Internal Combustion Engine Cars Research Articles

EXTERNAL COSTS OF ROAD TRANSPORTIN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSITION TO LOW-CARBON ECONOMY: RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

To make the transition to a low-carbon economy and sustainable transport system, to solve environmental and climate problems, many countries are replacing traditional cars that run on petroleum fuel with electric cars. Unlike vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE),electric vehicles` emission from operation phase are practically zero, but this is not the case if we consider a full life cycle. In this paper, we briefly describe the electric vehicle market, examine the life-cycle emissions of electric cars and ICE cars, propose a methodological approach to the economic assessment of negative impact of emissions from road transport, carry out a comparative assessment of external costs of cars that run on traditional and alternative fuel. To achieve these goals, we use the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which allows to calculate country-specific and time-adjusted value of a statistical life, and consider the characteristics of Russia`s energy balance and automotive market. The results demonstrate that, in general, under Russian conditions, electric cars are more environmentally friendly and contribute less to climate change than cars with internal combustion engines. The external costs caused by life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of an electric car are lower than similar emissions from a traditional car by about 70 rubles per 100 km. The external costs caused by emissions of pollutants from the electric car operationphase are lower than external costs caused by emissions from an ICE car by approximately20 rubles per 100 km.

Evaluation of Future Battery Electric Vehicles as an Environmentally Friendly Transportation Means: A Review

The climate challenge is an energy challenge. thus, policymakers around the world are trying to accelerate the adoption of clean energy technologies. The Global Energy Review said that global CO2 emissions from energy combustion in 2021 reached the highest annual level with an increase of 6% from 2020, The automotive sector is very important to achieve net zero global emissions by 2050 based on the agreement with the world in the Scenario Net Zero Emissions by 2050. in which in 2035 sales of internal combustion engine cars (ICE) will be stopped. In this case, of course, electric vehicles are an alternative to the field of future land transportation that uses batteries as fuel that utilizes renewable energy as a charger for electric vehicles. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure (EVCI) is a key driver of increased electrification mobility shifting away from internal combustion engines given that the specific geographical distribution of a region and its demographics are factors influencing the adoption of electric vehicles. This paper was written to review the state-of-the-art of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), a PV energy source in terms of renewable energy utilization, energy generation, batteries, and charging stations. PV generation is extensively reviewed, and although this research is quite extensive, some gaps need to be investigated for further research on commercial and residential aspects as a means of operating batteries for electric vehicle charging stations based on PV and BESS (Battery Energy Storage System). Regulations on the use of battery electric vehicles as an environmentally friendly means of transportation will grow based on government policies from each country

Electric vehicle impact on the environment in terms of the electric energy source — Case study

The growth of the electric vehicles (EVs) use forces a need of verification their emissivity due to the electric power source. The thesis of non-emissivity EV is contested. Based on the average conditions of the Polish generation system and distribution network, real energy demand to charge EVs was calculated. Then the emissions were set and compared to the classic cars with internal combustion engine (ICE) according to Euro standards to check what real emissions are for EV and classic cars. For the averaged cases of the low voltage distribution system it turned out, that charging the electric vehicles from the mains results in higher exhaust gases production than the ICE cars. The energy losses are especially high for rural areas, where distances from the energy source to load are significant. This causes higher emissions than in cases of ICE. However the application of the renewable energy sources (RES) may be a best way to achieve zero-emissivity transportation, both in local scale (home RES supplying EV) and in whole system scale by lowering the average emissions substituting fossil fuels sources.

Design and Fabrication of Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery Power Generation System

Abstract: This paper proposes and implements a waste heat energy recovery system for internal combustion engine automobiles, including gasoline vehicles. In modern days agricultural sector is plays an important role, so for that we need electrical energy for lighting effects in night times. The key is to directly convert the heat energy from automotive waste heat to electrical energy using a turbocharger, which is then regulated by a DC–DC Ćuk converter to charge a battery using maximum power point tracking. Hence, the electrical power stored in the battery can be maximized. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can work well under different working conditions, and is promising for automotive industry.

