Norms Of Interaction Research Articles

An anthropological analysis of Bamana fairy tales

This article is devoted to the analysis of two fairy tales of the Bamana people. Since the main function of a fairy tale is learning, the basic norms of the culture are always hidden in it; they can be presented by positive or negative patterns of behavior. Two fairy tales that were selected for the analysis represent negative patterns of behavior and tell about the interaction of “one’s own” and “somebody else’s” worlds. Thus, they mainly talk about violations of the social norms and the norms of interaction with “somebody else’s” world. It was these norms that I tried to determine. The analyzed fairy tales were “Hyena ate the chief’s daughter” and “Tale about a hunter and wild animals”.

On the interactional challenges of revealing summative assessments: Collaborative scoring talk among teachers and students in Swedish national tests

• Collaborative assessment talk has become increasingly common in schools for teachers as well as students. • For students, making an evaluative claim entails navigating appropriate levels of self-praise and self-deprecation. • For teachers, revealing judgements challenges social and structural preferences about agreement and professional positions. • Great faith in collaborative assessment practices is challenged in terms of effectiveness by social and interactional norms.

The postmodern transformation of the cultural practices of everyday life as academic and humanitarian problem

The article is devoted to analytical study of the postmodern transformations of everyday life under the spatial and temporal context of everyday communications. The author characterizes the contemporary researches of identification of the present state of the everyday cultural practices, which transform by the influence of the globalization, virtualization and individualization tendencies of social life. The article argues the significance of academic understanding of the everyday life phenomena as the transcultural basis of human coexistence. It explains the reasons that determinate the controversies of the humanitarian consequences of the newest changes of the human everyday activities. The author pays special attention upon the real dangers and risks that are results of the radical changes of the worldview and value determinants of social actions. The trends of dysfunctional influence to the traditional cultural norms of everyday interactions and communications are identified and analyzed. The author characterizes changes of the spatial and the temporal parameters of everyday life in postmodern society.

Scale making in intercultural communication: experiences of international students in Chinese universities

ABSTRACT This qualitative study investigates the lived experiences of interculturality among international students enrolled in a top-rated comprehensive university in Shanghai and a key provincial university in China’s hinterland. Based on an analysis of narrative interviews with 20 international students from different sociocultural backgrounds, the study examines how the international students’ intercultural experiences are simultaneously constrained and facilitated by the linguacultural resources distributed among interactants in the universities and cities. The results suggest that the international students’ intercultural experiences differ in substantial ways, mediated by varied distributions of sociolinguistic resources which are closely associated with their academic socialisation through English, local interactional norms, relevant career opportunities, and linguistic norms for everyday interaction with both Chinese students and local residents in the two universities. It is also found that international students play agentive roles to construct and negotiate scales among the sociolinguistic resources at their disposal, in order to create meanings for and reflect upon their lived experiences of interculturality in relation to their previous and prospective life trajectories.

Ukrainian

The article deals with modern features of self-organization of population in Ukraine from the point of view of accumulation of social capital. The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics of the infl uence of self-organization on the development of social capital, taking into account the directions of modern transformational changes in Ukrainian society. Research methods: general scientifi c methods of analysis and synthesis are used to collect, process and systematize research results; abstract-logical to establish the relationship between self-organization and social capital; statistical to collect and systematize data; comparison method - to identify whether the dynamics of various forms of self-organization correspond to the needs of society; induction and deduction - to justify the prerequisites for strengthening social capital through self-organization. The basic theoretical approaches to the interconnection of the concepts of social capital and self-organization of the population are summarized. On the basis of generalizations, a scheme of infl uence of self-organization on the accumulation of social capital is developed, which refl ects the ways of accumulation of social capital and determinants of self-organization. The interconnection of the concepts of selforganization of the population and its social capital, which is realized through the norms of interaction, character of values and structure of civic involvement, is established. It is proved that the presence of a suffi cient level of social capital, manifested in trust, solidarity, identity and responsibility, is one of the main determinants of self-organization. The levels of selforganization of the population are distinguished with the identifi cation of peculiarities of in fl uence of social capital on each of them. The i nfl uence of modern basic structural transformations in society on the self-organization of the population in the context of social capital accumulation is evaluated. The c lassifi cation of forms of self-organization on the basis of association (production and consumer interests, values, territory of residence, volume and speed of threats) is carried out. The dynamics of the main forms of self-organization of the population are analyzed and it is found that it refl ects the transformations in the society that are under the infl uence of reforms, but its volumes do not meet the needs of public activity of the population and are not the result of a suffi cient level of social capital, but rather a response to contemporary challenges in society. The prerequisites for strengthening social capital through self-organization, which include identifying and supporting initiative groups of the population, forming a system of feedback from the authorities with the public, professionalizing and expanding the subjects of social dialogue, securing against formalization and creating transparent conditions for the activities of diff erent forms of self-organization, are substantiated, upgrading the skills of civil servants through the formation of public relations competencies.

