Internal Party Research Articles

Poststalinizm, czyli „epoka przejściowa” (Pavel Kolář, Poststalinizm. Ideologia i utopia epoki, przeł. Justyna Górny, red. nauk. Jerzy Kochanowski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR, Warszawa 2022, ss. 446)

Poststalinism or the „Transitional Era” Kolář wrote a brilliant comparative analysis of how the Communist parties`s discourses in three countries – Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany – developed after Stalin`s death and Khrushchev`s thaw until the late 1960s. He described changes in official narratives which increasingly departed from the Stalinist ideological and linguistical template. They became less militant, more open to diversity and even to some elements of the pre-Communist political tradition. The focus on the internal party life led to a very interesting and detailed reconstruction of the “communist mind” in this “transitional era”, but at the same time made the author less interested in the interactions between the ruling parties at the societies at large. Thus Kolář tended to overlook the phenomena which were crucial for the period after Stalin`s death: seeking legitimacy and support from outside the party ranks by appealing to sometimes entirely non-Marxists sets of values. It was most visible in the case of Poland where in the 1960s. the so-called “partisan” faction amply exploited nationalism and anti-Semitism.

Interpreter Intervention: Balancing Objectivity and Subjectivity in Business Negotiations

In the era of economic globalization, interactions and collaborations between China and the global economy have significantly intensified. This trend has led to increased foreign investment in China and a growing number of Chinese enterprises expanding their operations internationally. Successful business negotiations are crucial for these endeavors, yet they face challenges such as linguistic barriers, cultural differences, and divergent thought processes. In such high-stakes scenarios, an experienced interpreter serves as a vital communication link between Chinese and international parties. This paper aims to examine the role of dialogue interpretation in business negotiations and to investigate how interpreters can effectively leverage their subjective judgment alongside strategic translation techniques. By doing so, interpreters can facilitate smoother negotiations and contribute to mutually beneficial outcomes. The study will explore specific strategies that enable interpreters to bridge cultural and linguistic gaps, thereby promoting successful and harmonious negotiations.

Norman Gash: Political Historian

AbstractThis article commemorates the 40th anniversary of the publication of Lord Liverpool by Norman Gash (1912–2009). It considers Gash as a historian who both wrote about 19th‐century politics and expressed political views of his own. These views became increasingly prominent in the 1980s, during Margaret Thatcher's period of office. Thatcher's unexpected public endorsement of Lord Liverpool was reflected in Gash's open support for Thatcher's economic policies in the face of internal party critics, including those who appealed to the legacy of Benjamin Disraeli. Far from being uncomfortable about Thatcher's radicalism, as is sometimes argued, Gash used a series of newspaper interventions to accommodate Thatcherism within Conservative Party history. This drew favourable analogies between Thatcher and Liverpool, but more especially with Sir Robert Peel. Gash did not abandon academic scholarship for public commentary during the 1980s, but at no period in his life was he as willing to join in contemporary political debate as the years in which he was writing and researching Lord Liverpool.

Формирование органов советского контроля (1926–1934 годы)

The article considers the activities of the authorities in the direction of finding an acceptable model for the organization of control in a Soviet-type society. Based on archival sources, methods and technologies related to the involvement of workers to the work of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate and the construction of the entire system of functioning of control departments are analyzed. It is also shown how such a practice was coordinated with the course of the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government, difficulties and contradictions that prevented the involvement of citizens in the management of the state in the face of growing internal party contradictions.

Recent Development of Arbitration Law in Brazil

Arbitration in Brazil has undergone a remarkable transformation, graduating from a tentative start to a robust and thriving practice. Like many jurisdictions with complex judicial systems, Brazil has found in commercial arbitration a valuable tool to foster economic growth and provide efficient dispute resolution for both domestic and international parties. Initially, when the Arbitration Act was enacted in 1996, it was met with skepticism. Many Brazilian scholars and legal practitioners questioned its constitutionality, as the concept of removing cases from the traditional judiciary's purview seemed far-fetched. The turning point came when Brazil's Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Arbitration Act, providing a significant boost to its adoption and legitimacy. Since then, the country has witnessed rapid advancements in arbitration practices, making it an increasingly attractive venue for resolving commercial disputes. This development reflects a growing confidence among businesses and legal experts in the efficiency and effectiveness of arbitration as a complementary mechanism to the traditional court system. This article aims to delve into the evolving legal environment surrounding arbitration in Brazil. It will explore the dynamic trends that have emerged, such as the increasing sophistication of arbitration procedures, the establishment of dedicated arbitration centers, and the rising number of professionals specializing in this field. Additionally, the article will analyze how these developments have influenced Brazil's attractiveness as a hub for international arbitration, and the impact this has on the nation's legal and economic landscape. By examining these aspects, the article will provide a comprehensive overview of the current state and future potential of arbitration in Brazil.

