems, in order to increase their efficiency. The increase in the range of rice products is the result of the interaction of organizational-production, natural-climatic and socio-economic factors. The special role of the introduction of resource-saving and innovative technologies is emphasized, which is impossible without public support for agricultural producers in reconstruction of rice irrigation systems, subsidizing seed production, updating mechanization, and buying fertilizers. The need to increase the size of subsidies is associated with a sharp increase in prices for fuels and lubricants and other inventory items for sowing and harvesting.

STRATEGY AS A TOOL FOR ENSURING THE EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF THE ENTERPRISE

The real sector of Ukraine’s economy is currently characterized by crisis phenomena that hold back the pace of its recovery. In this regard, focusing on short-term development programs, the absence or wrongly chosen strategy leads only to the localization of losses and to a decrease in the efficiency of enterprises in the long term. In turn, this necessitates the implementation of strategic management, which provides an opportunity for enterprises to ensure economic growth and get out of a crisis state. The article presents developments in the field of strategic management, highlights methodological problems of strategizing. Theoretical approaches to the formation of enterprise strategies are considered. It was established that the process of strategic management in Ukraine requires the use of modern technologies and tools. That is why there is a need to deepen research into the theoretical and methodological foundations of strategic management at all levels. The necessity of using the strategizing system as a tool for mobilizing internal reserves, taking into account external factors, forming and implementing strategies, promoting the development of the enterprise in the long term, is substantiated. By considering the stages of the process and strategizing tools, it is possible to conclude that the chosen strategy meets the goals, opportunities, and requirements of the enterprise’s external environment. To characterize the real (initial) strategic processes taking place at enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of different types of enterprises, their branch affiliation and competitive status. The initial strategic processes determine the individuality of the strategic choice of business processes for their further optimization, and the criteria for their selection are formed. Timely detection of problems and implementation of measures to adjust the process or content of strategy implementation, review of goals, is impossible without the use of strategic control, the key element of which is the system of indicators. This system should contain indicators that are control points for evaluating the effectiveness of strategy implementation at each stage. The presented control indicators are differentiated according to the main classification features.

Study of development trends of the internet advertising market in Ukraine and tools for attracting clients on it

The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is intellectual information systems introduction analysis and systematization, as well as the proposals development in the context of their effective use as a priority to ensure the innovative development of Ukrainian industrial enterprises. Analysis results. The article examines the problems and prospects of intellectual information systems introduction to increase the industrial enterprise efficiency. The study actuality of industrial enterprises sustainable development factors and trends is due to the need to develop the theory of industrial enterprises stability managing by improving the management of their digital transformation in the Ukrainian digital economy development conditions. It is emphasized that the key factor of success in the digital economy is not technology, but new models of technology and data management, which enable prompt response and modeling of future challenges and problems for states, business and civil society. It is noted that in modern conditions, for the effective operation of industrial enterprises, full-fledged information support is necessary at all stages of management decisions designing and formation. The expediency of creating a single information space at enterprises is substantiated, with the help of which all automated enterprise management systems can exchange information quickly and in a timely manner. The introduction and use of digital production processes modeling and design technologies throughout the entire products life cycle contribute to the enterprise and optimal management efficiency. Digital technologies make it possible to conduct analytical research, monitor any changes in the external environment, and respond to market needs in a timely and flexible manner. Due to digital technologies, a high level of labor productivity is ensured, as well as opportunities for integration of project participants and remote collaboration are provided. Business entities receive qualitative control over the production cycle and promotion of products to the market. The industrial enterprise management methodology as a dynamic system based on the intellectual information systems introduction is improved in order to increase the efficiency of their activities. The author's definition of the category "digital industrial production" is given. Intellectual activity results selection and market promotion processes embodied in new technologies are structured. An information system for new elaborations promotion managing was worked out based on the development of digital transformation in enterprise management and industrial enterprises technological processes. The author's proposed developments and recommendations can be used in the context of the industrial enterprise management efficiency augmentation in order to increase the economic added value by promoting to the market the results of intellectual activity embodied in new technologies. Conclusions and directions for further research. The transition of industry to intellectual information systems will contribute to the production of higher quality products, will lead to the creation of more flexible systems, the participants of which will exchange information through the Internet, that will significantly increase labor efficiency and reduce costs in production processes. Information support is an indispensable component of any research and development. The success of their commercialization is largely determined by the reliability and quality of information available to project participants, potential partners for market promotion and development implementation, and investors, both in Ukraine and abroad. An advantage for business in the digital economy is the prompt receipt of actual, reliable information directly from the original source. At the same time, the digital production introduction leads to increased requirements for personnel and the innovative products release. In the context of creating a favorable institutional environment for increasing the domestic industry digitalization transformative potential, it is necessary to: improve tax legislation for electronic goods trade; develop a plan of measures for the property rights institute development in Ukraine, taking into account state goals for the development of the information and communication technologies sector and current international agreements; form a sensible security policy. The direction of further research, based on the priorities of industrial enterprises technological innovation, is the use of interfaces between various information systems for the enterprise activities organization with the most effective internal reserves use

