International Migration Movements Research Articles

ULUSLARARASI GÖÇ HAREKETLERİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE İNSAN HAKLARI VE İNSANİ GÜVENLİK KAVRAMI

Security has been evaluated within the framework of state-centered and military strategies until recently. However, new developments that emerged in the 1990s have led to a change in the classical understanding of security. The Human Development Report published by the United Nations in 1994 laid the groundwork for a new paradigm regarding human security. Considering that the concept of "security" has been narrowly interpreted for a long time, this report has been an indicator of the change in the classical understanding of security.
 Nowadays, the subject-based security understanding, which focuses on the individual, has come to the forefront. In particular, the increase in international migration movements has brought about a new area of discussion on security. As a result of international migration movements, human security has become one of the global world problems. Similarly, international human rights norms are related to the concept of human security. Therefore, understanding the connections between human rights and human security is of great importance in the contemporary world. For this purpose, the relationship between new security areas and the concept of human security, the changes in the understanding of security with international migration movements, and the processes of this change affecting human rights are emphasized in the study. It is also emphasized that human rights violations are directly related to the understanding of human security. When comprehensively evaluated, human security is related to the basic needs and human identity that affect individuals' living spaces. Threats to these areas also mean a threat to fundamental rights and freedoms. In addition, human mobility resulting from war policies leads to the emergence of the source problem. People are deprived of basic needs such as housing, food, and health. As a result, a threat to human security arises, and global problems increase this threat. In this context, international migration movements, human security, and human rights are being reinterpreted.

An Explorative Study: The Challenges of Cross-Cultural Adaptation among Expatriates in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The current progress of technological modernization has further enhanced the increase in the number of international migration movements around the world. The encouragement of international migration is also driven by the policies enacted by the government at the policy implementation stage, producing a dynamic and highly innovative local workforce as well as high demand from industries, institutions, and statutory bodies to fill the energy gap in professional work. International migration is an advantageous approach and has been found to positively impact a country’s economic and socio-political development. Furthermore, the involvement of professionals, especially expatriates who are technologically literate, highly knowledgeable, and have extensive experience in certain fields, not only helps the country’s economic growth but also contributes to the sustainability and viability of organizational management. Nonetheless, individuals involved in international migration, especially expatriates, tend to experience problems adaptating to the cultural environment of the host country due to the differing cultural practices than their countries of origin. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the challenges of cultural adaptation among expatriates in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The findings of this study found that the lack of social interaction and lack of cultural interaction are the challenges faced by expatriates while adapting to the culture in Malaysia. The findings of this study also provide benefits to the organizations and agencies of the government i.e. MIDA or TalentCorp in managing expatriate issues in Malaysia in order to reduce the turnover and repatriation among expatriates.

Tuberculosis in adulthood - The Sk2-Guideline of the German Central Committee against Tuberculosis (DZK) and the German Respiratory Society (DGP) for the diagnosis and treatment of adult tuberculosis patients

In Germany tuberculosis is a rare disease and usually well treatable. Worldwide it is one of the most common infectious diseases with approximately 10 million new cases every year. Even with low incidences in Germany, tuberculosis is an important differential diagnosis especially due to international developments and migration movements. With a decreasing experience there's a continuous demand on accurate and up-to-date information. This guideline covers all aspects of microbiological diagnostics, basic principles of standard therapy, treatment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, management of side effects, special features of diagnosis and treatment of resistant tuberculosis, and treatment in TB-HIV coinfection. Also, it explains when treatment in specialized centers is required, aspects of care and legal regulations and the diagnosis and preventive therapy of latent tuberculosis infection. The update of the S2k guideline "Tuberculosis in Adults" is intended to serve as a guideline for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis for all those involved in tuberculosis care and to help meet the current challenges in dealing with tuberculosis in Germany.