Converting Combustion Engines to Electric Cars: Requirement, Perception, and Viability in Under-Developed Countries

Despite barely being a novel concept, EVs have been rising in popularity because of the development of the technology and infrastructure required to support EVs on a large scale, a growing concern for the climate, and a fight to lower carbon emissions. Even though the demand for EVs rising every year, there have been a few major roadblocks that are affecting the growth and development of EVs in developing countries and households with lower incomes, specifically the high initial cost of building the infrastructure of EVs, EVs being more expensive than regular Internal Combustion Engine cars, and a skeptical consumer market. However, making conversions of ICEs into EVs or Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEVs) might circumvent many of these issues, including combating the problem of replacing every single ICE with a brand-new EV in the span of a few decades. This paper discusses the cost, efficiency, and public perception of converting ICEs to EVs and what a viable business model can look like while paying particular attention to customer needs and public perception.

The analysis for the development of transportation electrification

For the last hundreds of years, fossil fuel and internal combustion engine has promoted the quality of people’s lives greatly. However, fossil fuel also causes many problems. Oil is being running out and burning fossil fuel emits too much greenhouse gases. So, finding other energy sources to get rid of fossil fuel is important. Electricity is a kind of clean energy and transportation is one of the main consumers of fossil fuel. Therefore, transportation electrification will be a great method to deal with the trouble caused by burning fossil fuel. This paper summarizes the advantages and limitations of transportation electrification by analysing the electrical machinery and drawbacks of batteries concisely. Electric vehicles (EVs) have many benefits: electric machinery with good properties makes EVs more powerful and faster; using electricity could not only reduce emission of greenhouse gases, but also save customers’ money. But the batteries have more safety issues than internal combustion engine, like easily catching fire or exploding after being crushed. Batteries also have bad performance in extreme situation, which affects the range of EVs. And lack of charging stations reinforces the ‘range anxiety’. This paper puts forward some ideas to improve the EVs and expects that EVs have great potential to replace the internal combustion engine cars (ICE cars) in the future.

Consumer Willingness to Recycle The Wasted Batteries of Electric Vehicles in the Era of Circular Economy

Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being used for the benefit of the environment and to foster the development of a low-carbon circular economy. However, compared to internal combustion engine cars, spent EV batteries (WBEVs) constitute a different form of waste, and their recycling mechanism is still in its early stages. WBEV consumer willingness to recycle is an issue in a circular economy in which EV users should be WBEV recycling pioneers. The purpose of this article is to develop an analytical model for consumers’ desire to return WBEVs for recycling, based on the circular economy and consumer welfare, in order to investigate consumer incentives for the construction of a WBEV recycling system. PLS-SEM was used for the analysis, and the results revealed the following. First, both the perception of government policy and environmental attitudes have significant positive causal effects on consumers’ intentions to recycle. Second, the perception of benefits has a significant positive mediating effect on recycling intention, whereas the perception of loss has a significant negative mediating effect. Third, the multigroup analysis found that, with the exception of gender, the variables of age, income, education, area of residence, recycling experiences, and EV ownership all have substantial moderating impacts, although their routes and directions vary considerably. Recycling policies must be appropriate for consumers, and this has policy consequences for the circular economy. Environmental education and incentives should be provided to increase consumer knowledge and willingness to recycle. Big data might help with the design of a WBEV recycling system. It is necessary to create an intelligent recycling platform, cross-regional recycling collaboration, and smart logistics for WBEVs. Further, the battery refill mechanism of energy replenishment might encourage the recycling of WBEVs.

A machine learning approach to analyse and predict the electric cars scenario: The Italian case.

