Intentional Formation Research Articles

Communal reception of the spirit’s gifts of grace: re-imagining a decolonised Church of England theological education

ABSTRACT In this article, I examine the three classical models of theological education: paideia, Wissenschaft, and professional training within the context of the Church of England’s expectations for theological education as expressed through the new Formation Framework. Drawing on the publications from Eerdman’s series ‘Theological Education Between the Times’, I critically examine the three models through the lens of whiteness and argue that the classical models can each be used to oppress and exclude people of colour. In response, I offer a re-imagining of how the Church of England might think about a de-colonised theological education as the communal reception of the Spirit’s gifts of grace. I use this descriptive and teleological account to offer a renewed vision for the three classical models, showing how professional training might be re-orientated by a theological education focused on the Spirit’s grace; Wissenschaft might be re-purposed through the concept of receiving gifts; and paideia might be revived through the intentional formation of racially, socially, vocationally and denominationally diverse communities.

Untangling the threads of motivated memory: Independent influences of reward and emotion.

Motivational and emotional influences on memory have been studied extensively; however, despite the link between these constructs, they have been studied in separate lines of research, with very little work examining their effects concurrently. The current study takes a novel approach to manipulate motivational and emotional influences orthogonally, and within the same task, to test their interplay on intentional memory formation. If emotion and reward motivation are tightly linked, they may rely on overlapping cognitive mechanisms, thus we would not expect emotion and reward to interact in memory. Alternatively, they could be distinct constructs and therefore would boost memory when both are included in the same experimental trial, above and beyond additive effects. To test these competing predictions, in Experiment 1, participants (n = 180) completed an old/new recognition memory task with emotional (negative, positive) and neutral words intentionally encoded with high or low reward anticipation cues. In Experiment 2, participants (n = 159) encoded emotional and neutral words with a high or low reward cue, but memory was tested with free recall using study-test blocks. The findings from both experiments converged. There were main effects of emotion and reward in generally hypothesized directions, but no evidence of an interaction between these factors. This is in line with the prediction that emotion and reward motivation are similar constructs. Their combination within a trial does not boost memory above and beyond either of these factors alone perhaps indicating these constructs have similar cognitive mechanisms.

Overview of intentional formation of paired heteroatom sites in zeolite frameworks

Overview of intentional formation of paired heteroatom sites in zeolite frameworks

When the punk wishes you a great day, he still appears friendly: Stereotypes do not reliably guide spontaneous trait inferences from behavior

One of the most robust effects in person perception research is the spontaneous trait inference (STI) effect, defined as the spontaneous tendency to draw dispositional inferences from actors' behaviors. Yet, research has suggested that stereotypes affect STIs by inhibiting stereotype incongruent or facilitating stereotype congruent STIs. These findings are remarkable considering (a) the robustness of STI effects and (b) the typical design of behavioral statements in this research as unambiguously indicative of traits. We present a series of four high-powered, preregistered experiments (N = 1004) that originally aimed at replicating stereotype effects on STIs as basis for investigating their underlying psychological mechanisms. We employed a probe recognition paradigm that has been used in prior research, pairing trait-implying behavioral statements with category labels implying either trait-congruent or -incongruent stereotypes. We additionally implemented several methodological improvements like a larger and extensively pretested stimulus set.While we observed highly robust STI effects in all experiments, these were largely unaffected by actor stereotypes: Only one of the four experiments showed the hypothesized STI-stereotype interaction with a small effect size. We discuss how these findings add to the rather small number of existing publications on STIs and stereotypes and how the observed robustness of behavior-based impressions parallels prior research on intentional impression formation. We aim to instigate debate, further theorizing, and research that enhances our understanding of the boundary conditions of stereotype effects on spontaneous trait inferences in impression formation from unambiguous behaviors.

Influence of Al2O3 Overlayers on Intermolecular Interactions between Metal Oxide Bound Molecules.

