Intensive Economic Growth Research Articles

Formation and Development of Innovation Clusters as a Prerequisite for the Transition Towards Intensive Economic Growth

The presented study examines innovative economic growth and its stimulating processes based on the development of innovative clusters. This involves determining the regulatory role of the government and choosing a regulatory model that would reflect the specific features of the examined country’s economic system. Aim. The study aims to consider foreign and Russian experience to formulate proposals for improving the conceptual mechanism that would ensure Russia’s transition towards predominantly intensive economic growth using the opportunities provided by innovative clusters. Tasks. The authors analyze the strategic direction of development of the global and national economies; determine the potential of clusters and cluster development as a tool that facilitates and guides economic growth; identify problem areas in the cluster development of the Russian economy and substantiate a set of measures aimed at eliminating them; determine the methods of government involvement in facilitating cluster development and substantiate the choice of the most appropriate method for a particular national economy; consider the foreign experience of transforming industrial clusters into innovative clusters and adapt it to the Russian economy. Methods. This study critically analyzes different scientific approaches to determining the essence of a cluster and the nature of its impact on the development of economic entities and the national economy as a whole. It also uses analytical tools to propose an adjustment of existing approaches to cluster regulation in Russia and to facilitate the creation of innovative clusters. Results. The role of innovation clusters in Russia and globally is determined in the context of the transition to predominantly intensive economic growth. The major problems that make it impossible to receive maximum benefits from clustering are highlighted. The relationship between innovation and cluster development is determined with allowance for the competitiveness index. The changes necessary for ensuring high-quality economic growth and improving the efficiency of clusters, particularly innovative clusters, are proposed. Factors that ensure successful innovative development in accordance with the main directions of cluster policy are identified. Conclusions. Examination of the role of clusters in the formation of predominantly intensive economic growth, the current state of the Russian economy, and existing cluster policy models makes it possible to evaluate the prospects for the development of the Russian economy using the potential of innovative clusters.

Labour productivity management model taking into account organizational culture of enterprise

Slowdown in global economic growth and in productivity growth complicates socio-economic development of Russia and other countries. Raising income inequalities and their continued stagnation lead to an increase in economic, social, and political tensions in society. Automation and robotization of production processes stimulate uncertainty increase in the labour market. Labour productivity improvement at both micro- and macroeconomic levels is the factor of intensive economic growth, which is caused by the improvement of efficiency of use of available resources. Results of the implementation of the Russian national project “Labour productivity and employment support” show that the key part of successful innovations is related to the transformation of organizational culture of enterprise. Specifically, through reorganization of working space of employees and their working hours, reduction in the share of “unnecessary” actions and movements of workers, improvement of self-organization skills, and focus on long-term development. The article concludes that labour productivity management includes management of organizational culture of enterprise. Labour productivity management model has been presented, consisting of three phases: diagnostics, development, and implementation. Each phase involves a sequence of actions, gradually leading to its realization. The model is cyclic and can be repeated unlimited number of times. Use of the model allows you to structure the process of labour productivity improvement, determine the optimal set of resources for its realization, monitor its realization, and make timely adjustments. Specification of system elements of the model has been presented, including: goal, functions, principles of effective functioning of the model, informational support, human resources and organizational structure, methods and tools. The criteria for the following results of using the model: effective, limitedly effective, and ineffective have been defined. The model for use to enterprises of any scale and specification that intend to make organizational changes in order to improve labour productivity has been recommended.

МАМЛАКАТ ИҚТИСОДИЙ ЎСИШ СУРЪАТИГА ИНВЕСТИЦИЯЛАРНИНГ ТАЪСИРИ

The economic growth of the Republic of Uzbekistan will depend on production factors that contribute to the annual growth of the country's GDP. At the same time, extensive production growth will lead to the implementation of unpromising investments. A growing share of innovation-oriented investments in the total investment in fixed assets in the country will lead to intensive economic growth in the country

Bioeconomic Peace Research and Policy

Abstract We argue for viewing COVID-19 as an additional instance of bioeconomic interaction in an ongoing history of human relations with the rest of nature. We assert that COVID-19 and other increasingly frequent zoonotic pandemic diseases are a further example of global public bads (GPBs), which are collectively provoking the transition from an extensive to an intensive economic growth model characterized by the provision of corresponding global public goods (GPGs) and sigmoid growth. We describe how these dynamics map on to the classic production–predation dichotomy of peace and conflict economics and call for that dichotomy to be extended to the relationship between the human and nonhuman worlds. Finally, we argue that peace economists are particularly well-positioned to extend their research to diagnose human–nonhuman peace and conflict.