Socio-Economic Analysis of Internal Migration Movements from Şanlıurfa to Istanbul

Ekonomik, siyasi, sosyal, kültürel ve diğer dış faktörlerden dolayı birey ya da gurupların yerleşmek amacıyla gerçekleştirdikleri yer değiştirme hareketi olarak tanımlanan göç aynı zamanda bir tür sosyal değişim sürecini de ifade etmektedir. Türkiye’de iller ve bölgeler arasında görülen sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik farklılıkları, nüfus hareketlerine neden olmakta ve bunun sonucunda ise iç göç ortaya çıkmaktadır. Türkiye’de iç göçler içinde yaşanılan dönemin koşullarına bağlı olarak farklılık gösterse de her dönemde güncelliğini koruyarak devam etmiştir. İç göç olgusunu incelemek için birçok faktörün göz önünde bulundurulması gerekmektedir. Göçe kaynaklık eden faktörlerin dikkate alınması dengeli iç göç sağlama açısından daha gerçekçi politikaların yürütülmesine imkân sağlayacağından çalışmada iç göç hareketlerinin nedenleri, ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve siyasi eksende ele alınmıştır. İç göç olgusuna dair bu eksenler dikkate alınarak Şanlıurfa özelinde değerlendirilmiştir. Şanlıurfa'dan İstanbul'a gerçekleşen iç göç hareketlerinin sebeplerini ve sosyo-ekonomik boyutlarını belirlemek amacıyla Şanlıurfa doğumlu olup bireysel veya hane halkıyla beraber İstanbul’a göç eden ve ikametgâhı İstanbul’da olan 450 kişiyle anket çalışması yapılmış, anket sonuçları istatistiksel analiz yöntemler yardımı ile incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Şanlıurfa'dan İstanbul'a gerçekleşen göç hareketlerinin odağında işsizlik, geçim sıkıntısı, eğitim, sağlık ve sosyal imkânsızlıklar gibi itici faktörlerin olduğu ve İstanbul’a göç eden bireylerin, göç ettikleri için memnun oldukları ve bu nedenle büyük çoğunluğunun geri dönmek istemediği belirlenmiştir.

Who moves and who gains from internal migration in Egypt? Evidence from two waves of a labor market panel survey

In recent decades, Egypt has experienced rapid internal migration movements triggered by urbanization, socioeconomic development, and environmental changes. From a literature perspective, few scholarly studies have empirically examined the drivers and welfare impacts of internal migration in Egypt, despite the increasing recognition of its inextricably links to urban sustainability. The present study utilized data from two waves of an Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) conducted in 2012 and 2018 and consisting of 63,909 observations to examine factors that determine internal migration decisions and their subsequent welfare effects. The results of the two-stage Heckman selection model indicate that both the determinants of internal migration decisions and welfare outcomes differ appreciably depending on migration stream as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of the migrants. In particular, females were found to be more likely to migrate from rural to urban areas, lending support to the growing literature on the “feminization of migration” in developing countries. The OLS regression results, after correcting for self-selection, make a strong case for the positive welfare gains from internal migration in Egypt. Specially, we found that the welfare gains for older and female migrants are much higher than other age and gender groups. A comparison of the welfare effects between different migration streams shows that all migratory movements were associated with positive and statistically significant welfare gains, except for rural-to-urban migration that was surprisingly found to be associated with significant welfare loss for the migrants. Urban-to-urban migration was found to have the strongest welfare enhancing effects on all migrant groups. The empirical findings underline a number of research and policy implications for a sustainable management of internal migration in Egypt and other countries with similar internal migration trends.

THE EFFECTS OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT ON THE ATTITUDES TOWARDS SYRIAN REFUGEES: TURKEY CASE

International migration movements have very important effects at global, macro and micro levels. These effects come in a wide variety of forms, and they are primarily on socio-economic, political and military areas. Undoubtedly, its negative effects on unemployment are among the most important. The aim of this study is to examine the unemployment perception of citizens in the host country, with reference to the claims that international migration increases unemployment. For this purpose, data from the field study conducted in 2019 on the Syrian refugees in Turkey was used. The data was analysed with the structural equation modelling within the scope of the locals' accepting and rejecting attitudes towards immigrants and a meaningful model has been created. When the regulatory effect of the locals' unemployment status is examined, the effects of unemployed on rejecting immigrants and, the employed on accepting immigrants have been determined.