The automotive market is experiencing, in recent years, a period of deep transformation. Increasingly stricter rules on pollutant emissions and greater awareness of air quality by consumers are pushing the transport sector towards sustainable mobility. In this historical context, electric cars have been considered the most valid alternative to traditional internal combustion engine cars, thanks to their low polluting potential, with high growth prospects in the coming years. This growth is an important element for companies operating in the electricity sector, since the spread of electric cars is necessarily accompanied by an increasing need of electric charging points, which may impact the electricity distribution network. In this work we proposed a novel application of machine learning methods for the estimation of factors which could impact the distribution of the circulating fleet of electric cars in Italy. We first collected a new dataset from public repository to evaluate the most relevant features impacting the electric cars market. The collected datasets are completely new, and were collected starting from the identification of the main variables that were potentially responsible for the spread of electric cars. Subsequently we distributed a novel designed survey to further investigate such factors on a population sample. Using machine learning models, we could disentangle potentially new interesting information concerning the Italian scenario. We analysed it, in fact, according to different geographical Italian dimensions (national, regional and provincial) and with the final identification of those potential factors that could play a fundamental role in the success and distribution of electric cars mobility. Code and data are available at: https://github.com/GiovannaMariaDimitri/A-machine-learning-approach-to-analyse-and-predict-the-electric-cars-scenario-the-Italian-case.

Break the ICE: What Happens to Traditional Cars When EVs Rule the Road?

The UK is banning the sale of new internal combustion engine (ICE) cars from 2030. As the deadline approaches, there are several factors that could come into play which will affect the ICE market. The ideal scenario, is that EVs will reach price parity with today's ICE cars, making the transition straightforward, but it is possible that EVs remain unaffordable for most people. However this transition turns out, what will happen to all those older ICE cars? The article looks into the most likely scenarios, from retrofitting them with EV batteries, to a boom in exports of old ICE cars or it might be an opportunity for the classic car market.

중등학교 기술 교사 임용시험의 수송기술 영역 출제 동향 분석

Objectives This study attempted to understand the change and trend of content by analyzing questions in the transportation technology area in the secondary school technology teacher recruitment examination.
 Methods This study was conducted in the order of ‘literature review’, ‘data analysis criteria setting’, ‘data coding’, and ‘data analysis’. The subject of analysis is the questions on the secondary schooltechnology teacher recruitment examination from 2002 to 2022, and the evaluation area and content elements presented by the Korea Curriculum Evaluation Institute were used as the analysis criteria.
 Results First, in the secondary school technology teacher recruitment examination, the number of questions in the transportation technology area accounted for about 13.9% of the total questions and the total score was about 13.5%, and the ratio of points in the transport technology field gradually decreased as the evaluation period changed. Second, the questions in the transportation technology area differed by evaluation field, and the proportion of automobile technology field was the highest, followed by energy technology field and transportation technology basic field. Third, the questions in the transportation technology area differed by evaluation area, and among the evaluation content elements, the structure and principle of internal combustion engine cars(T321).
 Conclusions First, considering the importance of transportation technology and the balance between evaluation areas, it is necessary to newly adjust the ratio of questions in the transport technology area. Second, it is necessary to move away from automobile-centered evaluation and set questions in a wider range of transportation technology areas in line with the content system of the recent curriculum. Third, it is necessary to actively reflect the rapidly changing trend of modern transportation technology along with the revision of the curriculum in the recruitment examination.

Framework for Building Low-Cost OBD-II Data-Logging Systems for Battery Electric Vehicles

With the electrification of transport (BEVs) and the growing benefits of smart vehicles, there is a need for a simple solution to perform real-time monitoring of the BEV and its battery for diagnostics and coordinated charging. The On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system, originally designed for internal combustion engine cars (ICE), can be used to extract the necessary BEV data. This paper presents a developed framework for a low-cost solution to online monitoring of BEVs. A Raspberry Pi Zero W, along with other auxiliary components, was installed in two Hyundai Ioniq Battery Electric cars to communicate with the vehicles via the OBD-II port. A python script was developed to periodically request the vehicle data by sending various Parameter IDs to the vehicles and storing the raw response data. A web server was created to process the hexadecimal encoded data and visualize the data on a dashboard. The key parameters, such as the battery state of health (SOH), state of charge (SOC), battery temperature, cell voltages and cumulative energy consumption, were successfully captured and recorded, which can now facilitate trending for battery diagnostics and future integration with smart chargers for coordinated charging.