THE NATURE OF INNOVATION ECO-SYSTEM OF THE WESTERN KAZAKH STATE UNIVERSITY

It was a strong belief that higher education institutions are notoriously resistant to change. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, universities have quickly and effectively moved millions of students and educators online despite huge logistical and technological challenges. There are very few industries that have reacted in this way. In future leading universities will look for a new business model and apply disruptive innovations into the leaning process.Today is a right time for planning a long term innovation strategy. In recent years Kazakh higher education development has been accompanied by intensive economic growth and raising demand for high qualifies employers. The aim of this research is to reveal the ways of implementing high innovation and creativity approach in universities under example of Western Kazakhstan State University. This study examines the factors determining conditions for development of innovation culture across the university and industry. The methodology is based on expert interviews, reflective experiences; surveying research for innovation, incorporating the information on innovation landscape map, university infrastructure, human resources, PESTEL analysis as well as industry overview. The results show that WKSU needs frugal innovation, as it provides a new entrepreneurial landscape for companies in low-income countries with limited resources to develop innovations.

Legal Regulatory Framework of Cooperative Principles

Abstract Cooperatives are an essential structural element of national economies. They contribute to the sustainable and intensive economic growth and to the promotion and development of social market instruments. Due to their specific principles of organization and functioning, cooperatives are distinguished from all other forms of corporate typology, as well as from the state bodies, the nonprofit legal entities etc. Their characteristic features are manifested at national and cross-border European level. The principles on the basis of which cooperatives develop their activities and differentiate them from other organizational and legal establishments are emphasized in a number of acts of the European Union such as Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003. The Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE) points out that their activity is based on „the specific features of cooperatives” and that „cooperatives are primarily groups of persons or legal entities with particular operating principles that are different from those of other economic agents”. The article analyzes the national legal frameworks and the European regulatory framework of the cooperative principles: voluntary and open membership, democratic member control, member economic participation, autonomy and independence, education, training and information, cooperation among co-operatives and concern for community. The relationships between them as well as those in the context of the normative regulation of cooperative values are explored.

РАЗВИТИЕ МЕТОДИЧЕСКИХ ПРИНЦИПОВ ОЦЕНКИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННЫХ ПРОЕКТОВ СОЗДАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ МОРСКИХ ПОРТОВ И ТЕРМИНАЛОВ

The article presents the methods for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects developed by foreign, Soviet and later Russian scientists that made it possible to formulate principles for evaluating the effectiveness of projects of creating and developing seaports and terminals. The basic economic law of socialism in 1952 has been analyzed, according to which the development of the command economy was exhausted by planned extensive and intensive economic growth in the absence of inflation and risks. There has been studied the typical methodology for determining the effectiveness of capital investments and new equipment developed in 1960 and proposing to use two groups of indicators: general and comparative efficiency. It has been stated that the main drawback of this and later methods is to reject the indicator of absolute economic effect. There are given formulas for calculating the payback period and the effect of increasing operation of sea transport due to capital investments. There has been defined the principle of alternativeness based on accounting for the opportunity costs of neoclassical economics. Modern computer technologies make it possible to accurately simulate the technological processes of the port terminal and, using the results, to calculate the technical and economic indicators of their activities. The principle of alternativeness consists in considering all possible options for organizing technological processes at the terminal and choosing the option with best values of performance. The principle of alternativeness should be used to assess the effectiveness of the project as a whole and to evaluate the effectiveness of each participant. Projects of building and development of seaports and terminals are characterized by a complex composition of participants; they always impact the state interests and are a form of public-private partnership. The main infrastructure of seaports and land plots are in federal ownership. The implementation of the principle of alternativeness becomes possible when using the capital investment budget method.