The application of intellectual information systems in the context of industrial enterprises management

The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is intellectual information systems introduction analysis and systematization, as well as the proposals development in the context of their effective use as a priority to ensure the innovative development of Ukrainian industrial enterprises. Analysis results. The article examines the problems and prospects of intellectual information systems introduction to increase the industrial enterprise efficiency. The study actuality of industrial enterprises sustainable development factors and trends is due to the need to develop the theory of industrial enterprises stability managing by improving the management of their digital transformation in the Ukrainian digital economy development conditions. It is emphasized that the key factor of success in the digital economy is not technology, but new models of technology and data management, which enable prompt response and modeling of future challenges and problems for states, business and civil society. It is noted that in modern conditions, for the effective operation of industrial enterprises, full-fledged information support is necessary at all stages of management decisions designing and formation. The expediency of creating a single information space at enterprises is substantiated, with the help of which all automated enterprise management systems can exchange information quickly and in a timely manner. The introduction and use of digital production processes modeling and design technologies throughout the entire products life cycle contribute to the enterprise and optimal management efficiency. Digital technologies make it possible to conduct analytical research, monitor any changes in the external environment, and respond to market needs in a timely and flexible manner. Due to digital technologies, a high level of labor productivity is ensured, as well as opportunities for integration of project participants and remote collaboration are provided. Business entities receive qualitative control over the production cycle and promotion of products to the market. The industrial enterprise management methodology as a dynamic system based on the intellectual information systems introduction is improved in order to increase the efficiency of their activities. The author's definition of the category "digital industrial production" is given. Intellectual activity results selection and market promotion processes embodied in new technologies are structured. An information system for new elaborations promotion managing was worked out based on the development of digital transformation in enterprise management and industrial enterprises technological processes. The author's proposed developments and recommendations can be used in the context of the industrial enterprise management efficiency augmentation in order to increase the economic added value by promoting to the market the results of intellectual activity embodied in new technologies. Conclusions and directions for further research. The transition of industry to intellectual information systems will contribute to the production of higher quality products, will lead to the creation of more flexible systems, the participants of which will exchange information through the Internet, that will significantly increase labor efficiency and reduce costs in production processes. Information support is an indispensable component of any research and development. The success of their commercialization is largely determined by the reliability and quality of information available to project participants, potential partners for market promotion and development implementation, and investors, both in Ukraine and abroad. An advantage for business in the digital economy is the prompt receipt of actual, reliable information directly from the original source. At the same time, the digital production introduction leads to increased requirements for personnel and the innovative products release. In the context of creating a favorable institutional environment for increasing the domestic industry digitalization transformative potential, it is necessary to: improve tax legislation for electronic goods trade; develop a plan of measures for the property rights institute development in Ukraine, taking into account state goals for the development of the information and communication technologies sector and current international agreements; form a sensible security policy. The direction of further research, based on the priorities of industrial enterprises technological innovation, is the use of interfaces between various information systems for the enterprise activities organization with the most effective internal reserves use.