Trabzon İlindeki Nüfus Hareketleri ve İç Göçün Yaş Gruplarına Göre Analizi

This study was carried out in order to examine and explore the distribution of population andinternal migration movements by age groups in Trabzon between 1985-2019. For this purpose,population and migration data belonging to age groups were analyzed and evaluated in order todetermine the direction in which internal migration movements occurred. Qualitative researchmethod and case study design has been adopted in the study. In order to achieve the researchaim, population and internal migration data of Trabzon province was filtered and calculationswere made from the data collected and stored by the DIE and TUIK. Secondary data analysis wasconducted. The data specific to migration received by age groups, migration given, net migrationand net migration rate were compiled. Descriptive analysis findings were presented andinterpreted. The age group of those who migrated in Trabzon province has been determined. Thevariability of the phenomenon of internal migration according to age has been revealed. In termsof the gender variable of the population structure in Trabzon province, it was determined thatthe female population was more than the male population in all census periods of 1970 and after.Intensive mobility was observed in the migration category given in the age groups of 5-35 years.The reasons for migration given by Trabzon province in 18-24 age groups are education andemployment factors have been pointed by the past studies. In terms of 18-24 age group, education and employment factors are among the reasons for Migration received by Trabzon province, it was determined by past research findings. It has been proposed to conduct integrated qualitativequantitative methodical field research to examine the causality of migration supported by Development Agency funding.

Тенденції міжнародної трудової міграції в умовах інтелектуалізації світогосподарського розвитку та цифровізації економіки

The article is devoted to the assessment of the trends of international labor migration as the main part of international migration movements in the countries of the world in the context of the impact on them of modern transformational changes in global economic development, in particular, the intellectualization of migration flows and the digitalization of the economy. A trend has been established to increase the number of international migrants in the world during the last half century. It has been proven that the increase in the volume of labor migration has a significant impact on the labor markets of both the countries from which people leave and the countries receiving migrants. Attention is focused on the fact that the influx of labor to the host countries contributes to their economic growth. This is because most migrant workers are in active working age, which increases their impact on GDP production. The dynamics of international migration indicators by world region over the past 20 years have been analyzed. It has been established that in the world economy there is a growing need for highly qualified specialists, first of all, for high-tech sectors of the service sphere – IT industry, engineering services, the field of applied research and development, etc. It was concluded that there is an increase in the share of persons with a high level of education among labor migrants. This is a natural result of the transformation of science into the most productive force. It is substantiated that the receiving countries, taking into account the deepening of the process of intellectualization of world economic development, are building a policy of intellectualization of migration flows. This is implemented by recognizing the priority of attracting highly skilled migrants. These countries are developing a migration policy aimed at attracting the appropriate categories of labor force. The levers of countering the «brain drain» and encouraging the influx of highly intelligent workforce of the interested countries in the conditions of increased international competition for intellectual capital have been determined

International migrations and ethnic interactions in the modern world: features of social actualization

The presented article researches the features of the social implementation of the processes of international migration and ethnic interactions in the modern world. The author consistently focuses on the analysis of statistical data, driving forces and factors of international migration movements affecting the globalizing planetary society in general and Russia in particular. A special place in the study is paid to the problems of sociocultural adaptation in the context of interethnic relations, the formation of various behavioral models and strategies of interaction between representatives of different peoples and cultures of the world, as well as topical issues of the development and practical implementation of an effective integration policy of the state in relation to the multiethnic and multicultural contingent of its population. The materials of this article are intended to contribute to both scientific understanding and practical achievement of harmonization of ethnic and cross–cultural interactions at various levels of public life’s organization.

International migration movements

The issue of international migration has been increasingly present, especially since the early 2010s, in the daily news. However, the media tends to focus on a small minority of these movements, those which arise from exoduses linked to international wars or to civil wars often fanned – voluntarily or involuntarily – by external powers, and those which take place in non-legal forms, the main cause of which is most often poor governance. Beyond that, it is important to take a complete and fair look at all international migration in daily life. However, this does not entail following sensationalist claims that depict a world entering a generalised migratory cycle. Finally, we should ask ourselves about the real changes undergone by international migration in the 21st century.

Motivation of migration activity of youth in the Ukraine’s Carpathian region

In recent years, the scale of labor and educational migration from Ukraine has been growing, usually transforming into permanent migration (resettlement). Such situation leads to the threat of demographic and socio-economic development of our country and requires effective mechanisms for regulating migration. The development of such mechanisms needs the study of motives forcing people to migrate. The article is devoted to the investigation of motivational bases of young people’s migration activity in Ukraine’s Carpathian region. According to the results of a sociological survey of young people, a low level of potential internal migration was revealed. At the same time, attitudes for migration abroad are spread enough. The paper reveals that high level of wages and an availability of a job are the main motives for both internal and external possible migration movements. According to the respondents’ opinion, these factors could also deter young people from moving abroad. In addition, the lack of stability and confidence in the future, as well as insufficient opportunities for professional realization, poor working conditions are important motives for possible movement abroad for permanent residence. The study revealed some features of certain regions. Thus, the youth of Zakarpattia region more often, compared to respondents from other regions, chose the following push factors: low wages; lack of stability and confidence in the future; high level of corruption. The lack of work in Ukraine worries mostly respondents from Ivano-Frankivsk region. Chernivtsi region is distinguished by the highest share of those who could be motivated for permanent migration by housing problems. According to the assessment of students and pupils of higher and vocational education institutions, the level of the average salary, which could slow down the mass emigration of young people abroad, has been determined. It is about 800 euros. Persons who would not move abroad under any circumstances make up less than 10% of respondents. The results of the study confirm the need to develop effective mechanisms for regulating the migration activity of young people at the regional and state levels.