Auxiliary Power Module Elimination in EVs Using Dual Inverter Drivetrain

As electric vehicles compete with internal combustion engine cars, cost and weight savings remain central research objectives. The auxiliary power module, a dc/dc converter responsible for stepping down the power from the main traction battery to the auxiliary battery, has gained attention as a component where weight and cost savings can be achieved. With the auxiliary power module responsible for feeding everything from headlights to rising vehicular computational demands, these savings become evermore significant. This article introduces a system that integrates traction-to-auxiliary power conversion into the dual inverter drivetrain, leveraging typically underutilized degrees of freedom in the drive inverter to implement and control the dc/dc conversion eliminating the auxiliary power module. Due to the high level of integration, the proposed solution improves on existing literature by exclusively using the drivetrain’s active switches. Beyond capital savings and simplicity, this ensures no additional switching losses compared to regular driving operation. A mathematical model is motivated analytically and validated using computational simulations. A 1.2 kW prototype is constructed to validate the introduced concept experimentally.

Impact of vehicle type, tyre feature and driving behaviour on tyre wear under real-world driving conditions

Tyre wear generates not only large pieces of microplastics but also airborne particle emissions, which have attracted considerable attention due to their adverse impacts on the environment, human health, and the water system. However, the study on tyre wear is scarce in real-world driving conditions. In the present study, the left-front and left-rear tyre wear in terms of volume lost in mm3 of 76 taxi cars was measured about every three months. This study covered 22 months from September 2019 to June 2021 and included more than 500 measurements in total. Some of the data was used to evaluate the effects of vehicle type and tyre type on tyre wear. In addition, a machine learning method (i.e., Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)) was used to probe the effect of driving behaviour on tyre wear by monitoring real-time driving behaviour. The current statistical results showed that, on average, the tyre wear was 72 mg veh−1 km−1 for a hybrid car and 53 mg veh−1 km−1 for a conventional internal combustion engine car. The average tyre wear measured for a taxi vehicle configuration featuring winter tyres was 160 mg veh−1 km−1, which was 1.4 and 3.0 times as much as those with all-season tyres and summer tyres, respectively. The wear rate of left-front tyres was 1.7 times higher than that of left-rear tyres. The XGBoost results indicated that compared to driving behaviour, tyre type and tyre position had more important effects on tyre wear. Among driving behaviours, braking and accelerating events presented the most considerable impact on tyre wear, followed by cornering manoeuvres and driving speed. Thus, it seems that limiting harsh braking and acceleration has the potential to reduce tyre wear significantly.

Demand estimation for electric vehicles at rapid charging hubs and peak load reduction using battery energy storage units

Almost a third of global carbon emissions are attributed to the transportation sector – mostly resulting from a dependence on internal combustion engine cars. Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been thus identified as significant components of the carbon emissions reduction plan and, hence, developing a robust recharging infrastructure will increase electromobility's success. EVs may be recharged using slow, fast, rapid, and ultra-rapid technologies. However, rapid chargers consume significant energy from the grid within a short period of time, resulting in pulsating loads. An increased number of rapid chargers will alter the planning and management of all grid-connected operations. Using Deno runtime based on the JavaScript programming language, this paper presents an algorithm for creating stochastic charging profiles and estimating the demand of EVs from rapid and ultra-rapid devices. PSCAD/EMTDC is also used to examine the effect of chargers on the peak demand of a distribution feeder. The findings of this study increase confidence in the viability of connecting rapid chargers with battery energy storage units at strategic places of the distribution network.