Changes in individual diagnostic markers of carbohydrate, lipid and mineral metabolism in dairy cows due to feeding

Relevance. Any changes in the functional processes in the body of cows are reflected in the biochemical parameters of their blood. In highly productive animals, the energy costs in the postpartum period for the formation of lactation are not covered by the volume of feed consumed. The lack of energy is compensated by the internal reserves of the body, which causes the catabolic nature of metabolism. The consequence of a violation of protein, carbohydrate-fat and vitamin-mineral metabolism in general is a change in the hormonal status of the body, which negatively affects the reproductive function and leads to a decrease in milk productivity.Methods. The formation of animal groups and methodological techniques for setting scientific and economic experience were performed according to A. Ovsyannikov. The diets, the composition of the premix and the tested feed additive are designed using the program «Optima expert» («Cormersurs», Russia) the needs of milking cows in nutrient and biologically active substances were determined by A. Kalashnikov, V. Fisinin, V. Shcheglov and others. In the blood serum, the content, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, general calcium, and the unorganic focoria on the semi-automatic biochemical analyzer with the BS-3000M cuvette were determined. The results were processed biometrically, the reliability of the differences was evaluated by the Students t-criterion.Results. The maximum increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood was observed in cows of the third group (7.93%) (p < 0.05), cholesterol – in cows of the second group (24.43%). The content of triglycerides in animals of the control group decreased by 25.00% (p < 0.05). The level of calcium in the blood serum of animals was a tendency to increase. The most pronounced increase was observed in individuals of the third group. In animals of experimental groups, the level of fosphor inorganic decreased.

Resources and regulation of resource conservation at various stages of the object's life cycle

The relevance of research. At present, the system of regulation of economic activity in Russia belongs to the mobilization type. Among the economic tasks of the mobilization period, one can single out the task of building new external and internal economic contours of the interaction between production, consumption and investment. Among the new economic phenomena of the current period, it should be noted the growing role of resource conservation in the context of maximizing the involvement of internal reserves in the economic turnover. Sustainable and at the same time progressive development of an enterprise of any form of ownership and type of economic activity is associated with effective decisions on the use of resources. In general, the strategic and current management of enterprise resources is the area of competence of the quality management system, one of the functions of which is resource management. An integral element of a comprehensive quality institution is standardization as an open, dynamic and adaptive system. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the problem of resource saving in the construction process is of particular relevance, since most of the country's territory is located in areas with a harsh climate, which requires an increased volume of resource consumption, in particular, those related to the thermal protection of objects. The purpose of the work is to identify the essence of the concepts of "resources" and "resource saving" and to summarize recommendations for organizing the handling of biosphere and technosphere resources in the "design-construction-operation" system. The object of the study is the national standards of the Russian Federation, federal laws and by-laws that regulate the process of resource saving at all stages of the creation of construction products. The subject of the study is design and construction activities carried out according to the criteria of energy saving and material saving in accordance with the environmental policy and guidelines. Research result. The authors present a classification of national resources in the concept of resource saving. The potential resources of enterprises as part of the external and internal circuits are considered as the basis for the study of resource saving. The authors of the article also developed a Matrix of standards governing resource saving at the stages of the life cycle of the creation and operation of an industrial/residential facility

BIOENERGY PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER HUSK IN UKRAINE: POTENTIAL AND NECESSARY INVESTMENTS

Sunflower is a strategic crop in the agriculture of Ukraine as it is important for food and energy production. Recently the processing of secondary products, solving the issues of waste disposal and improving the environment have been paid much attention. This is an example of a cyclic economy, as during the production of oil from sunflowers, their husk can be used for energy production. The ash obtained by burning husk is a valuable complex mineral fertilizer and can be further applied as ecological fertilizer. The aim of this article is to assess the energy and investment potential for sunflowers as an internal reserve for increasing production efficiency and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. In particular, the equivalents of energy substitution of sunflower husks for energy costs at fat-and-oil enterprises, the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions are estimated. A generalized scheme for the production of electricity from sunflower husks is considered. In particular, the use of ash from sunflower husks as a fertilizer is described. The research has shown that the sunflower husks available in Ukraine can be used more efficiently to produce electricity. Therefore policy recommendations were developed based on a study conducted.