Философия ответственности в освоении целостности социального бытия

The author connects the demand for social and philosophical research of the responsibility phenomenon with the need to strengthen the processes of self-identification, due to the decrease in the influence of the value and cultural space of modern society on the individual. The article substantiates the position on the irreducibility of the content of the responsibility category only to its ethical content due to the wider range of its social functions and socio-project potential. It is emphasized that in the space of social relations and their structures, the necessary condition for maintaining the influence of the moral and value world on organizational and technological processes is the development of relations between a person and society based on the relationship of responsibility. For this reason, the importance of a fundamental sociophilosophical study of the content of the responsibility category is associated in the article with overcoming the one-sidedness and incompleteness of its study in certain areas of social relations – medicine, business ethics, law, pedagogy, ecology – and identifying its integrative and project meanings as a factor of sustainable functioning and development of society. Revealing a number of historical and philosophical approaches to the analysis of responsibility, the author shows the connection of this category with the category of "freedom" both in its personal (existentialism of J.-P. Sartre) and transpersonal (representative of the philosophy of the Russian Diaspora S.A. Levitsky) dimensions. However, historical and philosophical experience testifies to the similarity of different methodological positions, which are determined by the fact that the content of the responsibility category reveals the forms of finding the personal meaning of life. The directions of philosophical searches of the XX century also point to the need to take into account, through the perspective of responsibility, the diversity of possibilities in different social circumstances and the understanding that only one of them will be realized. The disclosure of the meaning of responsibility as a norm of intersubjective interaction, in which the interests and needs of society are manifested, indicates its multidimensional nature and differences in the manifestation of the activities of individual and collective subjects of responsibility. Proceeding from this, it is shown that responsibility can be represented as a complex hierarchical system in which the levels that characterize it at the level of general and specific, as well as systemic and specialized knowledge are organically linked. Specifying the working model of connections that reveal the socio-philosophical content of responsibility, the author identifies a number of categories: general theory (society, person, state, social institution, nation, family, etc.); philosophy of Economics (property, labor, production, money, etc.); ethics (justice, conscience, duty, etc.); philosophy of religion and religious studies (God, fate, faith, sin, etc.); axiology (values). Based on the research, it is concluded that the socio-philosophical study of the category "responsibility" is promising, linking its philosophical, ethical and specifically scientific aspects, which is important for the theoretical and practical development of the human dimension and the morally-oriented development of modern society.

