Interethnic Tolerance Research Articles

Language, Cultural Sentiments, and Ethnic Conflict: Understanding Verbal Violence and Discrimination in Multi-Ethnic Schools in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Violence, racism, and xenophobia among immigrants often stem from deep-seated language and cultural disparities, transcending mere racial or ethnic categorizations. This in-depth study, conducted among 16 informants representing diverse ethnic backgrounds—majorities, minorities, and educators in West Kalimantan’s multi-ethnic schools—employs an ethnographic approach. Delving into the tapestry of field data and factual insights, this research unveils how verbal violence and discrimination germinate from the complex interplay of language and cultural biases among students. Echoes of superiority resonate within the majority ethnic group, where language and culture are perceived as hallmarks of local eminence, relegating ethnic minorities to second-class status. The study’s findings trace this arrogance to a historical tapestry woven from conflicts between native ethnic factions and immigrant communities, culminating in the stark social segregation between them. A fascinating implication emerges, highlighting the pivotal role of Indonesia as a bridge for inter-ethnic communication. Its use fosters social cohesion, harmony, and inter-ethnic tolerance. This research charts a roadmap towards rectifying past missteps, assuaging grievances, and charting strategies to avert future inter-ethnic discord caused by deep-rooted cultural and linguistic differences.

Inter-national and Inter-ethnic Tolerance Formed Among the People of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is one of the most multi-ethnic and minority nations, as well as ethnic groups, living together in the world. More than 50 local and at the same time representatives of small ethnic peoples live in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The people of Azerbaijan have a rich historical experience in the field of development and support of interethnic relations and multiculturalism. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Mr. Ilham Aliyev, has repeatedly stated that Azerbaijan is a tolerant state, all peoples live in peace and security in Azerbaijan.

Exploring opportunities and challenges in promoting interethnic tolerance as a social good through virtual influencers

Purpose This paper aims to understand how virtual influencers (VIs) can promote interethnic tolerance, online, among youth as a social good. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducted qualitative research using interpretive analysis with RTA (Reflexive Thematic Analysis) on data collected through focus groups. Findings This paper revealed that the quality of the VI’s content is a leading factor influencing VI's ability to promote interethnic tolerance, but creating content that is constantly authentic, appealing and inclusive to diverse ethnic groups in a particular context is challenging. Research limitations/implications The study has some limitations related to the specific context on which it is focused and therefore transferring the findings to different contextual conditions requires caution, and also can be extended with positivist validation. Practical implications Findings from our study can drive future projects where real VI artifacts will play the role of a mediator in building strong relational trust among youth belonging to different ethnic groups. The findings indicate that VIs can be effectively used to foster interethnic tolerance if involve diverse team members who understand the ethnic culture deeply and social media experts, to create high-quality content to overcome some limitations. Social implications VIs can be used as social interventions to promote interethnic tolerance and to reduce prejudices and anxiety in online youth communication. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no known studies investigated the potential of VIs for promoting interethnic tolerance among ethnically diverse youth groups. Hence, this study paves the way for further refinement on using cutting-edge technology for social good, since it is highly challenging, often resulting in wasted money.

Formation of Inter-Ethnic Solidarity of The Kazakhstani Society Based on The Implementation of The Multiculturalism Concept in The Student Environment

The article presents the results of a sociological study on the problem of modern inter-ethnic relations among students based on the concept of multiculturalism. The purpose of this study is to identify the attitudes of urban students towards the implementation of the ideology of multiculturalism, and the implementation of interethnic communication; to identify possible strategies for their behavior in a situation of interethnic tension and conflict in the context of the implemented state policy in the field of interethnic relations. The survey showed that Kazakhstani students have a high level of interethnic tolerance and are ready to enter into interethnic relations, which confirms the existence and implementation of the ideas of multiculturalism. The ideas of multiculturalism in the higher education system of Kazakhstan are implemented through various mechanisms that allow for preserving ethnic diversity and strengthening interethnic harmony, which contributes to the formation of interethnic solidarity in society.

Factors of Ethnic Distance: A Systematic Scoping Review

Identifying factors determining ethnic distance is a perennial quest in ethnic studies. This is important not only from a theoretical perspective but also as a basis for developing practical interventions aimed at decreasing ethnic distance, which could, in turn, lead to increased tolerance and social peace. Building on existing research, we conducted a systematic scoping review of 30 studies to identify prevalent factors and variables that significantly impact individuals’ ethnic distance. According to our study, the most relevant variables are gender, education, income, age, interethnic contact, war experience, following news in the media, religious commitment, religious denomination, and political orientation. The analysis has shown that these variables can be grouped into four distinct factors: sociodemography, exposure, religion, and politics. However, none of the factors and variables identified were found to be universally applicable, as the cause of ethnic distance is multifactorial and context-dependent. We mapped the characteristics of existing studies, focusing on any indication of psychological mechanisms driving the changes in interethnic (in)tolerance. Most of the studies reviewed were based on the Bogardus scale, a commonly used tool for measuring ethnic distance.