The Role of Precarious Employment in Emigration Flows from Croatia

Current global economic trends, trade competition and technological change, have greatly expanded the complexity of labour market contracts and increased the number of employees working under temporary work status and non-standard forms of employment. Part of economic theory tries to explain the influence of those labour market trends on migration. This is particularly important in the case of Croatia, which has been experiencing a large scale of emigration in recent years. The number of people that left abroad increased four times from 2012. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of precarious employment in international migration movements, especially from Croatia, but also from Central and East European countries (CEEC). Data on migration, wages, employment quality, GDP and unemployment used in this paper come from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics for Croatia and Eurostat databases for the rest of the sample.

Migración internacional y crisis global: una visión histórico-estructural

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto brindar un marco de referencia teórico-conceptual del tema migratorio en un contexto histórico y particularmente en una época de recurrentes crisis económicas y financieras. El análisis comienza con un panorama de las migraciones en la era global y la presentación de referentes teóricos que vinculan la globalización con la configuración de movimientos migratorios internacionales, aspecto que permiten reforzar la idea de que los desplazamientos humanos que se producen a partir del desarrollo capitalista, presentan un comportamiento específico asociado a las transformaciones de las diferentes fases de acumulación. Se presenta como categoría de análisis el patrón de acumulación y se revisa la evolución de las etapas históricas de acumulación capitalista, así como los efectos de las crisis en los flujos migratorios.

Protection Reference Guide

Protection is the core issue of all kind of internal and international displacement, migration and large human movements. Protection practitioners are the person who chooses and responses to such a matter which relates all the vital issues related to dignity and well being of refugees, migrants and displaced peoples. Protection practitioners and researchers need a lot of reading materials for their research, practice, training, analysis, module development and other purposes. So to keep them a little bit relaxed, I develop this Protection Reference Guide. The references here are collected from three module developed by PHAP (International Association of Professionals in Humanitarian Assistance and Protection). The modules are for PHAP credentialing program. The three modules are: 1. PHAP-UHE (Understanding the Humanitarian Ecosystem), 2. PHAP-ILFHA (International Legal Frameworks for Humanitarian Action), 3. PHAP-AHPP (Applying Humanitarian Principles in Practice). This Protection Reference Guide will help the researchers and practitioners to get a quick location of their materials. So they can use the materials in their work for betterment of lives and liberties of refugees, migrants and displaced people as well as other vulnerable groups of communities around the world. This Guide is also helpful for the practitioners who are planning to sit for PHAP credentialing test.

De Brez, Trento al mineral de Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, México. Redes transnacionales de mineros italianos

This paper examines the migration flow of a community of farmers from Brez, Trentino – at the time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire – that headed to Sierra Mojada in Coahuila to work as miners. It describes the political and cultural characteristics of the receiving country, the Italian settlers, and the transnational geographic spaces they had to cross. Numerically the miners are only a small fraction of the total emigration from northern Italy to Mexico, yet the microhistorical Italian perspective makes it possible to frame them within international migratory movements. The study found consistent connections between migrants’ city of origin and adopted city, and identified the importance of networks of family members and friends for support for subsequent migration flows. Those who returned as a result of World War I – as subjects of the Kingdom of Italy – continued to work as miners in different locations, making them difficult to trace.

