Interconnection Pattern Research Articles

Cancer Cell Death Enhances the Penetration and Efficacy of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus in Tumors

The success of tumor oncolytic virotherapy is limited by the poor penetration of virus in tumors. Interstitial collagen fibers and the narrow spacing between cancer cells are major barriers hindering the movement of large viral particles. To bypass the cellular barrier, we tested the hypothesis that the void space produced by cancer cell apoptosis enhances the initial spread and efficacy of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV). In mice with mammary tumors, apoptosis was induced by doxycycline-regulated expression/activation of CD8/caspase-8, paclitaxel, or paclitaxel plus tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In both collagen-poor and collagen-rich tumors, apoptosis or necrosis increased the initial intratumoral spread of HSV. Compared with the isolated pattern of HSV infection generally located in the center of control tumors, apoptosis induction and a single i.t. injection of virus produced an interconnected and diffuse pattern of infection, which extended from the tumor center to the periphery. This interconnected pattern of viral infection correlated with the formation of void spaces and channel-like structures in apoptosis-rich tumor areas. We also show that the i.t. injection of HSV after caspase-8 activation or paclitaxel-TRAIL pretreatment retards tumor growth, whereas HSV administration before tumor cell death induction did not improve therapeutic efficacy. Hence, our findings show that the induction of cancer cell death before the injection of oncolytic HSV enhances intratumoral virus delivery/penetration and antitumor efficacy.

Characterization of Line-Edge Roughness in Cu/Low-k Interconnect Pattern

To establish a method of measuring interconnect line-edge roughness (LER), low-k line patterns were observed and electric field concentration was simulated on the basis of observation results. Wedge-shaped LERs were observed at the edges of low-k lines, and the bottom and the top widths of the average wedge feature were 60 and 7 nm (or smaller), respectively. Simulation showed that LER causes serious electric field concentration, which may cause the degradation of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) lifetime at 100-nm-pitch Cu/low-k interconnects. The maximum electric field strength depends on the conventional LER metric 3Rq, but depends more strongly on the wedge angle, the curvature of the tip. That is, other metrics such as wedge angle can predict fatal electric field concentration caused by LER than the conventional metric 3Rq.

New Bit-Parallel Systolic Architectures for Computing Multiplication, Multiplicative Inversion and Division in GF(2m) Under Polynomial Basis and Normal Basis Representations

A new bit-parallel systolic multiplier over GF(2m) under the polynomial basis and normal basis is proposed. This new circuit is constructed by m 2 identical cells, each of which consists of one two-input AND gate, one three-input XOR gate and five 1-bit latches. Especially, the proposed architecture is without the basis conversion as compared to the well-known multipliers with the redundant representation. With this proposed multiplier, a parallel-in parallel-out systolic array has also been developed for computing inversion and division over GF(2m). The proposed architectures are well suited to VLSI systems due to their regular interconnection pattern and modular structure.

Shear behavior of polymer micro-scale truss structures formed from self-propagating polymer waveguides

The shear behavior of micro-scale truss structures formed from a three-dimensional interconnected pattern of self-propagating polymer waveguides was investigated. These structures had sub-millimeter size features and comprised a repeating octahedral-type unit cell designed to suppress bending in the truss members prior to initial failure. For a typical shear loading method, the experimentally measured shear moduli deviated from predicted values as the relative density decreased. However, the mechanical behavior changed when the shear loading condition was altered to distribute the load more uniformly between all truss members and the measured shear modulus was aligned with predicted values. The shear strength and total plateau strain of these structures were strongly dependent on the mode of failure and the uniformity with which the truss member failure was distributed through the thickness of the structure. Furthermore, plateau strains of up to 60% were achieved when all truss members in compression buckled uniformly. Thermo-oxidation reaction of the polymer micro-truss structures caused an increase in the shear modulus and maximum shear strength (up to 2.9 MPa), although oxidized structures fractured at the maximum shear strain.