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE EDUCATION OF TOLERANCE IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN DURING MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

The article, basing on the analysis of scientific publications, examines the pedagogical conditions used for the education of tolerance in school-age children. The question of the formation of tolerance as a personal quality in general is considered. Now the problem of the need to educate tolerance is very urgent. The martial law in Ukraine has led to the revision of many factors. Tolerance is a necessary human virtue that promotes understanding. The factors of the formation of tolerance in school-age children have been determined. First of all, the creation of an educational environment in the team, a number of pedagogical conditions, forms of organization and methods of education that will contribute to the activation of the process of spiritual development are considered. At school age, pedagogical support of students in spiritual self-determination is very necessary. In the process of research, the main pedagogical conditions for the formation of tolerance among school-aged children were determined. Pedagogical practice represents a wide range of pedagogical conditions for the education of tolerance, aimed at the development of various components of tolerance, as well as aimed at the development of multicultural, interethnic tolerance. The most effective pedagogical conditions for the education of tolerance are defined as the following: presence of a multicultural space; the educational environment of an educational institution; renewal of various forms of student self-government; introduction of a step-by-step program of tolerance education into the educational process; development of students' communication and cooperation skills; possession of tolerant qualities by the teacher; trust and openness in the relationship between teachers and students; purposeful and active use of the content of educational fields and forms of organizing the educational process. Despite the significant development of scientific works devoted to the problem of education of tolerance, the issue of pedagogical conditions for educating tolerance among school-aged children is insufficiently researched, namely in wartime. Prospects for further research in this direction are determined. At the time of informatization of society, it is appropriate to use innovations both in education and in upbringing. In the form of a game, a program, the teacher can convey information to children, taking into account their age characteristics.

Ethnic aspects in educational design: Integrating the arts into the preparation of future teachers to promote the development of ethnocultural harmony in education

Relevance. The relevance of the problem under study is conditioned by the growing ethnocultural diversity of modern societies and the need to form harmonious interethnic relations. Purpose. The work aims to develop and test pedagogical design on the use of art opportunities in training future teachers for the development of their ethnocultural competence. Methodology. The study employed theoretical methods (structural-functional analysis, induction), empirical methods (pedagogical experiment, questionnaire, mathematical statistics), and methodological approaches (systemic, reductionist). Results. The research determined principles for selecting the content of art and aesthetic disciplines: multiculturalism, interdisciplinary and dialogicality. The effectiveness of the methodology was confirmed during a formative pedagogical experiment, showing a significant increase in the ethnocultural competence of students in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusions. Key pedagogical conditions for successfully implementing the developed methodology include close interdisciplinary integration of art history courses and the inclusion of ethnocultural content in art disciplines. This integration helps form systemic ideas about the artistic diversity of Kazakhstan's people and fosters a valuable attitude towards the cultural heritage of all ethnic groups. The practical significance lies in using the developed pedagogical design to prepare teachers for working in a multicultural environment. Keywords: interethnic tolerance; author�s elective course; multicultural education; multicultural educational environment

Interethnic tolerance of modern students

The paper considers the problem of interethnic tolerance in individuals. The theoretical analysis of the scientific literature shows that interethnic tolerance is an important indicator of the culture of international relations, has a deep axiological meaning, and is closely related to the value perceptions of the individual. The aggravation of interethnic issues in the youth student environment causes local conflicts, xenophobia, manifestations of nationalism, chauvinism, incitement to ethnic hatred, enmity, and intolerance between representatives of different nationalities. In this regard, the difficulty of developing interethnic tolerance when working with the younger generation is of particular importance, which makes it necessary to form a personal social position for young people and raise their level of interethnic culture. The purpose of our work is to study the individual psychological features of the manifestation of interethnic tolerance in a person. The psychodiagnostic complex consisted of the “Tolerance Index” and the “16 Personality Factor Questionnaire” by R. Cattell. The correlation analysis allowed us to confirm the existence of significant relationships between the indicators of interethnic tolerance and personality factors. The qualitative analysis and construction of profiles allowed us to provide psychological characteristics of individuals with different levels of the general indicator of interethnic tolerance.