Problematika Sistem Proporsional Terbuka Pada Pemilihan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 114/PUU-XX/2022)

The open proportional system used in the Election of the People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia has been the subject of various controversies and debates. This study aims to analyze the problems arising from the implementation of this system, with a focus on the Constitutional Court Decision Number 114/PUU-XX/2022. This research uses a juridical-normative approach, reviewing statutory regulations, court decisions and relevant literature. The research results show that an open proportional system provides greater opportunities for voters to choose candidates directly, but also raises various problems, such as increasing campaign costs, increasingly sharp internal party competition, and the potential for money politics. Constitutional Court Decision Number 114/PUU-XX/2022 provides important legal views regarding the constitutional aspects of this system, but does not fully address the existing problems. This research concludes that although open proportional systems have advantages in increasing political representation and voter participation, further reforms are needed to overcome the problems that arise. The recommendations put forward include strengthening campaign regulations, increasing supervision of money politics, and improving internal party mechanisms to reduce friction. In this way, the electoral system can run more effectively and reflect people's aspirations more accurately.

The role of digital arbitration in the resolution of electronic commerce disputes between the necessity of application and the imperative of confrontation

The world has recently undergone a major shift in international information technology, software and communications, which has been regarded as a global revolution in many areas. and transformed traditional means of commercial transactions into electronic means of communication through the promotion, exchange and completion of transactions of goods using modern telecommunications and information exchange technology without the parties meeting in one place, Whether mutual commitments can be implemented electronically or require concrete physical implementation which created for us e-commerce that has become a reality of a real pension, It is also one of the economic pillars of the State and an important mechanism for raising productivity. This necessitates the provision of the appropriate legal environment and the search for means to ensure that they are controlled within a systematic and regulated legal framework, In particular, contracts involving international parties via the Internet require delving into private international law, the determination of the judicial area for the resolution of electronic commerce disputes and the determination of applicable law was a major burden on parties and States, which prompted their clients to seek alternative electronic mechanisms to replace traditional courts to settle disputes resulting from the use of electronic media in their commercial transactions, so-called ODR dispute resolution. s electronic teleconference, this has made recourse to electronic or digital arbitration as a virtual judge system a requirement of many international organizations and associations. The forms raised: how effective is digital or electronic arbitration in resolving e-commerce disputes? We therefore divide our research into two sections, dealing with section I: the conceptual framework for electronic commerce as well as digital electronic arbitration, and section II: the role of digital arbitration in the termination and resolution of e-commerce disputes.

Social Business Strategy Analysis of Canvas Model (SBMC) Souvenir Bamboo Tasik (Sobat Asik) in Pandemic Time

Study this background by the Covid 19 pandemic in Indonesia which caused problem are you serious appear like decrease in sales volume good for company big as well as SMEs such as Bamboo Souvenirs Lake (Sobat Asik) in the city of Tasikmalaya. Formulas problem in study this is the sales volume of Bamboo Souvenirs Lake (Sobat Asik) in time Covid-19 pandemic is decreasing as well as no balanced with marketing optimally. The Purpose for knowing how description general and form strategy business Social Business Model Canvas (SBMC) Bamboo Souvenir Lake (Sobat Asik) and how formulation the right strategy at the time Covid-19 pandemic. Method study use method qualitative descriptive. Primary data obtained from company internal party buddy Absorbed while secondary data obtained from multiple data books, journals and bulletin. Results the research is strategy social business model canvas (SBMC) can made tool analysis new for social enterprise, which aims for designing formulation strategy business new and analyzed with strategy blue ocean for knowing scale priority strategy formulated business.

Democracy and defections

Abstract Within comparative constitutional law, there is an emerging consensus that political fragmentation has weakened political parties and hindered the functioning of legislative bodies. This article examines legal efforts to curb fragmentation in parliamentary systems by prohibiting floor crossing, or “defections”—a constitutional approach that concentrates power within party leaders. It conducts a detailed case study of India, exploring what is arguably the most extensive experiment in anti-defection law and its impact on accountability and representation. The article goes on to analyze similar laws in Israel and South Africa, highlighting the challenges of self-regulation. After evaluating the limitations of narrow anti-defection laws—such as the one in Pakistan—it proposes that the drawbacks of legislating party unity through formal defection regulation may prompt a reconsideration not only of legislatures but also political parties and political polarization. While some scholars have viewed attempts to stem fragmentation as a solution for limiting polarization, this article suggests the opposite: sharpening polarization, when coupled with norm-based internal party controls, may well tame the excesses of fragmentation, especially in non-programmatic multiparty systems. Although there are difficult tradeoffs here, as polarization can have independent (adverse) effects, the broader lessons of anti-defection laws deserve to be reckoned with. Ultimately, however, what the widespread adoption of anti-defection laws might primarily reveal is the nature of our faith—or lack thereof—in the promise of a certain form of parliamentary politics.