Roman technological progress in comparative context: The Roman Empire, Medieval Europe and Imperial China

The Roman Empire experienced both extensive and intensive economic growth. This article first surveys the role of technology in that process, engaging with recent literature on intensive growth under Malthusian constraints. It goes on to investigate the difference in technological progress between the Roman Empire and medieval Europe. It argues that political fragmentation explains why medieval Europe was more innovative than the Roman world, invoking a comparison with imperial China to complement the analysis. The technological success of China under the Tang and Song shows that political fragmentation is not a precondition for progress. However, Roman emperors never invested in the practical application of useful knowledge, the way Chinese rulers did.

Increased Employment Rates and the Nature of the Economic Growth in Poland’s Voivodships

The purpose of the article is to study the impact of basic production factors (level of employment and value of fixed assets) on the economic growth rate in different regions of Poland. The hypothesis presented in the article is that in the process of economic growth, the human factor (level of employment) plays a greater role than the fixed assets. The hypothesis was verified using the data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Statistical Yearbooks of the Regions for the years 2000 and 2015. The results of the study confirm the validity of the formulated hypothesis. Also, the author of the article made the effort to identify the voivodships characterized by extensive and intensive economic growth.

Crowd funding dynamics for venture and innovation development

This study explores the dynamics of crowd funding mechanisms to support venture development in Thailand. Under the policy of moving the country towards 'Thailand 4.0', the Thai government has placed importance on value-based economy and innovation driven economy. The empirical analyses, based on the national innovation system (NIS) approach, have shown that the Thai government plays a key role in building a crowd funding platform to provide entrepreneurial finance for start-ups. The findings point out the barriers both at the policy and operation levels underlying the Thai financial innovation system. The paper provides insightful lessons and implications to strengthen the FinTech crowd funding platform for promoting knowledge intensive economic growth.

Crowd funding dynamics for venture and innovation development

This study explores the dynamics of crowd funding mechanisms to support venture development in Thailand. Under the policy of moving the country towards 'Thailand 4.0', the Thai government has placed importance on value-based economy and innovation driven economy. The empirical analyses, based on the national innovation system (NIS) approach, have shown that the Thai government plays a key role in building a crowd funding platform to provide entrepreneurial finance for start-ups. The findings point out the barriers both at the policy and operation levels underlying the Thai financial innovation system. The paper provides insightful lessons and implications to strengthen the FinTech crowd funding platform for promoting knowledge intensive economic growth.

КРИТЕРИАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В ПАРАДИГМЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА

In the industrial economy, intensive development is characterized by an increase in the efficiency of investments in real assets that save the most expensive resources - labor and capital. In the process of investing resources should be used efficiently. In this case, the result will be intensive economic growth. Profits must grow faster than investments, the growth of which must outpace the growth of labor costs. Extensive development is characterized at best by a proportional increase in these indicators, or by a slower increase in profits compared to an increase in the cost of resources. If each next resource unit brings less profit, then resources are used inefficiently. Changes in profits, investments and labor costs can be estimated based on the calculation of indices of these indicators. For the economy as a whole, the ratio of indices of statistical reporting indicators for the respective years is analyzed. The efficiency criteria have been developed to evaluate the resource use in investment activity - a tool that makes it possible to evaluate the results of investment activity on the basis of information available in the public domain. Depending on the value of these criteria, the type of growth of the Russian economy was analyzed. The ratios of the indices of macroeconomic indicators of the Russian Federation for 2010-2017, in accordance with the proposed criteria, indicate the extensive economic growth. To assess the effectiveness of the use of resources of the enterprise, the ratios of indices of indicators of financial statements for the respective years were studied: profit from sales, residual value of fixed assets and labor costs. Decrease in the main indicators of financial statements of First Container Terminal JSC occurs with the least risk, the gross profit decreases the slowest. The growth of Vostochnaya Stevedoring Company LLC is mainly mixed, which in 2017 became completely extensive.

Spatiotemporal Changes of China's Carbon Emissions

AbstractSpatiotemporal changes in China's carbon emissions during the 11th and 12th Five‐Year Plan periods are quantified for the first time through a reconstructed nationwide high‐resolution gridded data set. The hot spots of carbon emissions in China have expanded by 28.5% (toward the west) in the north and shrunk by 18.7% in the south; meanwhile, the emission densities in North and South China have increased by 15.7% and 49.9%, respectively. This suggests a clear transition to a more intensive economic growth model in South China as a result of the energy conservation and emission reduction policies, while the expanded carbon hot spots in North China are mainly dominated by the Grand Western Development Program. The results also show that China's carbon emissions exhibit a typical spatially intensive, high‐emission pattern, which has undergone a slight relaxation (up to 3%) from 2007 to 2012 due to a typical urbanization process.