Survivable Passive Optical Networks Based on Arrayed-Waveguide-Grating Architectures

By arranging a small number of arrayed-waveguide gratings in survivable topologies with specific interconnection patterns, we can construct passive optical networks with a high degree of protection. A variety of designs are presented that differ in the level of survivability, the protection mechanism, and the amount of required end-user equipment.

Spatial Dispersion of Interconnection Clusters in the European Internet

This paper studies the effects of geographical distance on the interconnection agreements between providers participating at Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) in Europe. We assess separately two main issues: the extent of existing clustering, as well as the role of proximity in bilateral interconnection decisions. Our results show the dominance of spatial random patterns in the interconnection agreement distributions. On the other hand, we find that proximity positively affects the probability of establishing interconnection for all the IXPs studied but one. Interesting, the latter is the only one showing an initially clustered morphology. This indicates a prevalence of centripetal forces—local spillovers and mutual knowledge—over geographical differentiation for any pre-existing interconnection pattern morphology except the clustered ones.

Experimental Investigation of Pattern Layout Effect on Radio-Frequency Performance of Thin-Film Silicon-on-Insulator Power Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors

This paper describes design considerations for the thin-film silicon-on-insulator power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors for linear-amplification applications. The linear-amplification characteristics and DC performance depend on the grand interconnection pattern. We prefer to put the grand pattern on the drain (output) side. There are optimum finger lengths that provide the best linear amplification characteristics. The finger length also depends on the operating frequency and total gate width.

InN Nanorods Grown on Different Planes of Al2O3

Extract Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2007 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, August 5 – August 9, 2007

Spontaneous Formation of Two-Dimensional Gold Networks at the Air−Water Interface and Their Application in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)

Two-dimensional (2-D) gold networks were spontaneously formed at the air−water interface after HAuCl4 reacted with fructose at 90 °C in a sealed vessel, in a reaction in which fructose acted as both a reducing and a protecting agent. Through fine-tuning of the molar ratio of HAuCl4 to fructose, the thus-formed 2-D gold networks can be changed from a coalesced pattern to an interconnected pattern. In the coalesced pattern, some well-defined single-crystalline gold plates at the micrometer-scale could be seen, while in the interconnected pattern, many sub-micrometer particles and some irregular gold plates instead of well-defined gold plates appeared. It is also found that the 2-D gold networks in the form of an interconnected pattern can be used as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) because of the strong localized electromagnetic field produced by the gaps between the neighboring particles in the 2-D gold networks.

Webs, Networks, and Systems: Globalization and the Mass Media in the Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century British Empire

W have of late been encouraged to think of Britain’s imperial past in terms of “webs” and “networks.” Scholars of contemporary globalization, seeking precedent for current perceived trends, have used these labels to describe how different parts of the British Empire were linked together during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They argue that the mass media played a particularly significant role in sustaining such patterns of interconnection and, as a result, in forging transnational identities. According to this interpretation, new communications technologies such as telegraphs and submarine telegraph cables allowed news and opinion to be disseminated more rapidly and more freely. Subsequently, this interpretation maintains, radio and television came to act as an even more powerful media of transnational communication, encouraging people to think of themselves as members of global communities. Historians of the British Empire have recently also begun to write about webs and networks and to discuss the role of the mass media in creating imperial communities. In particular, historians of the early nineteenth century have shown how groups of white settlers used newspapers to communicate information and opinion to audiences in Britain and other parts of the empire. Some of these historians argue that, in the process, settlers rehearsed claims to membership in a global British community and discussed ideas about the nature of “Britishness.” As will be discussed below, in deploying a “networked conception” scholars of globali-

An Orchestrator for Dynamic Interconnection of Software Components

Composing and orchestrating software components is a fundamental concern in modern software engineering. This paper addresses the possibility of such orchestration being dynamic, in the sense that the structure of component's interconnection patterns can change at run-time. The envisaged approach extends previous work by the authors on the use of coalgebraic models for the specification of software connectors.