A framework for fostering a dynamic information security culture

This paper proposes how organisations may attend to key factors influencing organisational culture to facilitate and nurture a well-prepared information security culture. Organisational culture is the formative part of organisational behaviour, establishing the social interaction norms, best practices and processes required to achieve organisational objectives. In defining what organisational culture is, and by recognising what a worthy culture should entail, companies may increase opportunities to detect problems, design solutions and develop healthier environments. Employees have accord in decision making and experience a shared understanding of how to accomplish organisational goals. The organisation’s cultural orientation dictates the acceptable system and leadership behaviours expected to effectively achieve enterprise strategy; ultimately, employee behaviour and interaction become defined by such orientation. Attempts to change organisational culture is problematic, since organisational culture often lives on long after founders depart, leaders exit, and products and services cease. Hence, organisational culture may become static. Understanding the organisation’s culture is valuable in managing responses to security challenges, since awareness of the organisation’s cultural profile helps in recognising the organisation’s readiness in dealing with dynamic security hazards. Information security culture, a sub-culture of organisational culture, represents the employee’s behaviour and attitude toward information security. The Information Security Culture Framework offers a model to assess the organisation’s status (resiliency and readiness) of its information security culture and mitigate security issues heightened by human error. Adopting a dynamic information security culture fosters beneficial change necessary to confront and diminish security threats. By promoting information security consciousness and focused security awareness to address dynamic information security threats, organisations may achieve a robust information security culture.

Negotiation of emotions in emerging language teacher identity of graduate instructors

This study investigates the emerging teacher identities of international graduate students teaching Korean as a foreign language (KFL), negotiated through the dynamic work of emotions according to a socio-cultural context. Data were drawn from two rounds of interviews with five international students enrolled in a graduate program at an American university. The qualitative analysis of these interviews revealed that their emotional experiences from teaching KFL courses revolved around their perceptions of teacher authority and (non)-nativeness of Korean and English during interactions with local students. The negotiation of identities was fostered by the ways in which the teachers responded emotionally to culturally different norms of teacher-student interactions. Given the differences between Korean and American academic contexts, some of them were able to activate positive emotions (e.g., being compassionate toward their students) and embrace the local cultural norms. Accordingly, a new professional teacher identity emerged, which was more like “a friend” than an authoritative teacher. This negotiated teacher identity improved classroom interaction, which led to positive emotional rewards (e.g., pride and confidence). These cases are discussed to highlight the transformation of emotions and cultivation of foreign language teacher identity in a localized context.

ELF interactions in English-medium engineering classrooms

Abstract At many universities, English serves as a lingua franca (ELF) between teachers and students for whom English is not their L1. Despite the spread of English-medium instruction (EMI), empirical research on the nature of teacher–student interactions in EMI classrooms remains limited. This study examines the use of ELF in EMI engineering classes at a university in Turkey to explore how teachers and students use code-switching as a communicative strategy in classroom interactions. Data were collected and analysed using a qualitative approach. Nearly 14 hours of classroom observation data were collected from three lecturers and analysed according to patterns of classroom interaction and language use. The findings suggest that teachers and students prioritize communicative efficiency over an adherence to monolingual, NS norms in classroom interactions. Pedagogical implications are discussed for ELT specialists tasked with preparing students for academic study in English and supporting content lecturers in EMI settings.

Speech Acts of Pangeuyeuks in Ngeuyeuk Seureuh Ceremony

Pangeuyeuks as the guide in Ngeuyeuk Seureuh ceremony has an important role to explain the marriage values through symbols to prospective bride and groom. This article describes speech acts used by pangeuyeuks in Ngeuyeuk Seureuh ceremony. Descriptive qualitative and distributional method was applied in doing the analysis of data. The speech acts were analyzed by the theory of illocutionary act to find the function of speech act, syntactic types of sentences to find the form of speech acts, and relationship between the function and form of speech acts to find the directness and indirectness of speech acts. The result shows that the illocutionary acts of pangeuyeuks classified into four types: assertives, directives, commissives and expressives, while the sytanctic types of sentences consist of declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory. The direct speech acts are embodied in assertives, directives, commissives and expressives, wheareas the indirect speech acts are embodied in directive speech acts. The embodiment of the speech acts used by pangeuyeuks reflects special norms of interaction based on Sundanese local genius.

