Interleaved Boost Converter Research Articles

Hybrid Controller Based on LQR Applied to Interleaved Boost Converter and Microgrids under Power Quality Events

Renewable energy sources are an environmentally attractive idea, but they require a proper control scheme to guarantee optimal operation. In this work, we tune different controllers for an Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) powered by a photovoltaic array using three metaheuristics: Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Gray Wolf Optimization. We also develop several controllers for a second simulated scenario where the IBC is plugged into an existing microgrid (MG) as this can provide relevant data for real-life applications. In both cases, we consider hybrid controllers based on a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). However, we hybridize it with an Integral action (I-LQR) in the first scenario to compare our data against previously published controllers. In the second one, we add a Proportional-Integral technique (PI-LQR) as we do not have previous data to compare against to provide a more robust controller than I-LQR. To validate our approach, we run extensive simulations with each metaheuristic and compare the resulting data. We focus on two fronts: the performance of the controllers and the computing cost of the solvers when facing practical issues. Our results demonstrate that the approach proposed for tuning controllers is a feasible strategy. The controllers tuned with the metaheuristics outperformed previously proposed strategies, yielding solutions thrice faster with virtually no overshoot and a voltage ripple seven times smaller. Not only this, but our controllers could correct some issues liaised to the IBC when it is plugged into an MG. We are confident that these insights can help migrate this approach to a more diverse set of MGs with different renewable sources and escalate it to real-life experiments.

Robust control of four-phase interleaved boost converter by considering the performance of PEM fuel cell current

Hydrogen associated with Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) as the prime candidate energy is becoming attention in transportation. However, the cost and the service lifespan are the main reasons that limit PEMFC wide application. In this paper, the super-twisting sliding mode (STSM) controller is designed for a four-phase interleaved boost converter (IBC) coupled with a PEMFC. The proposed controller can enhance the robustness of the output voltage while reducing the PEMFC current overshoot as much as possible for protection under a certain limitation of the PEMFC current ripple. The stability of the proposed controller is proved by the Lyapunov theorem. A typical proportional-integral (PI) controller based on ac small-signal model is designed for further comparison and discussion. The effectiveness of the STSM controller is further evaluated through experimental results obtained with a 1 kW fuel cell system based on a real-time hardware-in-the-loop system.

A New Modular Structure of Marx Generator Based on Interleaved Boost Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode

In this article, a new modular structure of Marx generators (MGs) based on interleaved boost converter is proposed. The converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode to generate a high-voltage pulsed power with a common low-voltage source. Unlimited stages can be added to the proposed structure to reach lower maximum voltage stress for the semiconductors or to generate several kilovolts of the output pulses, while the voltage of the semiconductors remains constant. This structure resulted in a higher pulse repetition rate, fewer semiconductor elements, and lower semiconductor voltage stress in comparison to conventional MGs. Hence, the proposed structure is applicable for and efficient in supplying plasma applications with high-voltage pulses. The theoretical foundation of the introduced converter is presented and its performance is simulated using OrCAD software. Based on the obtained results, the maximum voltage of the output pulse is 40 times the input voltage in a single-stage structure. An 80-W prototype of the proposed structure was built to validate the accuracy of the theoretical foundation and the simulation results.

PV-Grid based Electric Vehicle Charging Station with Modified Interleaved Boost Converter

ABSTRACT Due to numerous shortcomings of the existing automobiles, the future of transportation lies in Electric Vehicles (EVs). For the sustainable existence of EVs, the development of charging infrastructure based on renewable sources is necessary. Hence, this research article aims to develop a PV–grid topology-based EV charger. An experimental prototype of the EV charging station (EVCS) is developed having a modified interleaved boost converter (MIBC). The proposed charger setup is tested by charging a PV on an EV with a Li-ion battery. The MIBC proposed is analysed and compared with the conventional boost converter, which is also based on PV-grid topology. The testing verifies that the current ripples, conduction and switching losses are reduced significantly. The results conclude that the prototype charger developed is robust, efficient and reliable.

Switched Redundancy and Cutset Approach to Estimate Basic Probability Indices of Interleaved DC-DC Boost Converter