Network reconfiguration method for improved asset use in low voltage distribution grids

From 2035, the European Union plans to ban the sale of new internal combustion engine cars, which will increase electric vehicle charging in the (low voltage) distribution network. This will challenge and pressure distribution system operators (DSOs) to make optimal use of existing network assets, to keep network costs within limits. One little used, but potentially important strategy is distribution network reconfiguration (DNR). This paper proposes a DNR method based on a genetic algorithm using minimal spanning tree initialization and radiality preserving mutation and crossover operators. The application potential for reconfiguration on low voltage (LV) distribution networks is shown by applying the proposed method on data from a real European low voltage network. The objective is to minimize active network losses while respecting voltage congestion bounds, radiality constraints and limiting switching actions. Application of the proposed method on the LV network achieves a loss reduction of 19.5%. Also, it is shown that even with limited number of switching actions, significant loss reduction can be achieved.

The Evaluation of Conventional, Electric and Hybrid Electric Passenger Car Pass-By Noise Annoyance Using Psychoacoustical Properties

Road traffic noise is one of the most prominent sources of urban noise pollution. Recently, as a result of the electrification of vehicles, lower noise levels are expected in urban areas at speeds below 50 km/h. The commonly used physical descriptor, the A-weighted sound pressure level, does not sufficiently characterize the perceived annoyance of either combustion engine or electric passenger car pass-by noises. Psychoacoustical descriptors are advantageous for characterization purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceived annoyance caused by the noise from internal combustion engine, electric, and hybrid passenger cars using psychoacoustical properties. To achieve this objective, the following steps were conducted. First, the binaurally recorded sounds of 40 cars from different brands with different motorization were presented to the subjects who indicated the intensity of their perceived annoyance on a quasi-continuous scale. Second, the signal and psychoacoustical properties of the recorded sounds were analyzed. Third, a new annoyance index was developed, based on annoyance judgments and signal and psychoacoustical properties, to characterize the annoyance caused by pass-by noises. One of the novel aspects of this study is the consideration of not only the pass-by sounds of the internal combustion engine passenger cars, but also the pass-by sounds of hybrid and electric passenger cars. An acceleration from idle to a target speed of 50 km/h was selected as a traffic pass-by situation, which differs from those considered in previous studies. The results of the study show that psychoacoustical properties, such as loudness, tonality, roughness, and fluctuation strength, are very useful to characterize the annoyance perception, which is caused by single passenger car pass-by sounds in the above mentioned traffic situation. The developed index, which is a weighted combination of chosen psychoacoustical properties, can be very useful for traffic planning and traffic noise prevention measures.

Scenarios to Decarbonize Austria’s Energy Consumption and the Role of Underground Hydrogen Storage

The European Union is aiming at reaching greenhouse gas (GHG) emission neutrality in 2050. Austria’s current greenhouse gas emissions are 80 million t/year. Renewable Energy (REN) contributes 32% to Austria’s total energy consumption. To decarbonize energy consumption, a substantial increase in energy generation from renewable energy is required. This increase will add to the seasonality of energy supply and amplifies the seasonality in energy demand. In this paper, the seasonality of energy supply and demand in a Net-Zero Scenario are analyzed for Austria and requirements for hydrogen storage derived. We looked into the potential usage of hydrogen in Austria and the economics of hydrogen generation and technology and market developments to assess the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH). Then, we cover the energy consumption in Austria followed by the REN potential. The results show that incremental potential of up to 140 TWh for hydropower, photovoltaic (PV), and wind exists in Austria. Hydropower generation and PV is higher in summer- than in wintertime, while wind energy leads to higher energy generation in wintertime. The largest incremental potential is PV, with agrivoltaic systems significantly increasing the area amenable for PV compared with PV usage only. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV) use energy more efficiently than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) cars; however, the use of hydrogen for electricity generation significantly decreases the efficiency due to electricity–hydrogen–electricity conversion. The increase in REN use and the higher demand for energy in Austria in wintertime require seasonal storage of energy. We developed three scenarios, Externally Dependent Scenario (EDS), Balanced Energy Scenario (BES) or Self-Sustained Scenario (SSS), for Austria. The EDS scenario assumes significant REN import to Austria, whereas the SSS scenario relies on REN generation within Austria. The required hydrogen storage would be 10.82 bn m3 for EDS, 13.34 bn m3 for BES, and 18.69 bn m3 for SSS. Gas and oil production in Austria and the presence of aquifers indicates that sufficient storage capacity might be available. Significant technology development is required to be able to implement hydrogen as an energy carrier and to balance seasonal energy demand and supply.