Foundations in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Possible Causes, Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a long life formative dysfunction characterized by symptomatic criteria that begins early in infants and continues throughout life. ASD is a condition that influences a child's sensory system that includes touch, smell, taste, hearing, and visual abilities. Typical forms of ASD in the pre-2013 DSM-5 manual also include Asperger's Syndrome; and Pervasive Developmental Disorder. The characteristics of these disorders are similar but may differ significantly. Children with ASD show difficulties or delays with social communication and necessary daily activities. Still, on the other hand, some may present themselves with the average ability to communicate both verbally and non-verbally. These disorders affect social interaction, behavior, interests, and other norms in life. Understanding the method of early intervention may include therapy and mediation that will assist in connecting natural and pharmacological approaches to deal with the treatment of ASD and distinguish standard or fundamental dynamic elements for advancing positive outcomes.

ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION: THE ANALYSIS OF DELL HYMES'S SPEAKING IN BALINESE WEDDING PROPOSAL

ABSTRACT
 The present study conducted a qualitative descriptive method regarding ethnography of communication to analyze a Balinese wedding ceremony of a Balinese couple using Dell Hymes’s SPEAKING mnemonic. The research resulted that there was a relationship between speech event regarding Balinese wedding proposal and Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING mnemonic. The results showed that Balinese wedding proposal of a Balinese couple was held in Bale Dangin (setting) and people sat in a semicircular including father, mother, sibling, and also some close relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and so on (participants) to make an agreement to hold a wedding ceremony (ends). The sequenced of the proposal was started by proposee’s spokesman who delivered the opening then it was continued by the proposer’s spokesman (act of sequence). They were all in serious situation (key) by the use of code-mixing in delivering the speech (instrumentalities) to ensure about their commitment to live together (norms of interaction and interpretation). The genre was proposal which showed serious claim of reasoning of an action.
 Keywords: ethnography of communication; Dell Hymes’s SPEAKING; Balinese; wedding proposa

Judicial Review, Foreign Relations and Global Administrative Law. The Administrative Function of Courts in Foreign Relations

The chapter investigates the role of domestic courts in the management of foreign relations (FRs). Combining insights from the ongoing trend towards the ‘administrativisation’ of the jurisdictional function and the theoretical approach of Global Administrative Law (GAL), it explores whether and to what extent domestic judicial bodies “administer” FRs, establish coordination relationships and potentially develop a ‘common language’, even in such highly politicized field. In particular, the GAL approach brings out the role of global regulators of courts in a domain where their influence is often underestimated. With a varying degree of awareness, courts contribute to determine States’ FRs, and this role in contemporary constitutional systems has become structural. Indeed, a GAL approach, in highlighting such role, may strengthen the self-awareness and responsiveness of courts. However, a survey on the judicial practice in this field suggests that the intervention of judicial bodies may lead to greater disorder, conflict and de-stabilization, thus – and paradoxically – frustrating the purposes of ordering the structures of global governance underlying the GAL project. Section II briefly recalls the main features of FRL (II.A) and GAL (II.B), mapping the analytical bases of the chapter, their conceptual assumptions, and the main challenges they face. Based on an a systematic survey, section III outlines a tentative taxonomy of the forms that the judicial practice takes in developing an embryonic ‘global administrative law of foreign relations’. In particular, sub section III.A focuses on the ‘review norms’, while sub-section III.B focuses on the ‘interaction norms’. Section IV concludes, summarizes the core claims and highlights, from a more normative perspective, the potential risks of the administrativisation of FRs, which may also cast doubts on the general value of GAL as a normative endeavor.

Quick, Community-Specific Learning: How Distinctive Toxicity Norms Are Maintained in Political Subreddits

Online communities about similar topics may maintain very different norms of interaction. Past research identifies many processes that contribute to maintaining stable norms, including self-selection, pre-entry learning, post-entry learning, and retention. We analyzed political subreddits that had distinctive, stable levels of toxic comments on Reddit, in order to identify the relative contribution of these four processes. Surprisingly, we find that the largest source of norm stability is pre-entry learning. That is, newcomers' first comments in these distinctive subreddits differ from those same people's prior behavior in other subreddits. Through this adjustment, they nearly match the toxicity level of the subreddit they are joining. We also show that behavior adjustments are community-specific and not broadly transformative. That is, people continue to post toxic comments at their previous rates in other political subreddits. Thus, we conclude that in political subreddits, compatible newcomers are neither born nor made– they make local adjustments on their own.