Tolerance in the student environment of the University (based on the materials of a sociological study in Barnaul)

The relevance of studying the problem of tolerance among university students lies in the fact that by now there has been a panoramic vision of the problem of tolerance. It should be noted that it is the youth who is the main subject of tolerance. Since it is during this period of human socialization that the norms of the worldview with which he will lead his future life in society are laid down for him through social institutions. In this regard, it is necessary to clarify the subjective attitude of students to tolerance as a social phenomenon, to consider the factors of tolerance formation among students, to identify the ideas of students about tolerance, to determine the awareness of students about the term "tolerance". This article presents an analysis of the ideas of the student youth of the city of Barnaul about the phenomenon of tolerance. The study was implemented through a quantitative method of collecting information – a survey in the form of a questionnaire. The general body of the study was made up of students from Barnaul. The sample size was 348 people. The type of sampling is targeted. The study used a selection method such as the method of spontaneous selection. The vast majority of students consider the topic of tolerance to be relevant, and also note the need for tolerance in Russian society. The prevailing part of the student youth believes that significant attention should be paid to the education of tolerance. For students of the city of Barnaul, such types of tolerance as political, interethnic, gender, interfaith and sexual orientation turned out to be the most difficult to manifest. In modern Russian society, the most necessary types of tolerance, according to students, are sexual orientation tolerance, interethnic tolerance, tolerance to various forms of self-expression. Physiological, religious and gender issues received a lower percentage of respondents' responses, from which it can be concluded that students do not consider these types of tolerance necessary. Most often, according to students, the topic of tolerance is raised on social networks. The majority of Barnaul students believe that tolerance is highlighted in a positive way.

The urgency of an early warning system for social conflict by using WhatsApp

The purpose of the study is to use integrated information technology to demonstrate the importance of the Early Warning System (EWS) for social conflicts that involve public participation. This study used a mixed-methods approach. A total of 267 respondents were involved. Data were collected using a questionnaire covering household socio-demographic characteristics, smartphone use, religious tolerance, inter-ethnic tolerance, social cohesion, social capital and participation in conflict prevention. The Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was carried out in four villages involving 12 people. The majority of respondents in this survey fall into the medium and high category when it comes to the respondents' inclination in the five variables: smartphone use, social capital, inter-ethnic tolerance, religious tolerance and social cohesion. It was found that participation in conflict prevention in society is in a low category. Enhancing public engagement in conflict prevention needs the immediate implementation of EWS for social conflict early detection through public involvement. The Android application particularly WhatsApp group can be used to create EWS at the village level at a low cost. Village leaders who serve to assess the village's vulnerability level can be involved in this process. Finally, all stakeholders can use the study's findings as a basis for developing policies related to the use of WhatsApp to reduce disputes in places susceptible to conflict.

К ВОПРОСУ О СООТНОШЕНИИ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ, РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ И МАКРОРЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ В ПОЛИКУЛЬТУРНОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

The scientific article clarifies the concepts of ethnic, regional and macro-regional identity. The article substantiates the possibility and expediency of their distinction and delimitation as independent types of social identity of a person. The question of correlation and interrelation of ethnic identity with regional and macro-regional identity, the possibility of their hierarchical consideration is discussed. Ethnic, regional and macro-regional identity is considered as socio-psychological categories within the framework of the article. Ethnic identity is interpreted as a dynamic and multidimensional formation, which characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a member of a certain ethnic group/community. Regional identity is considered as a dynamic and multidimensional formation that characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a resident of a certain region. Macro-regional identity is considered as a dynamic and multidimensional formation, which characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a representative of a certain macro-regional association of territories. The close interrelation between the concepts, their consistency and complementarity, as well as the impossibility of their unambiguous hierarchical consideration due to individual criteria of importance of each type of identity, depending on the structure of self-concept and the system of values of a person are established. Using the historical and socio-cultural context, we substantiate the possibility and expediency of studying macro-regional identity for people living in the Middle Volga region, including the Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov regions, as well as the Republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia. Prospects for research on ethnic, regional and macro-regional identity for the education of interethnic tolerance in a multicultural macro-region are outlined.