Intermolecular interactions on inorganic substrates can have a critical impact on the electrochemical and photophysical properties of the materials and subsequent performance in hybrid electronics. Critical to the intentional formation or inhibition of these processes is controlling interactions between molecules on a surface. In this report, we investigated the impact of surface loading and atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 overlayers on the intermolecular interactions of a ZrO2-bound anthracene derivative as probed by the photophysical properties of the interface. While surface loading density had no impact on the absorption spectra of the films, there was an increase in excimer features with surface loading as observed by both emission and transient absorption. The addition of ALD overlayers of Al2O3 resulted in a decrease in excimer formation, but the emission and transient absorption spectra were still dominated by excimer features. These results suggest that ALD may provide a post-surface loading means of influencing such intermolecular interactions.

The Diaconate of All Believers: Theology, Formation, Practice

This article proposes an innovative direction for Christian social practice by reclaiming and revitalizing the diaconate of all believers. While the ministry of the laity received attention in ecumenical circles in past decades, the diaconate of all believers now needs elaboration and reception. A focus on the diaconate of all believers can provide a vital theological and practical paradigm for expanding Christian social practice. In this paradigm, diaconia engages the world through the involvements of Christian people in all their roles and relationships in life, including family, work, civic engagement, and church. Christian communities need to undertake focused education and intentional formation of the diaconate of all believers through their worship and educational practices. The liturgy provides substance for this formation process. Reclaiming the diaconate of all believers as a primary expression of the church’s diaconal practice means reorienting the ministry of deacons, pastors, and bishops in relation to the universal diaconate. The recovery of the diaconate of all believers has significance for a revised ecclesiology and theology of ministry that places ministry in daily life at the forefront of Christian social practice.

Erosion Modelling Indicates a Decrease in Erosion Susceptibility of Historic Ridge and Furrow Fields Near Albershausen, Southern Germany

Ridge and furrow fields are land-use-related surface structures that are widespread in Europe and represent a geomorphological key signature of the Anthropocene. Previous research has identified various reasons for the intentional and unintentional formation of these structures, such as the use of a mouldboard plough, soil improvement and drainage. We used GIS-based quantitative erosion modelling according to the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to calculate the erosion susceptibility of a selected study area in Southern Germany. We compared the calculated erosion susceptibility for two scenarios: (1) the present topography with ridges and furrows and (2) the smoothed topography without ridges and furrows. The ridges and furrows for the studied site reduce the erosion susceptibility by more than 50% compared to the smoothed surface. Thus, for the first time, we were able to identify lower soil erosion susceptibility as one of the possible causes for the formation of ridge and furrow fields. Finally, our communication paper points to future perspectives of quantitative analyses of historical soil erosion.

Evaluation of the Presence of Biofilms in Corrosive Points in Surgical Instruments after Reprocessing

Corrosive surgical instruments are routinely observed in central sterile services departments around the world. In addition to other risks, they can harbor microorganisms in the form of biofilms. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate whether biofilms intentionally formed at corrosion points on surgical instruments are removable by manual and automated cleaning followed by sterilization. Laboratory experiments were performed where samples of corroded surgical instruments in use in practice were evaluated for biofilm presence using a scanning electron microscope. No biofilms were observed in the samples subjected to manual and automated cleaning, nor in the samples in which there was no intentional biofilm formation. Residual organic matter without the presence of microorganisms was observed.

ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ ПОРУШЕНЬ ПИСЕМНОГО МОВЛЕННЯ В ДІТЕЙ ДОШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ ІЗ ЗАТРИМКОЮ ПСИХІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