Power Electronic Converter play a vital role in renewable energy systems in particular with solar PV systems. The DC voltage generated from the solar irradiation need to be stepped up using Boost Converters to the desired level and then inverted for AC outputs. In the context, reliability analysis of Conventional Boost Converter and Interleaved Boost Converter will be of prime concern. In this existing literature, component failure rate has been obtained. However, converter reliability analysis has not been dealt with. In this paper, Switched Mode Redundancy concept is applied along with the cutset approach for computation of basic probability indices such as Equivalent Failure Rate, Mean Outage Time and Average Annual Outage Time for these two converters. Further, the probabilistic measures such as Mean- Time-To- Failure, Mean- Time-To-Repair, Mean Time Between Failures, Availability and Unavailability are also evaluated for the above two converter configurations with malfunctioning aspects of the MOSFET, which is not dealt with in the literature.MOSFET as a switch is considered to be malfnctioning, if it is possible to get switched on when not required and not functioning when it is required. The proposed method is analyzed taking the converter configurations with MOSFET which can be used for high power and medium switching frequency applications. The results obtained are analyzed and presented for Conventional Boost Converter and Interleaved Boost Converter with malfunctioning and Non-malfunctioning aspects using MOSFET which is treated as a switch. It is observed that inspite of IBC has better performance as compared to that of the CBC, the probabilistic measures will be decreasing, which is realistic.

Comparison of Non-isolated High Gain Multi-input DC-DC Converters

In this paper, couple of non-isolated high gain multi-input DC-DC converter (MIC) topologies are presented and their salient features are compared. Each of the high gain MICs are synthesized from two identical high gain (HG) DC-DC converter structures. The input power supply to each of the MIC topologies comprising of two parallel connected HG converters is obtained from two separate sources. The individual outputs of the two HG converters are connected in parallel with each other through ORing diodes and deliver the required load power. The individual HG converter is developed from an interleaved boost converter (IBC) configuration. Its voltage gain is enhanced by judiciously adopting hybrid combination of various gain extension techniques like (i) coupled inductors, (ii) voltage-lift technique and (iii) voltage multiplier cells. The presented MIC topologies yield a voltage gain of about 10.33 and 21.11 at 200 W power level. Moreover, experimental results demonstrate the power sharing concept of both the MICs when both the input sources are available. In addition, the ruggedness of the proposed MIC structure is clearly validated through the experimental results obtained when only one source supplies the load.

Hardware Implementation of Two Stage Interleaved Boost Converter for Electric Vehicle Application

This paper deals with the design and simulation of two stage interleaved boost converter (IBC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The IBC is considered as a better solution among the different DC-DC topologies for EV for reducing the current ripple, power loss and the size of the components. Traditional DC-DC boost converter (BC) is not applicable for high power applications. Use of interleaving technique minimizes the voltage stress on the switching devices and to be improving the converter performance. Simulation is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink software. The prototype of two stage IBC is fabricated to test the performance. Hardware results shows that the inductor power loss is minimum at a switching frequency of 5 kHz compared to that of 10 kHz. The output power at the load end is maximum for 5 kHz switching when compared with 10 kHz switching. The study shows that the operation of IBC at 5 kHz improves the performance.

An Improved Energy Management for Pv/Battery Hybrid System Using interleaved Boost Converter

This project proposes the integration of photo voltaic array and battery in a micro grid and management of energy happening in the grid. The regulation of battery depending on the requisite of load i.e., battery hold, charge and discharge actions using a bi-directional DC-DC converter has been proposed. The usage of a simple boost converter and interleaved boost converter with MPPT control, two-level inverter and three-level NPC inverter has been compared for various situations like PV delivering supply to the load and charging battery, only PV system delivering supply to the load, only battery delivering supply to the load and PV-battery both delivering supply to the load. Output factors like power, voltage and current are analyzed and plotted for all the situations. The proposed micro grid energy management system is simulated under MATLAB/Simulink environment.

New Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for Photovoltaic System

This paper discusses open-circuit fault (OCF) diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategy (FTCS) of a nonisolated DC-DC converter. The photovoltaic power conversion structure (PPCS) consists of a photovoltaic generator and an interleaved Boost converter (IBC). The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of the IBC ensures operation at maximum power. The design of the nonlinear Backstepping control is detailed based on the equivalent average model of IBC, and the stability is studied using Lyapunov’s theorem. The proposed OCF fault detection is based on sampling the voltage across the inductor at a much higher frequency than the switching frequency. In an OCF situation occurrence and a high control signal state, the detection of three negative samples is a condition for signaling the presence of an OCF fault; the photovoltaic system continues its normal operation. The simulation results show the validity of the proposed FTCS. The proposed diagnosis and control strategy improves the performance of the IBC in terms of cost, reliability, and service continuity.