La niñez en las migraciones globales: perspectivas teóricas para analizar su participación

<p>El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una revisión del estado del arte sobre la infancia migrante como un nuevo actor global, dada su mayor presencia en los flujos migratorios internacionales y dentro de Latinoamérica. Se propone el concepto de capacidad de agencia, complementario al ejercicio de derechos, para analizar las formas de participación infantil en los proyectos migratorios autónomos (no acompañados) y familiares. A partir del reconocimiento del racismo y la subalternización que afecta a la niñez migrante, se discuten las teorías anglosajonas de la integración —entendida como asimilación— que han influido el ámbito latinoamericano, donde la escolarización funciona como un indicador del grado de integración. <br />Se realiza una revisión crítica del concepto de “segunda generación”, por su contenido clasista, etnocéntrico y adultocéntrico. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre la dimensión transnacional de la infancia migrante.</p>

Impact of internal migration movements on the schooling process in Turkey: Supervisors’ views

This study attempted to examine the impact of interregional and urban–rural population movements on schools located in areas subjected to high in-migration and out-migration flows in Turkey based on data collected from primary school supervisors (N=150). A cross-sectional survey design was utilized to examine the most pressing problems confronted in those schools, and possible actions that could be taken by various stakeholders were sought. Overall data suggest that those schools serve mostly disadvantaged populations with poor households. Among the main challenges revealed are lack of adequate school resources and poor facilities, problems caused due to ineffective and untimely implementation of the program, high personnel turnover and recruitment of largely inexperienced and relatively less qualified educational staff, and lower levels of parental involvement in children’s schooling. Accordingly, proposed recommendations focused on measures to eliminate capacity and resource constraints, improve hiring practices, and secure adequate supervision and support for educational staff, meet academic and socio-emotional needs of students and facilitate parental involvement in the education of children.

The Impact of Migration Movements on Innovation Activities in Croatian Counties

Innovation activities are one of the most important engines behind economic growth. Among factors that facilitate development of innovations a particularly prominent place belongs to social and cultural diversity of particular geographic areas. Contributions within a number of academic disciplines point to the positive impact of the heterogeneity of the population on the generation of new ideas, knowledge diffusion, entrepreneurship and economic growth. However, the relationship between migration movements and innovations at the regional level has been investigated to a lesser extent. This is especially true when it comes to spatial effects of migration movements on innovations that have not been addressed in the existing literature. The objective of this research is to explore spatial impact of migration movements on innovation activities of Croatian counties in the 2005–2013 period. Results obtained using the spatial panel Durbin econometric technique point to a negative intraregional and positive interregional impact of intercounty and international migration movements on regional innovation activity. Increased innovation activity within individual regions has a positive impact on the same activity of neighbouring regions.

State of the art of VET systems in Albania and Kosovo - Observations and Comparisons

Like many other countries in the world, South East European and Balkan countries are experiencing a changing economic and social context, tinged by the effects of globalization, that includes rapid technological change, economic interdependence, a move towards free market economies, international migration movements, increasing calls for public accountability, and aspirations to active citizenship. More than ever, VET systems are expected to fulfill a dual role in supporting sustainable development. Their economic role is to support growth and competitiveness by providing relevant and high-quality skills; their social role is to contribute to inclusive societies by educating young people and enabling adults to gain additional skills, and by providing them with the key competences and values needed to ensure their employability and active citizenship. The countries selected to be introduced in this document are Albania and Kosovo. We will have a close look in their socio-economic and political backgrounds by sketching their dynamics, good practices as well weaknesses and challenges, priorities and future aspirations. They have both similarities, common aspect and correlations with each other, as well as specific contexts, individual features and differences. For example Albania is a post-communist country and similarities are to be found in terms of former centralization and planned economies with a former Yugoslav country like Kosovo. The last one is consider post-conflict country and despite that, has also inherited several common features from the previous common system yet particular in its national backgrounds. Albania is a candidate country for EU accession, Kosovo have submitted its official request to become such. The common walk that both countries have done or will still do towards the EU Integration and their efforts for enhancing the role and effectiveness of VET remains the main subject unifying them.

Determinants of Internal Migration in Turkey: A Panel Data Analysis Approach

Internal migration movements in Turkey have been a major concern for policy makers, city planners and academicians for decades. To anticipate and regulate these movements it is crucial to understand the factors behind these movements; namely the push and pull factors specific to regions. In this study it is aimed to discover the most effective determinants of the recent internal migration movements in Turkey. With this aim the internal migration patterns in 2008-2012 are examined by provinces in the context of push and pull factors of migration using a macro approach. A panel dataset is constructed by employing the available data covering time series of the economic, social and environmental aspects of provinces as well as the provincial migration movements. With this dataset it is attempted to find out the determinants of internal migration in Turkey by using panel data analysis methods. The economic factors such as job and high income opportunities; factors related to better living conditions such as education, health care and security are expected to play a significant role in pulling internal migration.