This study is devoted to the problem of prevention of written language disorders in preschool children with intellectual disability. Based on the synthesis of previous pedagogical studies, it is known that writing, as higher mental function, is considered to be highly complex system, which involves all components of the structural and functional organization of the brain; it is also known that underdevelopment of any of these components leads to difficulties in the formation of writing abilities. It is determined that underdevelopment or impairment of one of the structural components of writing activity, or the mental functions that complement it, leads to the impairment or underdevelopment of writing activity as a whole; it was identified that in children with an intellectual disability, there is a relationship between a low level of formation of cognitive functions and aspects of independent planning, control and evaluation of outcomes of actions. Based on to the results of a pedagogical experiment, we demonstrated that the insufficient formation of motor control and cognitive skills in preschool children with intellectual disability resulted in these children's inclusion in the dysgraphia's «risk group». We justified the importance of prevention of written language disorders in preschool children with intellectual disability through speech therapy with neuropsychological corrections, which is grounded on the intentional formation of motor (general motor and graphomotor) and cognitive skills, which should positively affect the development of mental functions in preschool children with intellectual disability, and enable them to be better prepared for schooling, including successful acquisition of writing skills. Key words: impairment of written speech, retardation of mental development, prevention of impairments, preschool children, speech therapy work, programming, regulation, control, motor functions, cognitive functions.

Graft Size and Double Scroll Formation Rate in Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of intentional double scroll formation of donor Descemet membrane (DM) inside a glass tube inserter (the Fogla technique) in DM endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) for controlled insertion and unfolding of grafts. Methods Eleven consecutive patients who underwent DMEK were included in this study. We sought to specify graft characteristics in which double scroll configuration was successfully formed using the Fogla technique. We compared donor age, graft size, surgical time, unfolding time, and visual outcomes between patients with and without double scroll configuration. The ability to form double scroll formation of DM grafts of various diameters and unfolding time of DM grafts was evaluated using total seven eye-bank eyes in ex vivo experiments. Results A double scroll configuration inside a glass tube was successfully obtained in six DMEK grafts (54.5%). When comparing clinical features between those with and without double scroll configuration, only graft size was significantly larger in those with double scroll configuration (7.9 ± 0.2 mm) than in those without (7.4 ± 0.4, P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in other features and clinical outcomes, although unfolding-time was shorter in eyes with double scroll configuration (4.6 ± 2.0 min) compared to those without (8.6 ± 8.1, P = 0.21). Ex vivo experiments showed that unfolding time was significantly shorter in double scroll configuration (2.71 ± 0.49 min) than in single scroll (5.02 ± 0.79, P = 0.01). Conclusions A double scroll configuration within a glass tube can be obtained more frequently in larger DMEK grafts (8.0 mm in diameter), which may result in easier and faster DMEK procedures.

(Digital Presentation) Development of an Eam-Type Interatomic Potential Model Reproducing Theoretical Energetics in Polytype Structures