GMPPT Algorithm Based Maximum Power Tracking under Dynamic Weather Conditions Employing Krill-Herd Technique

ABSTRACT As solar energy extraction becomes more and more popular, attempts are made to further improve the efficiency and reliability of such systems. At the time of partially shaded conditions, the peak power that can be extracted from the PV modules may be more, but the conventional control algorithms may result in the underutilization of the panel. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms like Perturb and Observance (P&O), Incremental Conductance, and other conventional methods fail to detect the global maximum power point (GMPP). In such conditions, a GMPP algorithm is recommended. This paper proposes a new GMPP algorithm called Krill-Herd (K-H) to augment the performance of PV modules with non-uniform irradiations. Krill is a marine animal, and researchers have shown keen interest in this herd due to its ability to form large swarms. The hardware experimentation with a highly efficient Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) with GaN devices under different partially shaded conditions is used to validate the proposed algorithm. IBC has many advantages over conventional boost converters such as low input current ripple, high efficiency, fast transient response, and improved reliability, less current stress on switching devices, and reduction in filter size. The K-H algorithm shows improved performance over the conventional P&O based algorithms with no oscillations around peak power point, less time to reach steady-state, less power loss, more accuracy, and fewer numbers of iterations. Five different conditions of operation of the panels in real time applications have been considered and is demonstrated that higher efficiency levels of around 99% could be obtained using the K-H algorithm in all these cases.

High Voltage Gain Interleaved Boost Converter with Neural Network Based MPPT Controller for Fuel Cell Based Electric Vehicle Applications

As a result of the strict regulations on carbon emissions and the fuel economy, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) vehicles are becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry. This paper provides the Neural Network Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller of the 1.26 kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), which provides electric vehicle powertrain using DC-DC power converters. The proposed neural network controls the MPPT Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) using the PEMFC Maximum PowerPoint (MPP) tracking algorithm. High frequency switching and high DC-DC converting power are important for FCEV continuity. For maximum power gain, a three-phase power supply interleaved boost converter (IBC) is also designed for the FCEV system. The interleaving process reduces the current input pressure and electrical pressure in semiconductor electrical equipment. FCEV system performance analysis with RBFN based MPPT control compared to fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) on the MATLAB / Simulink platform.

Comparative Study between PI controllers based Two phase and Three phase Interleaved Boost converter as Power Factor Corrector

Comparative Study between PI controllers based Two phase and Three phase Interleaved Boost converter as Power Factor Corrector

Design and Analysis of a High-Efficiency Two-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter with Modified Conversion Ratio and Low Voltage Stress

The paper presents a two-phase interleaved boost converter (IBC) providing higher step-up conversion ratio compared to the conventional IBC. The circuit consists of a crossly connected diode-capacitor cell which provides the extra boost up. The two identical capacitors of the cell are charged in parallel and discharged in series providing high voltage gain at considerably low duty ratio. Switching operations, ripple and average currents through inductors are analyzed in continuous conduction mode (CCM). Ripple in input current is also improved. The voltage stress across the semiconductor devices is less in the proposed converter. Also, boundary load condition is derived. Small-signal modeling is carried out and a control circuit is enabled in the voltage mode control framework. Power losses are analyzed and 96.53[Formula: see text] efficiency is achieved. Finally, the proposed converter is designed and implemented, and experimental results are provided.

Implementation of Chaotic PWM method for Four phase Interleaved Boost Converter

Fuel cell is a rapidly developing electrical source, among the several types of renewable energy sources. The fundamental point of this paper is to implement chaotic PWM triggering Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) for fuel cell. In chaotic PWM method, chaotic carrier signal has been generated. Then, it is compared with the input signal and the modulated signal has been applied to the switching devices of IBC. The simulations are carried out to highlight the benefits of chaotic compared to conventional PWM method. The simulations are validated with appropriate prototype. The ripples are analyzed between conventional and chaotic PWM based IBC. The power loss values of each component in four phase IBC have been calculated and it is proved that the chaotic PWM has less switching loss with improved efficiency compared to conventional PWM method. Also, the energy factors are calculated for chaotic PWM method.

A Power factor corrector using interleaved boost fuzzy-logic converter: design, analysis, and implementation

The technology for developing power factor correction is increasingly being discussed because of the increasing number of nonlinear loads that exist. This is related to power quality which can affect load system performance because nonlinear loads cause low power factor and the appearance of harmonic currents. However, it takes a power factor corrector converter that has a simple construction and reliable performance. Interleaved Boost Converter is often applied as a power factor corrector converter because it has these advantages. Combined with a fuzzy controller it is a proposed system to achieve a near unity power factor. The discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) technique is used because it has an efficient inductor design. The results of the proposed system design were proven by simulation and hardware implementation which resulted in significant power factor improvements.