Individual response in body mass and basal metabolism to the risks of predation and starvation in passerines.

Wintering energy management in small passerines has focused on the adaptive regulation of the daily acquisition of energy reserves within a starvation-predation trade-off framework. However, the possibility that the energetic cost of living, i.e. basal metabolic rate (BMR), is being modulated as part of the management energy strategy has been largely neglected. Here, we addressed this possibility by experimentally exposing captive great tits (Parus major) during winter to two consecutive treatments of increased starvation and predation risk for each individual bird. Body mass and BMR were measured prior to and after each week-long treatment. We predicted that birds should be lighter but with a higher metabolic capacity (higher BMR) as a response to increased predation risk, and that birds should increase internal reserves while reducing their cost of living (lower BMR) when exposed to increased starvation risk. Wintering great tits kept a constant body mass independently of a week-long predation or starvation treatment. However, great tits reduced the cost of living (lower BMR) when exposed to the starvation treatment, while BMR remained unaffected by the predation treatment. Energy management in wintering small birds partly relies on BMR regulation, which challenges the current theoretical framework based on body mass regulation.

Экономическая эффективность использования материальных ресурсов в растениеводстве

Abstract. The disparity of prices between the means of production and crop production leads to a decrease in the efficiency of resource use and the overall profitability of production. In order to stabilize the work of agricultural enterprises in such conditions, in addition to the necessary state support, it is important to find internal reserves in crop production. The purpose is to study the state and possibilities of improving the efficiency of resource use in crop production. The objectives of the study were the analysis of data reflecting the options for saving resources when cultivating field crops in the conditions of the Kurgan region. The methods of monographic, mathematical, and statistical analysis of data from literary sources, annual reports of agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan region, and research results of the Kurgan Research Institute were used. Scientific novelty. The work consists in the application of a dynamic method for calculating the economic efficiency of previously tested technologies in various time-varying economic conditions, which makes it possible to more reasonably build long-term plans. It is established that the factors of increasing the efficiency of the use of natural and material resources can be the diversification of acreage by increasing the share of winter, leguminous and oilseed crops and increasing the accuracy of the use of resources using digital methods. The results of the study showed that the diversification of acreage makes it possible to distribute field work more efficiently, save resources and receive higher incomes, and stabilize the financial condition of agricultural enterprises. Parallel driving systems and equipment monitoring allow you to save fuel, fertilizers, seeds, plant protection products. The operation of the equipment with the help of navigation equipment in the dark ensures the execution of technological operations within the regulatory deadlines and thereby allows to increase crop yields by 5–10 %. The additional income from the parallel driving system is on average 2155 rubles/ha. Designing technologies based on electronic maps and field history books allows you to differentiate resources by fields in accordance with soil, agrochemical and agrotechnical conditions.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF STUDENTS' VITALITY DURING THE WAR IN UKRAINE.

The aim: A theoretical analysis of the problem of the hardiness of a person who suddenly found himself in extreme conditions and an empirical study of his individual and psychological factors that contribute to the strengthening of this personal characteristic and mobilize the internal reserve of student youth. Materials and methods: The following psychodiagnostic methods were used in the empirical study: "Methodology for the diagnosis of hardiness" by S. Muddy, "Test for the diagnosis of properties of the nervous system" by Y. Strelyau, "Methodology for the diagnosis of character accentuations" by K. Leonhard, "Mini-Mult Test", "Psychological Stress Scale", "Coping Behavior Questionnaire" by R. Lazarus, S. Folkman, "Test of Meaningful Life Orientations" by D. Leontiev, Life orientation test C. Scheyer, M. Carver. The study was conducted from September 2022 to January 2023. Results: It was established a direct connection of hardiness with a strong and mobile nervous system, hyperthymic and demonstrative accentuations of character. Inversely related to hardiness are pedantic, unbalanced, dysthymic, and exalted accentuations of character, all personality disorders. People with a high level of hardiness are characterized by expressed optimism, the meaningfulness of life, and the use of adaptive coping strategies. Conclusions: The study showed the high importance of hardiness for the full functioning of student youth during martial law and its conditioning by the properties of the nervous system and individual psychological characteristics. This emphasizes the need for making efforts to increase their level of vitality.