Neighbourhood Based Differences in Physical Activity and Liveability

Walking is a simple activity but in urban settings requires a supportive environment because of a pedestrian's relatively slow rate of movement. PURPOSE: The study purpose was to determine if those living in a neighbourhood that possessed the characteristics that define a “walkable” neighbourhood actually walked more than residents who lived in a less “walkable” neighbourhood. METHODS: The Neighbourhood Environment Walkability survey (NEWS) and the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) were administered in door to door interviews. The interviews were conducted on predetermined residents based on a systematic sampling method. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) were completed on all questions except the open responses. Chi Squares were run on the variables that were grouped categorically. RESULTS: The case study site was Garrison Woods which was designed according to New Urbanism principles. Somerset, a neighbourhood constructed at a similar time as Garrison Woods, but according to a conventional suburban design, was the control study site. Characteristics of the neighbourhood were measured objectively and as perceived by survey respondents. A physical analysis of the two communities shows that Garrison Woods had a highly interconnected street pattern in comparison to Somerset. The demographic profiles of Garrison Woods and Somerset were very similar however the education levels were quite different, with 77.8% of people in Garrison Woods having attended university. CONCLUSION: Residents of high-walkability neighbourhood such as GW reported higher residential density, land use mix, street connectivity, aesthetics, but not safety. They walked more often to amenities than those in Somerset and this is likely due to the closer proximity. However, there was no statistical difference in the self reported physical activity levels as determine by the GLTEQ.

Rearrangeability of Tandem Cascade of Banyan-Type Networks

The cascade of two baseline networks in tandem is a rearrangeable network. The cascade of two omega networks appended with a certain interconnection pattern is also rearrangeable. These belong to the general problem: for what banyan-type network (i.e., bit-permuting unique-routing network) is the tandem cascade a rearrangeable network? We relate the problem to the trace and guide of banyan-type networks. Let τ denote the trace permutation of a 2n × 2n banyan-type network and γ the guide permutation of it. This paper proves that rearrangeability of the tandem cascade of the network is solely determined by the transposition τγ-1. Such a permutation is said to be tandem rearrangeable when the tandem cascade is indeed rearrangeable. We identify a few tandem rearrangeable permutations, each implying the rearrangeability of the tandem cascade of a wide class of banyan-type networks.

Fish population structuring in the North Sea: understanding processes and mechanisms from studies of the movements of adults

Few fish species form single, panmictic populations throughout their geographic range, most form subpopulations or ‘stocks’ with differing levels of interconnectivity. Different patterns of interconnectivity between subpopulations will give rise to different responses to exploitation and management, but they will also have different capacities to generate the genetic and phenotypic differences often used to discriminate between stocks. Consequently, knowledge of ontogenetic and seasonal patterns in the distribution, movement and behaviour of individuals is crucial to identifying population substructure. This paper considers the evidence gathered about movements and behaviour of adult fishes from mark‐recapture and electronic tagging studies for a number of fish species in the North Sea and elsewhere in U.K. waters in an attempt to understand population structure and the processes that may give rise to it.

The textural properties of iron substituted hydrotalcites obtained in a tailored aqueous–organic synthesis medium

Iron containing layered double hydroxides with specific textural properties are synthesized by using tailored compositions of an aqueous–organic synthesis medium as a controlled variable synthesis parameter. SEM analysis points out that the nature of the organic solvent and the aqueous–organic solvent ratio contribute in establishing not only different sizes and/or shapes of the hydrotalcite-like particles, but also distinct features of their organisation and interconnection pattern. As a consequence, interparticle voids with different characteristics emerge giving rise to specific mesoporous properties of the studied samples. The S BET value is 41 m 2/g for the sample synthesized in water/glycerol/cyclohexane, reaches 108 m 2/g for the sample obtained in water/glycerol/ethanol whereas the corresponded V p value increases from 0.24 ml/g to 0.41 ml/g respectively. The possibility to shape the micromorphology properties of layered double hydroxides can contribute in designing and obtaining well established nanoporous properties for these materials.