Why Mexico Is Not on the Brink

Abstract: This essay contests the narrative of democratic regression in Mexico, arguing instead that Mexico's democracy demonstrates exceptional resilience. Although there have been concerns about intolerance to criticism, centralization of power, and control of independent institutions during President Andrés Manuel López Obrador's time in office (2018–2024), Mexico's democratic foundations have remained solid. Mexico's resilience is evident in its ability to conduct mostly free and fair elections, the acceptance of electoral losses by its political actors, the country's general freedom of speech and association, and the safeguarding of liberal institutions despite polarization and misinformation. This article also explains the reasons behind the victory of Claudia Sheinbaum, the first female president of Mexico, and describes factors that may reduce the likelihood of democratic erosion (a stronger opposition, internal party fragmentation, diminished populist charisma, and institutional constraints) or increase it (organized crime, militarization, and pervasive social injustices) during her presidency (2024–2030).

STRUCTURAL BARRIER IN THE PROCESS OF REGENERATION OF THE PKB ISLAMIC POLITICAL PARTY IN DIRECT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 2004-2019

The purpose of this research is to identify the structural barriers faced by the PKB political party in promoting its members as presidential and vice-presidential candidates from 2004 to 2019. Additionally, the research aims to explore the political strategies employed by the PKB that resulted in the absence of its members in the highest democratic contests. Structural policies play a crucial role in determining political steps, taking into consideration both internal and external conditions. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method, combining data from interviews and documents, supported by field observations. Interview data serves as preliminary findings guiding the discovery of document data, which is further elaborated through observations. The findings indicate that the absence of PKB members in presidential and vice-presidential contests is directly attributed to a strategic decision made in 2008 to consolidate internal party divisions. The logical reasons behind PKB’s political strategy include strengthening the party’s financial stability and choosing to remain within the power circle. The ingenuity of PKB’s elite in addressing structural obstacles and turning them into a political opportunity by consolidating internal cadre and rebuilding relationships with grassroots stakeholders.

Party competition on social media: Evidence from politicians' tweets

AbstractA blooming research agenda has begun examining the influence of party competition dynamics on politician social media behaviour. Most studies focus on the US context, generally finding little evidence that party competition dynamics influence which policy issues politicians attend to on these platforms. Instead, I turn to the Danish context and show how party competition dynamics exert a substantial influence on politicians' attention to issues in their tweets. First, I map the level of politician issue attention on Twitter across several years outside election campaigns. Second, I show that party issue ownership and the status of a party as a government or opposition party strongly influence politicians' attention to issues on the platform. Third, I provide novel insights into how the interplay between party issue ownership and internal party organisation influences politician issue attention on Twitter. The findings indicate that the tweets posted by politicians are an integral aspect of contemporary party competition.

Rohingya Refugees in Indonesia: Risk Evaluation to National Security and Resilience

This study aims to evaluate the risks to Indonesia's national security and resilience due to the arrival of Rohingya refugees. The focus of this research is on the impact of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach and combines primary data from interviews with relevant stakeholders and secondary data from official sources. The results identified several potential threats to national security and resilience, including instability in refugee camps, violent practices within camps, and impacts on local communities. Research also highlights the importance of effective conflict integration and management in preventing a potential escalation of conflict among Rohingya refugees and local communities. The conclusion of the study provides recommendations to strengthen risk management strategies for the Indonesian government, the Rohingya refugee community, and the international parties involved. By considering this context, the study contributes to a better understanding of how the presence of Rohingya refugees can affect Indonesia's national security and resilience.

Analisis Hermeneutika Yuridis Pasal 239 ayat (2) huruf D dan G UU 17/1014 tentang Anggota DPR

Article 239 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of the MD3 Law regulates the right of political parties to conduct inter-term dismissal (PAW) of DPR members. However, the ambiguity in Article 239 paragraph (2) letters d and g caused controversy because the terms of PAW became unclear and often misused to resolve internal party conflicts. This study aims to analyze the juridical hermeneutics of the provisions of Article 239 paragraph (2) letter d and g of Law Number 17 of 1014 concerning MPR, DPR, DPD, and DPRD. The results showed that abstract interpretations of the phrases "proposed by political parties" and "statutory provisions" open up opportunities for subjectivity in dismissing DPR members. Therefore, the recalling arrangement of DPR members requires further clarification to address the abstract issue of interpretation.

Try, Try Again? Are Unsuccessful Leadership Contestants Sore Losers?