Издание о роли молодежи в государственном управлении на рубеже 1920–1930-х гг.

This publication reviews a collective monograph on participation of the Soviet youth in the implementation of measures of control aimed at combating red tape and bribery and overcoming negative trends in the work of state and professional institutions. “Light Cavalry” is considered a successful, if flawed, project for preparing young people for management via communist education system. The focus is on detailed analysis of the tasks assigned to the youth organization and on the researchers’ conclusion about the impact of expanding cavalry assignments on the content and feasibility of the “Light Cavalry” plans. The results of the study are most valuable on the issue of perception of the “Light Cavalry” by the population. The authors demonstrate an abundance of myths and conflicting assessments of the organization’s activities in the mind of significant part of society. The reviewer underscores the value of the assessment of youth participation in mass political purges. The authors of the monograph conclude that unreasoning adherence to the pursued policy and unscrupulousness of the youth not only blighted and undermined the work of public and state structures, but also resulted in social tension. Quite logical, according to the reviewer, is the conclusion on ambiguous attitude of party and Komsomol functionaries towards the “Light Cavalry” activists, pulled apart by two opposing trends to independence and initiative and to compliance to the party and Komsomol control; the solution to this dilemma was not found in the 1920s. Unsurprisingly, as reviewer believes, the “Light Cavalry” did not find its place in the complex system of socio-political institutions. The failures gave rise to disappointment and disbelief, producing unfavorable effect on its composition. The situation only slightly improved in the 1930s, when the initiative of the young people was restricted, and their activities acquired greater control and planning. The reviewer concludes that the monograph is undoubtedly relevant, as it focuses not only on the problems of the youth movement of the 1920s–30s, but also on unconditional success of the “Light Cavalry” in developing the creative potential of the Russian youth; it manifested in identifying internal reserves of the industries, in increasing the efficiency of enterprises and organizations, all of which is in demand today.

СТРАТЕГІЧНЕ УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВИТКОМ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УМОВАХ ЗРОСТАННЯ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ

The article is devoted to the issues of approaches to the implementation of development management of domestic enterprises in the context of growing uncertainty, which is systemic in nature. The importance of this issue is due to the fact that in modern conditions, domestic business is gaining a unique experience of forming, restoring and building up its strategic development potential, thus creating conditions for accumulating internal reserves for the country's economic recovery at all levels during the war and post-war periods. It is found that the approaches to strategic development management presented in the scientific literature and business practice should be used comprehensively with an emphasis on synergistic, which allows characterizing the basic components of strategic development management as a process and as a system, describing their interdependence and forming a comprehensive view of the content of this concept and the phenomena of socio-economic reality. Emphasis is placed on the role of stakeholder theory in considering the concept of strategic management of enterprise development, as well as taking into account their role and interests in the process of its direct practical application. The exogenous and endogenous factors of influence are identified, the subject-object interaction and the purpose of strategic management of the development of domestic enterprises in the context of growing uncertainty are described, approaches and tools for its reduction are characterized. It has been found that in the context of aggravation of crisis phenomena, a decrease in the level of predictability of the operating environment and systematic uncertainty, domestic enterprises are trying to use a synthesis of traditional and anti-crisis strategic measures to ensure their own development at the appropriate level, subject to changes in the planning time lag (development horizon), as well as the approach to choosing appropriate strategies (from long-term to medium- and short-term, from systematic to situationally flexible and compilations of best practices in development management). The predictors of ensuring further effective strategic management of the development of domestic enterprises.