The allotropes composed of close-packed (CP) structures that differ only in the stacking order in the system are called the CP polytypes [1]. The CP polytype is also considered one of the physical systems realizing the Kepler conjecture [2]. Since the significant changes in physical properties due to the intentional polytype formation have been reported in various fields of metallic and semiconductive systems [3-5], the material engineering demand for polytype phase control is diverse. The acquisition and deepening of scientific knowledge for the polytype phase control is therefore promising to lead to the creation of new functional materials. However, the scientific control of the polytype stacking order is still incomplete in the field of practical materials engineering. This is because the polytype control technology has many uncertainties since the formation mechanism of polytype is physically unsolved yet. Predicting polytype phase stability for a material has also been a long-standing issue in condensed matter physics and/or materials science. This situation stems from the fact that the atomistic interactions on polytype energetics might be surprisingly quite complex and delicate despite the simplicity of their geometrical structure. In the previous paper, we have presented an analytical theory on the total energetics for the CP polytypes based on the geometrical analysis for the correlation between interlayer interactions and interatomic ones in CP polytypes [6]. Our theoretical studies have shown that the long-range nature of interatomic interactions is an important factor for reproducing the static polytype energetics [6,7]. Based on our theory submitted [6], we have tried to construct an EAM (Embedded Atom Method) [8] type interatomic model for metallic La reproducing the theoretical polytype energetics. Our primary motivation for the present study is to grasp why long periodic polytype structures other than 2H and 3C ones appear as the stable phase under the crystal growth for the specific elemental systems. Therefore, we aim to develop the interatomic potential to reproduce the theoretical polytype energetics and to adopt it to the dynamical simulations for the long-periodic polytypes systems. The ground state for La is the 4H structure which is the simplest long-periodic polytype and La can exist in both 4H phase and the 3C phase under 583K [9]. Thus, it is possible to investigate the essential factors determining the polytype selection rule through the atomistic dynamics for metallic La. From our research so far, we have succeeded in constructing an EAM-type potential that mimics the energetics of metallic La with the 4H as the ground structure [10]. The following three procedures are found to be essentially important for deriving an interatomic interaction model with the 4H structure as the ground state; (i) The cutoff radius should be set to have a relatively longer distance (three or more interlayer distances in the 4H stacking structure). (ii) The equations of state (EOS) for the energetics of 2H, 3C, and 4H structures need to be reproduced as accurately as possible. (iii) The adiabatic potential along important transition paths between crystal structures such as the Bain path for the bcc-fcc transition must be exactly considered [11]. These procedures have made the interaction model describable for not only the energetics but also the lattice dynamics such as dynamical instability, which is known to be generally significant for the phase transition phenomena [11, 12]. The transferability of the associated potential and some results adapted in the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations will be also discussed in the presentation of the day.[1] A. L.Ortiz et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 46, 242 (2013).[2] T. Hales et al., Forum of Mathematics, Pi, 5, E2 (2017).[3] R. Yakimova et al., J. Cryst. Grow. 217, 255 (2000).[4] Z. Fan et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 7684 (2015).[5] E. M. T. Fadaly et al., Nature. 580, 205 (2020).[6] S. Ogane and K. Moriguchi, MRS Advances 6, 170 (2021).[7] K. Moriguchi et al., MRS Advances 6, 163 (2021).[8] Murray S. Daw and M. I. Baskes, Phys. Rev. B 29, 6443 (1984).[9] B. Love, “Metal Handbook”, Vol. 1, American Society for Metals, Novelty, Ohio, 1961, pp 1230-1231.[10] S. Ogane, et al., 2021 MRS Fall Meeting & Exhibit, CH02.13.05 (2021).[11] K Moriguchi and M Igarashi, Phys. Rev. B 74, 024111 (2006).[12] G. Grimvall et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 945 (2012).[13] S. Baci et al., Phys. Rev. B 81 (2010) 144507. Figure 1

Individual goals interact with dyad goals to constrain and facilitate the formation of interpersonal patterns of coordination

Two experiments were undertaken to examine the spontaneous and intentional formation of interpersonal coordination patterns within dyads. In both experiments, each individual in a dyad was given a pre-set amplitude goal of tracing a 3cm or 15cm line to maintain over a trial. Smaller amplitudes were associated with faster movement frequencies compared to larger amplitudes in both experiments. All trials started with the partners in the dyads not seeing each other, and at the half-way point within a trial vision of the partner was provided. In experiment 1, each individual was told to watch their partners hand in the view segment, yet maintain the amplitude goal. The pre-set amplitude goals limited the emergence of spontaneous interpersonal coordination in the form of frequency-locking and phase-entrainment. In experiment 2, the individuals in the dyad were told to intentionally coordinate at either a defined in-phase or anti-phase pattern of coordination when entering the view segment of a trial. All dyads formed the required coordination patterns at a 1:1 frequency-locking across 90% of trials when entering the view segment. However, the pre-set amplitudes still influenced performance of individuals in terms of movement amplitude and frequency modulations when intentionally forming the required coordination patterns. The proposed hypotheses and the interpretation of the results are framed within the coordination dynamics theory of perception-action processes.

Impact of two methods for assigning groups in a team-based learning self-care course