Ethnic identity and tolerance in a multicultural society: an all-Russian perspective and research in Kabardino-Balkaria

The article presents the results of the study of ethnic identity and ethnic tolerance as significant elements of the mass consciousness of Russians. The empirical basis is provided by representative sociological research conducted in the Russian Federation, data from the «Public Opinion» Foundation, and research conducted in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, along with in-depth interviews with experts from Kabardino-Balkaria. It is noted that the ethnic diversity in the Russian Federation is enshrined in the public and doctrinal discourse, reflected in the Constitution of the country, and the Strategy of State National Policy. Research shows that while there is a high level of ethnic identity among Russians, there is also a high level of interethnic tolerance, which is necessary for fostering processes of nationwide consolidation. The most significant indicator of interethnic tolerance is the perception that violence in resolving interethnic and interreligious conflicts is unacceptable. Disrupting the established consensus could occur through the breach of fairness in interethnic relations. From 2010 to 2021, Russian society moved towards embracing the multinational character of Russia, with the level of positive assessments of Russian multi-ethnicity rising from 34% to 52%. Normative interethnic tolerance, expressed through the willingness to accept people of different nationalities as citizens of the Russian Federation and residents of their own region (republic, region, city, town, or village), exceeds 70%. Ethnic identity and interethnic tolerance can be viewed as stable dominants of mass consciousness firmly rooted in the realm of beliefs, social practices, and social institutions, actively influencing nation-building processes and national-civic consolidation. The conclusion is that unique models and formats of nationbuilding are emerging in the regions of Russia, shaped not only by federal and regional policies related to ethnic and Russian identity but also by everyday, historically developed, and locally rooted traditional forms of interethnic (and interreligious) interaction and socio-normative practices of interethnic tolerance.

«РІДНОМОВНІСТЬ» У КОНТЕКСТІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНО-ПАТРІОТИЧНОГО СТАНОВЛЕННЯ СУЧАСНОГО УКРАЇНЦЯ (НА ОСНОВІ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА)

Modern processes of globalizations, geopolitical changes, the tendency of Ukraine to become the European cultural and educational space – all this createing challenges for society to formation and preservation of self-identity, national con-sciousness and, at the same time, inter-ethnic tolerance. Among a number of issues today – is the pressing issue of the Ukrainian language. The activity of the discussions is due to the fact that Ukraine presents itself to the world as an internatinal formation, where are interwined the economic, socio-political, national, religious and confes-sional interests of nations; Ukraine’s fi ghting for her self-identity, and the Ukrainian people are fi ghting to be independent and free.That’s why to use language as foundations national-patriotic education of modern Ukrainian citizen is in the fi eld of our research. Solution of this problem is able to contribute od creative using philosoph-ped-agogic legacy of the outstanding scientist-linguist, patriot, theologian, cultural and religious fi gure Ivan Ohiienko (metropolian Hilarion). The pedagogical activity of Ivan Ohiienko is a component of his educational work. The wide fi eld of his teacher’s interests covered the problems of humanizing the educa-tional process, de-russifi cation of educational institutions, the spread of the Ukrainian language and spelling, and the formation of nationally conscious Ukrainians.We consider the statement of the pedagogic-thinker to be fair that a real conscious patriot of Ukraine can be raised only with help of the Ukrainian language and only on its basis can those qualities of the person be formed, which are aimed at protecting and defensing the honor of one’s nation, people and state.The key opinion of the past and the present, formulated by Ivan Ohiienko, is «For one people – one literary language, pronunciation and spelling».As a theologian and thinker, Metropolitan Hilarion defi ned the ten most impor-tant commandments of the native-language Ukrainian citizen-patriot, which are ex-tremely relevant in our time.In general, the «native language» concept of youth education, in our opinion, can be outlined in three aspects: realist, identifi cation/personal, social.Pedagogical, theological, linguistic, etc. achievements of Ivan Ohiienko are of unparalleled importance for the development of Ukraine, for the education of its fu-ture generations

The Relationship Between Religious Knowledge, Religious Personality and Inter-Ethnic Tolerance Among Malaysian Undergraduate Students

In a modern society that comprises various ethnic and religious groups, who share different cultures and languages, tolerance between these groups is a critical element in building peace and harmony. In the Malaysian context, the promotion and fostering of ethnic tolerance has become one of the main agendas of the government in strengthening inter-ethnic relations. This is one of the best ways to prevent ethnic conflict in a pluralistic Malaysian society. In addition, building ethnic tolerance among students of different ethnicities, whether in schools or higher education institutions, should be a major concern that needs to be systematically addressed from within the Malaysian education system. To date, past studies have shown that ethnic slurs, prejudice, and discrimination among students still occur, even though various efforts has been introduced to foster tolerance in the education system and curriculum. As such, the role of religiosity is identified as an important element in sustaining ethnic tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between religious knowledge, religious personality and inter-ethnic tolerance among Malaysian undergraduate students. Data was collected from 53 Malaysian undergraduate students using a survey questionnaire. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the variables. The results show a positive significant relationship between religious knowledge, religious personality and inter-ethnic tolerance among Malaysian undergraduate students. The results of this study indicate that the role of religious knowledge and religious personality could lead students to achieve ethnic tolerance in a multi-racial and multi-religious country like Malaysia.
 Keywords: inter-ethnic tolerance, religious knowledge, religious personality, undergraduate students, Malaysia

Issues of interethnic tolerance and national identity in the processes of the information space globalization

The authors analyze the content and functional specificity of the phenomenon of tolerance and explore the possibilities of media in the formation of interethnic media culture of participants in the communication space. It is shown that journalism and the media form the interethnic media culture of participants in the communication space and demonstrate models of political and social behavior to the audience, including certain stereotypes of citizens’ interethnic and intercultural tolerance. The article examines tolerance as the perception and understanding of other cultures, ways of self-expression, and manifestation of human individuality.