Economic and Environmental Benefits of Using Cavitation Treated Fuel in Vehicles of Internal Combustion Engines

The results of an experimental study of efficiency of the cavitation treatment of a fuel mixture, based on A-95 gasoline and distilled water, for automobile internal combustion engines are presented. Cavitation treatment of this fuel mixture at a percentage of water/gasoline of 17/83 % allows increasing the cost of gasoline up to 15-20 % when operating engines on flat and sloping sections of roads and in traffic jams. Due to the cavitation treatment, the engine power is reduced by only 6/7 %. The design of the created automobile electromagnetic vibrating cavitator is described. Its application will not only save fuel, but increase the completeness of combustion of water-gasoline fuel mixture, i.e. improve the environment, as well %.

Automation of an automobile internal combustion engine bench calibration tests

Introduction(problemstatement and relevance).The article presents the work on the automation of an internal combustion engine (ICE) calibration tests results on a motor stand. The relevance of the article is due to the high labor intensity of such tests, the complexity of documentation and decisionmaking based on the results of the work.Purposeof the study. This work is part of a comprehensive methodology, the purpose of which is to reduce the duration of tests and improve the calibration results quality of the vehicle’s power plant. The entire methodology description as a whole is also given in the publication.Methodology and research methods.The achievement of this goal is ensured with the help of special systems – INCA-FLOW (test automation) and ASCMO (processing results and optimization), produced by Bosch/ETAS. The approbation of the technique was carried out on a motor stand in the MADI training box in relation to the problem of forming an ignition timing map.Scientific novelty and results.As a result of the methodology application, a 4.8 times reduction in the motor tests duration takes place if 2 people work in manual mode at the test bench without interruption.At the same time, the variance of the adequacy ofSadof the torque empirical modelMkturned out to be, on average, 1.5 times less if the model was built according to the automated tests results. The obtained data indicated an improvement in the quality of measurements in the transition to automated test methods.From a scientific point of view, the most original part of the work is the application of the “Gaussian process” method to build empirical models. This method provides more accurate results than, for example, the traditional method of least squares.Thepracticalsignificanceof the work lies in the ability to considerably reduce routine actions on a motor stand, and the additional time spent on developing and testing a test scenario (program) is compensated for by the fact that scenario models can be used in the future for other similar tests. The proposed methodology makes it possible to cover a significant part of the internal combustion engine calibration tests. For example, you can apply it if you possess the preliminary information about the test object (basing on which you can draw up an experiment plan) and the engine is to be prepared either for a car road tests or tests under special conditions.

Consideration on Global Warming Issues in Automotive Engineering Lectures

Recently, to prevent global warming, the Japanese government has announced drastic CO2 reduction targets through scientifically and technically inappropriate plans such as the ending of internal combustion engines in automobiles and the electrification of all vehicles. The issue of global warming is not taught correctly even in elementary and junior high school education. In this paper, I tried to consider how the issue of global warming should be dealt with in a lecture of automobile engineering in the university's mechanical engineering department. In this study, in addition to literature research, a questionnaire survey was conducted for students. As a result, several points to be noted in class became clear.