IntroductionStudies have examined the impact of team formation strategies to performance on team assessments and perceptions of team dynamics. This study assessed the impact of intentional vs. randomized team formation strategies on a semester-long self-care pharmacotherapy course taught using team-based learning. MethodsStudents were intentionally assigned to teams in fall 2018 and randomized to teams in fall 2019. Performance on team readiness assessment tests (TRATs) was compared. Student perceptions regarding team dynamics were evaluated using a questionnaire. ResultsThe were no significant differences in TRAT scores between the intentional (n = 91; average 99.8%) and randomized (n = 68; average 99.9%) cohorts (P = .33). Response rates for the student perception questionnaires for the intentional and randomized cohorts were 85.7% and 77.9%, respectively. No significant differences existed between cohorts for any questionnaire items. ConclusionsThe type and number of criteria used to intentionally develop teams has varied across the literature and has generally failed to show significant differences in performance on team assessments regardless of team formation strategy. There have been varied findings with respect to the impact of team formation criteria on student perceptions related to team dynamics. In this study, intentionally assigning teams in a single semester-long course primarily using community pharmacy experience and significant relationships did not produce significant differences in team performance or student perceptions compared to randomization. For teams in a single semester course, randomization may be an efficient way of assigning students to teams without negatively impacting team performance or perceptions of team dynamics.

Selective surface deposition of trace amount of ruthenium onto a freestanding, fibrous carbon monolith for pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction

Among various hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts, ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts exhibit excellent pH-universal activity, whereas the presence of inaccessible active sites buried in dense layers inevitably leads to excessive use of Ru. In addition, intentional formation of Ru nanoparticles in addition to single atoms to optimize HER activity further increases the Ru mass loading.In this study, the direct deposition of trace amount of Ru onto pre-assembled fibrous carbon monolith leads to highly efficient pH-universal HER activity with only 0.32 wt% of ultralow Ru content. The selective deposition of Ru onto only accessible active sites in three-dimensional carbon monolith suppresses the formation of buried active sites. Despite the low content, the selective deposition pathway to only accessible sites result in the formation of Ru nanoparticles, which synergize with coexisting single atoms to optimize pH-universal HER activity. The presence of Co single atoms in the fibrous carbon matrix further optimizes the deposition and HER activity of Ru species. The prepared monolithic catalyst exhibits highly efficient pH-universal HER activity with the drastically low overpotential values of 14/15/54 mV and the Tafel plots of 19/17/46 mV dec-1 in 1 M KOH alkaline, 0.5 M H2SO4 acidic, and 1 M PBS neutral electrolytes, respectively. It also exhibits a high durability during 10,000 cycles under an accelerated reaction conditions. Differentiated from conventional powdered catalysts that typically require a ruthenium content of ∼ 20%, this study suggests a novel strategy for simultaneously improving the HER activity of the catalytic electrode and reducing the use of Ru.

On the question of N.V. Gogol's literary reputation

The tradition of ambiguous interpretation of the personality and creativity of N.V. Gogol was laid down by himself and was continued by contemporaries and later interpreters. The article, based on a large literary and critical material, reviews the general trends in the perception of the figure and creativity of Gogol in the public consciousness for a century and a half, traces the process of folding the image of Gogol, which is complex and ambiguous, due to many factors (the exceptional complexity of the personality, the spiritual and creative evolution of Gogol, the obscurity of a number of episodes of biography, passion for mystifications, various cultural codes of interpreters, etc.). Traditions of the writer's perception in the middle of the XIX century, when the Gogol myth began to form, in the era of the Silver Age with its desire to free itself from mythology and create its own, the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, largely repeating the features of the previous two, are considered as the central. The article touches on such issues as the intentional formation of an image, the Gogol myth, the image of Gogol in art — from the XIX century to the postmodern.

Impressionism in the context of procedural nature of existence of European culture

Impressionism has been studied in the context of the procedural nature of European culture and the peculiarities of its development in the final intentional formation period. Cultural, comparative and analytical methods of analysis are used. The article emphasizes: since the beginning of European culture, its artistic development has determined the desire to express images of the world in their real and objective perspective. It achieves this in the 19th century. The analysis gives grounds for the following conclusion. At the turn of the 19th – 20 th centuries the vector of observation of images of the world changes. Culture forms an intentional reflection, which determines its cultural and artistic development. The object perspective loses its relevance, but the movement from the (specific) object towards the periphery and the deep dimension of phenomena becomes decisive for art. Impressionism expresses only one aspect of such movement and it is directed towards the deep sphere of the object. Impressionism is characterized by the phenomenological principle of artistic representation.