PERSONAL TRAITS AND THE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT EVALUATION BY SPOUSES WITH VARIOUS MARRIAGE EXPERIENCE

Many studies in the field of family psychology turn their attention to various aspects: satisfaction with marriage, appearance of children, crises in the development of family. The development of marital relations is a significant factor affecting the interaction between spouses and their personal qualities. The issues of changing the spouses' perceptions of the family environment in connection with the length of marriage and gender role poses remain relevant. In a sample of 101 pairs of spouses with experience less and more than ten years were studied: extroversion, neuroticism and family environment characteristics. T-test, analysis of variance, and correlation were used. As a result, it was found that spouses with different lengths of family life differ in all respects of the family environment. Young spouses strive for self-realization in various spheres of life and the establishment of rules and norms of family interaction. As the length of marriage increases, the family environment becomes essential for husbands, while for wives, it brings the possibility of manifesting themselves in other areas of life. Differences in personality traits coincide with general age-related tendencies; this is how women's emotionality decreases and men's emotionality increases as a result of the joint family environment.

Can online social interaction improve the digital finance participation of rural households?

PurposeDigital finance is a promising way to realize inclusive finance. However, the determinants of digital finance participation are largely unknown. This study aims to analyze the interface between social interaction and the digital finance participation of rural households and explore potential channels of social interaction to help them access digital finance.Design/methodology/approachUsing rural household survey data from China in 2017, employing the probit, ordered probit and count model, this study assesses the relationship between social interaction and digital finance.FindingsThe authors find that active online social interaction of rural households promotes digital finance participation, which also increases the depth and breadth of digital finance usage. Meanwhile, the role of traditional offline social interaction is insignificant. Contextual interaction is the channel through which online social interaction influences digital finance participation. Moreover, word-of-mouth, common topic pleasure and social norms in endogenous interactions are irrelevant. In addition, the role of online social interaction complements offline social interaction at promoting digital finance participation.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding of digital finance by investigating the possible channels by which social interaction influences digital finance participation and highlight an important channel–contextual interaction, especially for online social interaction. This study expands the content of social interaction from traditional offline social interaction to online social interaction to evaluate the interface between social interaction and financial behavior more comprehensively.

Studying Children using Ethnography: Heightened Challenges and Balancing Acts

Scholars have debated how to carry out research with children, particularly about how to generate the most accurate data in an ethically-sensitive fashion. But there has been limited discussion of the practicalities of such research. Relying on our own ethnographic studies with children and families, conducted two decades apart, we argue that studying children heightens routine research challenges and requires the constant balancing of pressures. Our studies highlight difficulties in two broad arenas: the simultaneous management of procedural obligations to children and their gatekeepers (‘the double act’), and the need to juggle satisfying adult norms of interaction while generating and maintaining rapport with children (‘walking the tightrope’). These heightened challenges cannot be solved through use of the “right” method. Rather, they should be acknowledged and met with flexibility, reflexivity, and perseverance. More broadly, open discussion of the difficulties faced while conducting research should not be seen as revealing failings, but as a vital way for scholars to advance the field.

Manbragging online: Self-praise on pick-up artists’ forums

This article investigates the use of self-praise in an online community of pick-up artists (PUAs). The male community of practice engages in speed seduction of women, drawing on a shared repertoire of techniques and scripts. The field reports, which are produced to process the experienced interactions and posted online for evaluation by others, are at the centre of our investigation of positive self-disclosure. We find that PUAs rely on three kinds of self-praise: brag statements, proxy brags, and evidential brags. Self-praise (of any type) is by no means a rare occurrence as revealed by a quantitative breakdown of self-praising speech acts in the data set. The analysis of the reactions towards self-praise, as evidenced in forum replies, shows that self-praise is not censored as it is part of PUA interactional norms. The self-praise iceberg which emerges in this paper posits that self-aggrandizing discursive behaviour is more widespread, and less censored, than previously assumed.