Basic issues in the development of grain production in the Republic of Armenia in the context of food security

Ensuring food independence and food safety is one of the most important issues of social and economic development of the Republic of Armenia. This has a key meaning, since in the current conditions of the social-economic and international policy of the Republic of Armenia, the role of supremacy of national interests and economic security of the state has become even more important. The food security of the country directly depends on the indicators recorded by the agricultural sector, and although the agricultural sector is of strategic importance for the Armenian economy, in 2022, compared to the previous year, the growth was only 0.4%, which is associated with an increase of 5.7% and a decrease by 5% in the horticultural sector. It is especially alarming that one of the main branches of RA agriculture saw a 38.9% decrease in grain output quantities from 2005 to 2022. Emphasizing the role and importance of grain production in the context of food security and security of the country, it becomes necessary to assess the internal reserves for increasing grain production, creating sufficient conditions for the full and effective use of arable land, and developing multifaceted state support tools to intensify the industry.

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ СООБЩЕСТВА КАК РЕСУРС ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СОВРЕМЕННОГО УЧИТЕЛЯ

The article examines the process of professional development as a factor in improving the quality of general education and reveals approaches to the professional development of teachers: professional development of teachers as a component of the development strategy of an educational institution; orientation of professional development to achieve high quality education; examination of the effectiveness of educational activities; organization of professional development as a collective activity based on solving urgent tasks of strategic development; continuous and long-term nature of professional development programs and the management of the professional development process. The content lines of professional development are determined. The role of professional pedagogical communities as an important innovative resource for the development of educational institutions is revealed, which allows them to improve their activities and solve urgent tasks by activating internal reserves. The professional pedagogical community is a self-learning organization, which is characterized by: managing the learning processes, including its training, retraining and advanced training, self-training of personnel to develop competencies and expand opportunities to master modern and promising technologies; investing resources in the process of training and self-training of employees, in improving its activities, content and technological equipment; maintaining the competitiveness of the organization by ensuring a high level of professionalism of employees as human capital and the main resource. For the professional pedagogical community, the status of a self-learning organization means the following: management of self-learning of teachers, self-learning as a way of innovative development, self-learning as improving the quality of education and competitiveness of the organization, team self-learning, stimulating self-learning.

Различение регионов посредством иерархического метода кластерного анализа и данных о состоянии окружающей среды

The material presented in the article based on specific knowledge: regional studies, mathematical statistics and environmental economics. The urgency of the problem is due to the adjustment of the mode of the development vector of the country's economy and the search for additional internal reserves, incl. coverage of regions. The theoretical basis was considered as an argument in favor of doing the work. The purpose of the study was a comparative analysis of regions using statistical tools. To achieve this goal, a suitable scientific method was chosen, an array of factual data was formed for 31 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It was fundamentally important to show the application of different methods of the hierarchical approach of cluster analysis. Using data on the state of the environment and nature management, the expediency of dividing the regions into three groups is substantiated, their comparative characteristics and recommendations for improving the sustainability of development are given. Summing up, it can be stated that the use of the hierarchical method of cluster analysis for the study of 31 regions made it possible to present these subjects of the Russian Federation in a special author's understanding, to show geographical differences, to group them, to generalize the main statistical data on the state of the environment and nature management. The work performed corresponds to the concept of the transition of Russian regions to a new, "green" course of political and economic development.

ОЦІНКА ВПЛИВУ РИНКОВОГО ПРОСТОРУ НА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ РОЗВИТКУ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ В АВІАЦІЙНОМУ СЕКТОРІ СВІТОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article is devoted to the improvement and implementation of the toolkit for assessing the impact of the market space on the effectiveness of the development of innovative potential in the aviation sector. The toolkit proposed by the author is based on the formation of a three-dimensional model of airline benchmarking by the positioning method: according to the levels of implemented marketing support for the development of innovative potential, internal reserves for the development of innovative potential, and the level of competitive position and communication in the development of innovative potential. The application of tools of marketing analysis, scoring, rating and cluster analysis enables the formation of a comprehensive vision of strategic and tactical initiatives in marketing support for the development of the innovative potential of airlines. The results of the implementation of the proposed approach to the assessment of the impact of the market space on the effectiveness of the development of innovative potential in the aviation sector show that airlines should strive to introduce innovations into their business models, as this is how competitiveness in the air transportation market is achieved by providing unique value for consumers, for example designated reference air carriers (Cathay Pacific Airways, Delta Air Lines, Emirates, Singapore Airlines). The three-dimensional map of the benchmarking of the marketing support of the innovative potential of airlines using the positioning method demonstrates the significant influence of the market of innovative technologies and consumers (by markers of marketing concepts) on the competitiveness of airlines. Identification and assessment of system elements of marketing support for the development of the innovative potential of indicators based on the use of quantitative methods, cluster analysis and benchmarking methods enables a clear understanding of the need to apply digital marketing, communication and collaboration with developers of digital technologies in services and maintenance, distribution channels, environmental innovations in business models.