A Pathway to Professional Identity Formation: Report of the 2020-2021 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Professional identity formation (PIF) involves internalizing and demonstrating the behavioral norms, standards, and values of a professional community, such that one comes to "think, act and feel" like a member of that community. Professional identity influences how a professional perceives, explains, presents and conducts themselves. This report of the 2020-2021 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee (SAC) describes the benefits of a strong professional identity, including its importance in advancing practice transformation. Responding to a recommendation from the 2019-2020 SAC, this report presents an illustrative and interpretative schema as an initial step towards describing a pharmacist's identity. However, the profession must further elucidate a universal and distinctive pharmacist identity, in order to better support pharmacists and learners in explaining and presenting the pharmacist's scope of practice and opportunities for practice change. Additionally, the report outlines recommendations for integrating intentional professional identity formation within professional curricula at colleges and schools of pharmacy. Although there is no standardized, single way to facilitate PIF in students, the report explores possibilities for meeting the student support and faculty development needs of an emerging new emphasis on PIF within the Academy.

Theoretical Relation between Polytype Energetics and Effective Atomistic Interaction Based on Interlayer Partial Energy Model

The Kepler conjecture in 1611 states that no arrangement of equally sized spheres filling space has a greater average density than that of the face-centered cubic and/or hexagonal close packing arrangements [1]. This conjecture has been only recently proved by the Flyspeck project team [2]. The polytypes are characterized by a stacking sequence with a given repeating unit along a directional axis (c-axis) and are theoretically possible to have endless permutations of the sequences. The close-packed (CP) polytypes in which the associated stacking is composed of the CP planes are, therefore, considered to be the crystalline systems realizing the Kepler conjecture. Significant changes in physical properties due to the intentional polytype formation have also been reported in various fields of metallic and semiconductive systems [3-5].Predicting polytype phase stability for a material has still been a long-standing issue in condensed matter physics and/or materials science [6, 7]. This situation stems from the fact that the atomistic interactions on polytype energetics might be surprisingly quite complex and delicate despite the simplicity of their geometrical structure. We have recently presented a theoretical consideration on the CP polytype total energetics using the geometrical analysis for the correlation between interlayer interactions and interatomic ones [8]. Based on the theory presented by the authors [8], we discuss the insight of the total energetics for CP polytypes from the viewpoint of effective atomistic interaction distance in this work. The primary motivation for our study [8] is to analytically grasp how the most basic interactions can be described for the systems whose ground states are composed of the long-periodic polytype configurations other than 2H and 3C ones. The system targeted in the study is, therefore, the polytype systems that total energetics is dominated by the sum of spherical symmetric two-body interactions. In order to investigate the associated polytype energetics as a function of interaction distance, we have introduced the interlayer partial energy model where the total energy constructed from the two-body interactions is projected onto the interlayer interactions in CP polytype structures as depicted in Fig. 1 (i).As shown in Fig. 1 (ii), our paper has theoretically presented that the static total energetics of polytypes can be reasonably explained with two physical indicators, the hexagonality (σH ) and the effective distance (rc ) of interatomic interaction [8]. While the polytype structural energies tend to be degenerate with respect to hexagonality in the system with short interaction distance, the energetic degeneracy manifested by the short-range interactions begins to split for the system with the third neighbor interlayer distance; (a) For the systems with short-range atomistic interactions, all polytypes are energetically degenerate, and the ground state is indistinguishable. Therefore, which polytype appears depends on the nucleation processes and becomes an accidental event. (b) For the systems with medium-range atomistic interactions, only 3C (fcc: σH =0) or 2H (hcp: σH =1) configuration system appears as the ground state. Since 3C (fcc) and 2H (hcp) are observed as the stable close-packed structures in most metallic materials, it is suggested that the interatomic interactions often correspond to the cases around this range. (c) For the systems with long-range atomistic interactions, all the points of total energies as a function of hexagonality are analytically found to be in the inner region of a triangle with vertices of 3C (σH =0), 4H (σH =0.5), and 2H (σH =1), which indicates that the ground state can correspond to any of these three stacking sequences associated.The discussion above suggests that it is possible to infer the effective distance of interatomic interactions, which is important property of each element for producing new polytype-based materials, from the distribution of polytype structural energetics. Our theoretical study can also provide significant insights for creating interatomic models successfully showing the polytypes other than 3C and 2H structures as a ground state, those have never yet been implemented as far as the authors know.[1] J. Kepler, The Six-Cornered Snowflake, 1966 translation by C. Hardie (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1611), ISBN: 0198712499.[2] T. C. Hales et al., Forum of Mathematics, Pi, 5, E2 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1017/fmp.2017.1[3] E. M. T. Fadaly et al., Nature. 580, 205 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2150-y[4] Z. Fan et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 7684 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8684[5] E. Abe et al. Philos. Mag. Lett. 91, 690 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500839.2011.609149[6] C. H. Loach et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 205701 (2017). https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.205701[7] K. Moriguchi et al., MRS Advances (2021). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-021-00044-x[8] S. Ogane et al., MRS Advances (2021). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-021-00054-9 Figure 1