ABSTRACT Elections, even intra-party ones, create winners and losers. A number of recent studies have revealed a ‘sore losers’ effect among a number of party actors. The evidence suggests that those who support a losing candidate in an internal party election are significantly less likely to remain active and involved in party politics compared to those who supported the winner. Much less, however, is known about the losing candidates themselves. This paper explores whether losing leadership candidates also exhibit a ‘sore losers’ tendency. Drawing on an original dataset of unsuccessful leadership contestants in three Canadian parties, results reveal that losing leadership candidates do not exit their party en masse but rather they remain generally committed to their party, often seeking re-election during the next general election. The results provide important insight into the behaviour of leadership candidates and provide nuance to the sore losers debate by examining an understudied cohort of party actors: the losing candidates themselves.

How Does Primary Election Manipulation Affect the Selection of Women Candidates? Evidence from Malawi

How does manipulation of primary elections affect the selection of women candidates for parliament? The underrepresentation of women in politics is a well-researched global phenomenon. However, as most work focuses on general elections, we overlook the disadvantages that women face in the selection process. Specifically, primary elections often provide ample room for manipulation. We argue that manipulation skews electoral contests in favor of candidates with material and inter-personal resources, who are more likely to be men. We collect unique data via on-the-ground observation of 119 primary election rounds (featuring 316 aspirants) in Malawi’s 2019 parliamentary election and interview candidates to shed light on hitherto uninvestigated internal party primaries. We show that while women running in free and fair primaries were more likely to win nominations than men, their chances were substantially reduced where primaries were flawed. The quantitative findings are corroborated by qualitative accounts of the gendered effect of primary-day manipulation in party primaries. The results have implications for debates on descriptive representation, electoral integrity, and political parties.

Credibility-enhancing tactics for social media corporate disclosures

This study examines two credibility-enhancing tactics when managers use Twitter as a platform to disclose a message about an employee training programme, which is an important dimension of corporate social responsibility (CSR). I conduct an experiment where I manipulate (1) whether a firm’s CEO retweets the company disclosure tweet in their personal Twitter account (hereafter, ‘retweeting’), and (2) whether the company’s tweet mentions the organisation that cooperates with the company’s CSR activities when the organisation, as an involved party, has a verified Twitter account (hereafter, ‘mentioning’). I document higher disclosure credibility for retweeting than non-retweeting, as it establishes a closer association between the CEO and the message. In addition, mentioning increases the social presence of the parties involved, as users can observe the interactions between them and the disclosing firm in real time. Furthermore, I find that the higher social presence of an involved party (e.g. customers, suppliers, and managers) due to mentioning results in higher disclosure credibility. Finally, investors are more likely to sceptically scrutinise signals from an internal party, which makes CEO retweeting less effective than mentioning. The effect of retweeting is subdued when both tactics are used.

“Churchill's Party”: A necessary experiment in personalization

AbstractAimThis article aims to determine the extent of “personalization” and “de‐institutionalization” within the Conservative Party in Britain during the period 1940–1945 when the Party was under the leadership of Winston Churchill.Materials and methodsThe article examines the different dimensions of “personalization” and “de‐institutionalization” as defined by Harmel, Svåsand, and Mjelde in this special edition. To do so, it uses a variety of sources including: internal party records, memoirs and biographies, contemporaneous diaries, letters to party leaders, and survey research undertaken by the organization Mass Observation.ResultsThe article identified that a limited degree of personalization took place during the period. This was largely in relation to the movement away from existing internal policy and procedures, especially those to do with electioneering. Evidence regarding other dimensions was mixed with a notable lack of change in the perceptions other parties and their leaders held about the Conservative Party.ConclusionThe article suggests that the personalization that occurred within the Party was largely a product of necessity, notably the unpopularity of the Conservative “brand” during World War II, compared to Churchill's own personal popularity, as well as the disruptions caused by the war itself. The article argues that this was enabled, to an extent, by the already high degree of latitude that the Conservative Party afforded its leaders. At the same time, the article notes the way in which defeat at the 1945 general election led to the Conservative Party “snapping back” to its pre‐war highly institutionalized form. Both findings highlight the extent to which electoral calculations were central to the process of personalization and its subsequent reverse.

The Dynamics of Cameroon’s Major National Dialogue and Attempts at Resolving the Anglophone Crisis since 2016: Understanding National and International Responses

The Dynamics of Cameroon’s Major National Dialogue and Attempts at Resolving the Anglophone Crisis since 2016: Understanding National and International Responses

Cold War Elements: a Discussion on the Influence of the Cold War on the Communist Party of Malaya from 1948 to 1989

Abstract The Communist Party of Malaya (cpm) evolved under the impact of the Cold War. Considering that the cpm was a left-wing political party that had a significant impact on many areas of Malaysia, this study tries to identify and investigate the causes of the cpm’s inability to win the political fight from 1948 to 1989. Both domestic and internal party issues, along with the Cold War scenario, were a significant component that could not be neglected by the researchers.