Participants’ interaction with sharing economy platforms in Russia

PurposeThe objective of this contribution is to pinpoint the practices of users' interactions with sharing economy platforms in Russia, as well as explore the source of motivation to use such platforms on the three cases of sharing economy platforms in Russia: Darudar [Gift-to-gift] (sharing goods), Bank Vremeny [Timebank] (sharing time and services) and Couchsurfing (sharing accommodation and leisure).Design/methodology/approachEmpirical data were gathered from 25 in-depth interviews conducted for active users of the platforms and ethnographic observations of users' offline meetings as well as digital observations.FindingsThe results reveal that participants of the platforms tend to establish their own rules and norms of interaction, thus, fostering social connection. Findings suggest that users of sharing economy platforms are driven by the potential of minimising transaction costs and intrinsic motivation, such as getting experiences which have no market alternatives, upcycling and disposal of belongings, self-promotion and self-realisation.Original/valueIn this study, sharing as based in the sharing economy is conceptualised as a separate principle of resource allocation. The theory was applied to the empirical material of three Russian platforms, which has not been done previously in the paradigm of sharing. The current literature on the sharing economy is largely switched to the for-profit North American platforms, while case studies from other settings are lacking. This article aims to fill this gap by providing insights into non-profit platforms' operation in Russia.

МОДЕЛЬ ФОРМУВАННЯ СТІЙКОСТІ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦЯ ДО ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОЇ ТРАВМАТИЗАЦІЇ БОЙОВИМ ДОСВІДОМ

Psychological traumatization by combat experience includes: a general assessment of the unfavorability of the situation and the specific circumstances of the battle that create real danger and unfavorable social conditions. And although the event of trauma remains the starting point for the development of PTSR, an unfavorable social situation is the basis for forming a "vicious circle" by analogy with depression, which does not allow "getting out" of the situation of trauma.Resistance to psychological traumatization by combat experience has two components - actual and basic. Actual resistance to psychological traumatization by combat experience is provided by means of "actual work" with an extreme situation - copings, volitional self-regulation, self-control, etc. Basic - relates to the intellectual, emotional, volitional basic features of the person (based on values, intellect, temperament). The basic resistance to psychological traumatization by combat experience sets the framework for realizing the actual resistance to psychological traumatization by combat experience.Formation of resistance to psychological traumatization by combat experience (as well as other abilities) has its stages: from the formal assimilation of norms of interaction and methods of action, to checking them on practice for verity and formation of "masterliness". This formation is carried out in two ways - through the group experience of servicemen and through adapting their own experience to overcome extreme situations. Defects in the formation of resistance to psychological traumatization by combat experience become the basis for the formation of signs of PTSD. Practice proves the effectiveness of the first way of forming resistance to psychological traumatization by combat experience.Resistance to psychological traumatization by combat experience is a separate (private) case for realization of a model of psychological security of the individual. The conducted research allowed to realize further differentiation of the model of psychological security of the individual, highlighting in it the governing and energetic systems.The energetic system is the implementation of the situation, in which joining of a separate motive to the actual motivation, and further, joining their own goals to the goals of their social group (identification with the group), and next to the goals of society (identification with the mission of the group) provides an inflow of energy to them.Under conditions of danger, the governing system initiates the verification of the work of the technical system - in the first two components the enhancement of reflection allows more "attentively" work with the objective circumstances of the situation and their reflection in the mind; in the third component caused by "touching to death" revision of the value-semantic sphere "shifts" "I" from the past zone of "comfort", which provides the person with post-traumatic growth (transition to a new level of personality development). Supplementation the model of "psychological security of personality" in the social development situation "forms the continuation" of the changes that occur with the person which experienced the extreme situation - the transition "I" to a new level (as a result of post-traumatic growth) leads to the fact that the person ceases to meet the old social situation development and, accordingly, to breaking the old and building new relationships with the social environment, to form a new social development situation. And, indeed, people who have experienced post-traumatic growth can change their relationships with the environment, change their environment, their work, etc.