Rational use of agricultural land in Kazakhstan

The purpose of the article is to consider the institutional foundations of the rational use of agricultural land in a multicultural economy. The formation of land use is faced with the acute problem of organizing a sustainable competitive land use, ensuring a high level of marketability of production and a sufficient level of profitability in conditions of the developing land market. This article discusses the rational use of agricultural land in a multicultural economy, taking into account structural and resource indicators. The efficiency of land use in farms with different land ownership depends on increasing labor productivity, strengthening the economic regime, increasing the intensification of production, using internal reserves and agricultural production opportunities, and, especially, rational use of land. The greatest efficiency of production and use of land has been achieved in large agricultural formations, where high-performance equipment is used, crop rotations are observed, and there is greater availability of credit resources, subsidies, and leasing.The monitoring data of the Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics for 1.01.2020 indicate that 93.7% of peasant and farm farms have a land area of up to 500 hectares. To the greatest extent, small-earth peasant farms have become widespread in the southern region, where the share in the total number of up to 50 hectares is 90.1%, while in the northern region only 8.1%, central - 3.9%, and western - 11.3%. In this regard, the tasks of preserving productive agricultural lands, and optimizing arable land and acreage in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of land become a priority. The solution to these tasks is connected with the improvement of technologies for maintaining and increasing the bio-productivity of agricultural lands, the development of technologies for rational land management, land use, and land protection, the creation of effective organizational and legal mechanisms for managing agricultural lands, as well as the development of state monitoring of agricultural lands. Optimization of land use in farms and agricultural enterprises of based on the proposed methodology, taking into account state support measures, will create a basis for a new stage in the development of land reform and will create incentives for the effective use of agricultural land.

Glutamine Produces Ammonium to Tune Lysosomal pH and Regulate Lysosomal Function.

Glutamine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the cell. In mitochondria, glutaminases 1 and 2 (GLS1/2) hydrolyze glutamine to glutamate, which serves as the precursor of multiple metabolites. Here, we show that ammonium generated during GLS1/2-mediated glutaminolysis regulates lysosomal pH and in turn lysosomal degradation. In primary human skin fibroblasts BJ cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, deprivation of total amino acids for 1 h increased lysosomal degradation capacity as shown by the increased turnover of lipidated microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3-II), several autophagic receptors, and endocytosed DQ-BSA. Removal of glutamine but not any other amino acids from the culture medium enhanced lysosomal degradation similarly as total amino acid starvation. The presence of glutamine in regular culture media increased lysosomal pH by >0.5 pH unit and the removal of glutamine caused lysosomal acidification. GLS1/2 knockdown, GLS1 antagonist, or ammonium scavengers reduced lysosomal pH in the presence of glutamine. The addition of glutamine or NH4Cl prevented the increase in lysosomal degradation and curtailed the extension of mTORC1 function during the early time period of amino acid starvation. Our findings suggest that glutamine tunes lysosomal pH by producing ammonium, which regulates lysosomal degradation to meet the demands of cellular activities. During the early stage of amino acid starvation, the glutamine-dependent mechanism allows more efficient use of internal reserves and endocytosed proteins to extend mTORC1 activation such that the normal anabolism is not easily interrupted by a brief disruption of the amino acid supply.