Thermodynamic modeling framework for prediction of tool wear and tool protection phenomena in machining

Chemical, oxidational and diffusional interactions between the tool, chip and cutting environment are known tool wear mechanisms in machining. However, the interaction between tool, coating, workpiece, coolant and atmospheric oxygen can, under favorable conditions, lead to formation of reaction products that retard tool wear. A method with the ability to predict theses interactions, would therefore enable a better control over tool life in machining. An attempt to create such a modelling framework is developed in this study. This method can predict the phase composition and the driving force for degradation and the formation of protective interaction products in the cutting zone. This modeling approach is applicable across cutting processes in which chemical, diffusional and oxidational wear are dominant or present. This framework has been applied to investigate the interactions occurring in the cutting zone during turning of a medium alloyed low-carbon steel (Hybrid Steel® 55). A range of degradation events are predicted, as well as the formation of a protective corundum (Al,Fe,Cr)2O3 or spinel (Al,Fe,Cr)3O4 film due to an interaction between the Al-alloyed steel and the environment. Validation of the modeling was performed by studying tool wear and reaction products formed when machining with ceramics, PcBN and coated carbide tooling. Inserts are studied by the use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, after cutting tests were performed. Additional tests were performed in different environments (dry, argon and coolant). The results confirmed the model predictions of oxidation and diffusion wear as well as the formation of an (Al,Fe,Cr)3O4 tool protection layer. Thus, the proposed thermodynamic framework seem promising to serve as a predictive instrument for the correct pairing of existing tool and workpiece combinations and cutting parameters, or for tailoring respective material compositions for intentional formation of a tool protection layer. As well as guidance on how to apply present and future kinetic models when concurrent interaction mechanisms are present. Which lead to a reduction and minimization of costly experimental machining tests.

Nitrogen-induced hardening of refractory high entropy alloys containing laminar ordered phases

Most attempts to improve the properties of high entropy alloys (HEAs) involve the exploration of non-equimolar compositions, addition of alloying elements, and/or manipulation of the microstructure. Alternatively, this work reports on intentionally doping HEAs with non-metallic species to precipitate coherent, ordered phases in order to maximize hardness. A refractory MoNbTaW HEA was synthesized via cryogenic mechanical alloying and doped with nitrogen by using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. Overall, the doping strategy was successful as multiple nitrogen-rich secondary phases were observed. In particular, a unique ordered laminar phase was developed and identified as tetragonal (Mo,W)(Nb,Ta)N nitride via aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Another complex (Nb,Ta)2CN carbonitride was also identified. The growth behaviors of the ceramic phases were studied using long term aging treatments of up to 100 hours at 1200°C. A second MoNbTaW alloy was also prepared via high-energy ball milling, without nitrogen, by using liquid Ar as the cryogen. A comparison of the two alloys’ microstructures and properties confirm that intentional formation of complex nitride phases greatly enhanced the hardness of mechanically alloyed MoNbTaW by up to 3-4 GPa.