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF MUX–DEMUX REPLICATED MULTISTAGE INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF MUX–DEMUX REPLICATED MULTISTAGE INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS

Trade-offs between lens complexity and real estate utilization in a free-space multichip global interconnection module

The FAST-Net (Free-space Accelerator for Switching Terabit Networks) concept uses an array of wide-field-of-view imaging lenses to realize a high-density shuffle interconnect pattern across an array of smart-pixel integrated circuits. To simplify the optics we evaluated the efficiency gained in replacing spherical surfaces with aspherical surfaces by exploiting the large disparity between narrow vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) beams and the wide field of view of the imaging optics. We then analyzed trade-offs between lens complexity and chip real estate utilization and determined that there exists an optimal numerical aperture for VCSELs that maximizes their area density. The results provide a general framework for the design of wide-field-of-view free-space interconnection systems that incorporate high-density VCSEL arrays.

Network motif identification in stochastic networks.

Network motifs have been identified in a wide range of networks across many scientific disciplines and are suggested to be the basic building blocks of most complex networks. Nonetheless, many networks come with intrinsic and/or experimental uncertainties and should be treated as stochastic networks. The building blocks in these networks thus may also have stochastic properties. In this article, we study stochastic network motifs derived from families of mutually similar but not necessarily identical patterns of interconnections. We establish a finite mixture model for stochastic networks and develop an expectation-maximization algorithm for identifying stochastic network motifs. We apply this approach to the transcriptional regulatory networks of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as the protein-protein interaction networks of seven species, and identify several stochastic network motifs that are consistent with current biological knowledge.

Consistent Validation of Manual and Automatic Sense Annotations with the Aid of Semantic Graphs

The task of annotating texts with senses from a computational lexicon is widely recognized to be complex and often subjective. Although strategies like interannotator agreement and voting can be applied to deal with the divergences between sense taggers, the consistency of sense choices with respect to the reference dictionary is not always guaranteed. In this article, we introduce Valido, a visual tool for the validation of manual and automatic sense annotations. The tool employs semantic interconnection patterns to smooth possible divergences and support consistent decision making.

RIPARIAN FOREST STAND DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE QUEETS RIVER IN OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK, WASHINGTON

A vegetation chronosequence spanning over 300 years was established in unconstrained reaches of the lower Queets River in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA, for an examination of riparian successional patterns. The Queets is an unconstrained, dynamic, mountain river located within a temperate rain forest environment. Ongoing channel movements create intricate patterns in the physical structure of the valley. Twenty-one plots containing a total of 4359 trees were mapped and measured for structural and crown characteristics. Snags, logs, and understory vegetation were also quantified. Recent alluvial deposits are colonized primarily by early-successional trees Salix sitchensis and Alnus rubra. Conifer seedlings, primarily Picea sitchensis, generally invade after the initial cohort of hardwood trees begins senescence: 20–30 years for Salix and 40–60 years for Alnus. Through accumulation of sediments from floods and channel downcutting, surfaces become perched above the reach of annual floods after 40–80 years and are then slowly colonized by late successional tree species Acer circinatum, Acer macrophyllum, and Tsuga heterophylla. Diverse, old-growth forests ultimately develop after 200–250 years, containing some of the largest known trees in the Pacific Northwest. However, canopy and stem densities remain lower than comparative Pseudotsuga menziesii forests from the nearby Cascade Mountains. Vast individual crowns can develop, with occasional Picea up to 25 m wide and 70 m deep. Individual stands may accumulate >200 000 m3/ha of canopy volume— among the highest recorded on earth. Mixed among the generalized successional sequence are variations created by uncommon channel movements. Avulsions followed by channel incision form cobblefields in abandoned channels or other surfaces which are isolated from subsequent inundation and sediment deposition. These cobblefields embark on a different successional trajectory, which often includes conifer seedlings present in the initial cohort. Ultimately, whatever the initial trajectory, soils become productive due to soil conditioning by Alnus and the decomposition of other plant material. These biophysical complexities, interconnected patterns, and system-scale resilience are summarized in a multiple-pathway successional model that may be applicable to floodplain riparian forests throughout much of the Pacific coastal ecoregion.