Urban Sprawl and Social Capital: Evidence from Indonesian Cities

Abstract We use detailed data from Indonesian cities to study how variation in density within urban areas affects social capital. For identification, we instrument density with soil characteristics, and control for community averages of observed characteristics. Under plausible assumptions, these controls address sorting on observables and unobservables. We find that lower density increases trust in neighbours and community participation. We also find that lower density is associated with reduced interethnic tolerance, but this relationship is explained by sorting. Heterogeneity analysis suggests that crime in dense areas undermines community trust and participation, intensifying the negative impact of density.

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE TERM «TOLERANCE»

This article deals with the problem of tolerance in the multicultural society. The aim of the study is to analyze the main scientific approaches to the understanding of term «tolerance» and to prove the great importance of tolerance in successful intercultural cooperation. Theoretical research methods (analysis, systematization, theoretical generalization) have been used as well as pedagogical and historic methods. It is underlined that there are many multicultural countries in the world and Ukraine is one of them. On the territory of the country here live representatives of many nations, different cultures. The most modern response to the cultural diversity is tolerance, especially interethnic tolerance. It means the availability and recognition of free existence and development of different ethnic cultures, being a part of a single national community. The aim of democratic state policy is to create an open society in Ukraine, in which the representatives of all groups (social, cultural, ethnic, religious) have possibilities of self-development, self-actualization with the preservation of unique cultural origin. In this way it’s possible to solve the problems of cultural and social diversity in the country. In this article the based concept and the different scientific approaches to the understanding of term «tolerance» are discussed (philosophical, sociological, psychological, pedagogical). The definition of tolerance as a scientific category is proposed, and the most known kinds of tolerance are named (aged, gender, race, political, educational, geographical, religious, interethnic tolerance). Special attention is paid to the analysis of interethnic tolerance (very often the term «intercultural tolerance» is used too). Its importance is declared in many state documents of Ukraine, as well as in the Declaration of Principles of Tolerance.

THE ROLE OF THE CITIES OF THE FERGANA VALLEY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERETHNIC TOLERANCE

The role of Fergana Valley cities in the development of interethnic tolerance has been highlighted in this article.

Politik und Gesellschaft im Kaukasus. Eine unruhige Region zwischen Tradition und Transformation, Herausgegeben von Olaf Leiße. Springer VS, Wiesbaden, 2019. X, 480 S.

The Caucasus is one of the most strategically and geopolitically important destinations for the United States, Germany, France, Russia, Turkey, Iran and other countries. Undoubtedly, the Caucasian region with a multinational composition of the population, which has a complex ethno-political and multicultural mosaic. Interethnic relations in the South Caucasus and the North Caucasus were formed historically and were accompanied by both conflict and interethnic tolerance, good neighborliness, ethnopolitical friendship and mutual assistance. The ethnopolitical situation in the Caucasus is characterized by military conflicts and their consequences (Chechnya, South Ossetia, Georgia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia, Azerbaijan). The aggravation of interethnic relations, in a historically unstable region, led to an increase in conflict in the Caucasus, resulting in hostilities, uncontrolled migration, and terrorist activities.

Students multicultural awareness of Aceh dormitory in Yogyakarta

Several provinces in Indonesia have regional dormitories in Yogyakarta. This allows each student from various regions to have awareness of their respective ethnic identities, even though this has the potential to create horizontal conflicts. This study aims to describe how Aceh dormitory students in the city of Yogyakarta interpret ethnic identity and how intercultural communication relationships with other ethnicities and the surrounding community and how their views are related to the disintegration of the nation. This research is qualitative research using data collection techniques through interviews. The results showed that Acehnese students were aware of the ethnic identity that was the basis of the hostel and they saw that ethnic identity was important. Aceh dormitory students also introduce culture in cultural events, through which intercultural communication with other ethnicities and the surrounding community can be established. They think that as sons and daughters of the region, they should be proud of their respective ethnicities, but still have to uphold an attitude of inter-ethnic tolerance, so that this awareness does not cause the nation's disintegration.