Maximum Power Point Tracking Interleaved Boost Converter Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm on The Nano Grid System

The problems of using solar panels include the power and efficiency that can be achieved by solar panels during conditions where the surface of the solar panel is covered by shadows, because the performance of the solar panels is affected by the amount of sunlight received and the temperature of the solar panels. Then, a solution appears to overcome the problem, called Maximum Power Point Tracking or a technique to get the maximum output power from solar panels. Initially, MPPT worked with conventional methods, one of which was Perturb and Observe. Furthermore, the MPPT method on solar panels continues to develop to solve problems during partial shade conditions. The development of this conventional method is called the metaheuristic method, an example of which is the Cuckoo Search Algorithm method implemented in this research. This method is characterized by the Levy Flight equation in generating duty cycle values so that it can reach the maximum peak power of solar panels. The system built in this research is also supported by the highly efficient Interleaved Boost converter. Based on simulation results show that the power that can be generated by the MPPT Cuckoo Search Algorithm is higher than the MPPT Perturb and Observe, which is 121.23 W compared to 72.38 W.

An Adaptive Synchronous Rectifier Control Scheme for High Power Density High Efficiency Interleaved Boost Converter With Passive Soft-Switching Cell

This study proposes an adaptive synchronous rectifier (SR) control scheme for high power density and high-efficiency interleaved boost converter (IBC) with passive soft-switching cell (PSC) (IBC-PSC). The PSC designed for the IBCs is one of the good solutions to minimize switching losses. However, the PSC needs a large boost inductance; otherwise, the conduction loss dramatically increases as the load decrease due to large circulating currents. Finally, there is a tradeoff between power density and efficiency. The proposed control scheme provides adaptive gating signals for the SR switches. It deactivates the SR switches at zero SR current and makes the main switches turn on with zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) regardless of the input voltage and load conditions, which results in reducing the conduction and switching losses despite significantly smaller boost inductance compared to the traditional IBC-PSCs. As a result, IBC-PSC with high power density and high efficiency can be realized. Theoretical analysis, implementation, and design considerations for the proposed control scheme were discussed and verified experimentally.

Robust Model Predictive Control of DC-DC Floating Interleaved Boost Converter With Multiple Uncertainties

DC-DC Floating Interleaved Boost Converter (FIBC) is recently introduced for converting low-level voltage generated by a renewable energy source to high-level voltage required for AC inverters. Although a desired voltage is expected at the output, designing a proper voltage gain for FIBC is challenging due to different types of uncertainties. For instance, the voltage generated by the energy source and, therefore, the input voltage of FIBC may change by a variety of parameters including external load. Furthermore, parametric uncertainty and measurement noise are other sources which can affect the control procedure. As a result, voltage gain for a fixed switching duty cycle may be uncertain. It demands a robust approach to guarantee the control performance under uncertainties without the need for individually tuning controller for each single converter. In this work, a robust model predictive control is employed to regulate the output voltage at the desired level despite the existing uncertainties. Controller parameters are fixed for any FIBC within the uncertainty range and further tuning is not required for individual converters. In addition, unlike the conventional controllers, the suggested controller is able to handle input-output constraints. Performance of the suggested controller is investigated through simulations carried out in MATLAB and the superiority of the proposed approach is verified over non-robust model predictive framework.

A Novel Real-Time Fast Fault-Tolerance Diagnosis and Fault Adjustment Strategy for m-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter

In order to address the problem of power transistor fault in interleaved boost converter (IBC) of any interleaved phase, we propose a real-time fast diagnosis and fault-tolerant method of power transistor. With the single boost converter as the object, we analyze the logical relationship between inductor voltage and drive signal under continuous conduction mode (CCM) and dis continuous conduction mode (DCM). To reduce the cost, the inductor voltage can be obtained based on the winding applied on the toroidal inductor, which does not require introducing additional measurement component. The fault is supervised in a real-time manner, which makes the online processing of fault possible. Considering that the current is no longer symmetrical after removing fault, which will cause increase of harmonic content in the output fault, this article proposes a strategy to adjust the phase and frequency, and this method can realize operation of interleaved converter with reduced interleaving phase, thus reducing the influence of fault to the minimum. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of fault diagnosis and fault tolerance are proved by simulation and experiment, and the effectiveness of adjustment strategy after the fault is also verified.

Implementation of Wind Energy System Using Interleaved Boost Converter and Static Synchronous Compensator

Limited fossil fuel resources and current environmental considerations have created wind energy as the best alternative for spotless renewable source of energy, to replace the conventional sources of energy. The Wind power production has quite a few drawbacks owing in the direction of the methods used in harnessing wind energy. This paper focuses on the method that decreases the effect of the voltage variability within the grid initiated through uncontrollable imprudent power flow and the output power fluctuation within the grid. This paper gives solution to diminish the fluctuation that creates unstable voltage across the line by installing such an energy storage device. Reactive power compensation has been mutually implemented to manage the distribution of the reactive power supply across wind farm based power networking through internal Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). Here, bidirectional interleaved DC/DC-converters and double layer electrical capacitors are used. Therefore the introduction of two different systems, the energy storage systems with interleaved boost unit along with the reactive power mitigation for giant wind farms was implemented by integrating them into single system to check and review the wind power plant stability management.