TOOLS OF INTENSIVE ECONOMIC GROWTH ON THE BASIS OF BENCHMARKING: FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to explore the possibility of adapting the foreign experience of using benchmarking tools to form promising areas of economic growth, as well as developing a tools for intensive economic growth in Russia and the regions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to study the basics of intensive economic growth, taking into account the increase in labor productivity and factors of production; to analyze the tools and methods of benchmarking used in foreign practice; to conduct benchmarking of the Russian regions to assess the opportunities for intensive economic growth. Methods: when writing this article, methods of scientific cognition were used, in particular, benchmarking, the method of comparative analysis, the method of system analysis, the graphical method of presenting the results obtained, the method of generalization and systematization of theoretical concepts. Results: in modern conditions, the main source of intensive economic growth is the increase in labor productivity and factors of production. Ensuring the intensity of development at the regional and macroeconomic level can be achieved through the use of benchmarking and analysis of best practices. A comprehensive analysis of the conditions and instruments for intensifying the economy of foreign countries and assessing the applicability / adaptability of world practice for the Russian economy allowed the development of a tools for intensive economic growth in the Russian regions based on the use of tools and principles of benchmarking. Based on the proposed group of indicators for benchmarking to ensure intensive economic growth, the ranking of Russian regions according to the level of socio-economic development was conducted. Conclusions and Relevance : the materials outlined in the article demonstrate the very high efficiency of the use of benchmarking tools to ensure intensive development, which is achieved, first of all, by reducing the differentiation of Russian regions, searching for the most promising and priority innovative directions for further long-term development, allowing to increase the manufacturability of production and labor productivity. The proposed approach to the formation of the tools of intensive economic growth in Russia and regions on the basis of benchmarking is the development of scientific ideas on the improvement of the management of the economy of the regions. The difference between this approach and previously obtained results is that the analysis of the state of the regions is realized taking into account the following elements: conditions / symptoms, premises, tools, results / effects, etc. It is shown that future growth and social welfare of Russia will depend on high-tech industries and services.

The Foreign Trade And Economic Cooperation In Intensive And Effective Economic Growth Of China

In this research work, Author focus on the analysis the foreign trade and economic cooperation in intensive and effective economic growth of China. It must be emphasized that openess to trade is associated with higher incomes and growth and there are the need for new approaches to trade cooperation in light of the forces that are currently re-shaping international business. The key of trade developments within the broader socio-economic context is especially the rise of global supply chains, the general shift of trade power away from the West towards Asia Pacific state. In the new circumstances for the development of the global economy and the international trade, People Republic of China seems to be a production superpower, able to change the world trade. The question raised is whether the West will see China rise as an opportunity for cooperation and peace or for conflict. Economic growth is generally more preferable in China to military and extensive expansion. With new investments, a country can transform its position through industrial expansion at home and sustain it through international trade. The main aim of the paper is the presentation of the foreign economic ccperation in intensive and effective economic growth of China.

Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality Since 1700 by Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson

Reviewed by: Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality Since 1700by Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson Robert Whaples Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality Since 1700. By Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson. The Princeton Economic History of the Western World. ( Princeton and Oxford, Eng.: Princeton University Press, 2016. Pp. xx, 398. Paper, $22.95, ISBN 978-0-691-17827-1; cloth, $35.00, ISBN 978-0-691-17049-7.) Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality Since 1700aims to rewrite several important chapters in American economic history. Peter H. Lindert, a professor at the University of California, Davis, and Jeffrey G. Williamson, a professor at Harvard University, have fruitfully collaborated for almost four decades and are among the most respected economic historians alive today. Their main new findings span the colonial era through the early twenty-first century. They establish that the colonial United States had a low level of economic inequality and that Americans achieved the highest level of income per person in the world as early as the late seventeenth century, although they lost and regained the lead in later years. While the colonial era saw little growth in per capita income, coastal regions underwent intensive economic growth, and more people moved to the interior where standards of living were good. The South did especially well during the colonial period, and there was "a remarkable lack of poor southern whites, defined as those of menial trades or having zero tax-assessable wealth" (p. 35). The American Revolution, however, devastated the economy, and there was a "truly huge economic disaster between 1774 and 1790" in which incomes fell by a percentage that "may have been 'equal to the early years of the Great Depression'" (p. 86). Sustained economic growth in the United States began as early as 1790. Between 1800 and 1860 the country's per capita incomes increased at more than 1 percent per year, but there was also a massive, "broadly based" increase in income inequality (p. 11). The second half of the book provides fewer new findings but completes the story with several key events. A "Great Leveling" occurred between the 1910s and the 1970s as the United States achieved historically low levels of economic inequality, which Lindert and Williamson attribute to political shifts and wars, slower labor force growth, a rapid rise in education levels, deceleration in automation, rising trade barriers, and tight financial regulation (p. 11). The rise in American inequality since the 1970s was due to the reversal of factors that previously reduced inequality. (Oddly, major demographic trends surrounding changes in familial structures and single-parent households during this period are not mentioned.) The authors conclude that the waxing and waning of inequality amid sometimes slow and other times rapid economic growth shows that grand theories that attempt to explain historical trends in inequality, such as the theory Thomas Piketty advocates in Capital in the Twenty-First Century [End Page 144](Cambridge, Mass., 2014), cannot tell us the whole story. Instead, it is crucial to look at the nitty-gritty details of each period to understand historical trends. Lindert and Williamson's new findings from the earlier period are built primarily on their construction of income estimates. They built "social tables" using occupational earnings, property incomes, and (before emancipation) slaves' retained earnings for different benchmark years, including 1774, 1800, 1850, 1860, and 1870 (p. xv). Whether scholars accept the authors' key findings will hinge on how much faith they place in these social tables. Lindert and Williamson recognize that not everyone will be convinced by the "courageous" assumptions they made in piecing these tables together (p. xvi). "These assumptions and the resulting allocations can certainly be challenged," as they were often developed in a "data-thin environment" (pp. 23, 75). Some may consider the authors' assumptions foolhardy because their methods involve using income averages for occupations, even though incomes vary within each occupation and the change in that variance over time is not always known. Also, the price data they use generally assumes that prices are uniform throughout the economy, which is worrisome. Despite these caveats, I expect textbooks will soon use two key figures from the volume, which...

Analysis of changing bank services in globalization process of financial business

The process of economic development of every country is closely connected with the functioning of effective infrastructure of financial market, in the carter of which is a bank system. The success of market relations, the provision of intensive economic growth, the increasing country’s competitiveness at the world market and the growth of population well-being are determined by the fact of how much effectively banks are able to act at different segments of bank services. The innovations in the bank field are closely connected with the innovations in the global and world financial sector. The issues about the influence of globalization on bank activities, the development of market of bank services, empirical researches are of great interest nowadays. Special attention is paid to the Ukrainian market of bank services. The analysis of the current state of the bank sector of the Ukrainian economy gives an opportunity to disclose some problems in the bank sphere as: political and financial instability in the country, the low quality of bank assets, the decrease of liquidity of bank assets, the low credit to the bank system among population, unstable legal framework in the state, the high level of vulnerability of the bank system to the country’s currency policy conducted by NBU.

Is Economic Freedom Associated with Urban Development?

In this paper, I present a framework for analyzing city competition that clarifies the different dimensions along which cities can compete with one another for people and firms. I contend that current urban development strategies are largely based on a “hydraulic” approach to development and discuss an alternative that focuses on policies and the amount of local government impediments to urban development that exist across cities. Using a sample of 381 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and an MSA economic freedom index from an article by economist and policy analyst Dean Stansel, I find that MSAs with fewer government impediments experienced more per capita income growth from 2002 to 2005 and from 2002 to 2011. I also find that MSAs with more tax freedom experienced more population growth from 2002 to 2011 and from 2002 to 2015. These findings are evidence that government impediments to economic activity can affect local intensive and extensive economic growth, and they are consistent with several country- and state-level studies.

Is Economic Freedom Associated with Urban Development? Evidence from US Metropolitan Areas

In this paper, I present a framework for analyzing city competition that clarifies the different dimensions along which cities can compete with one another for people and firms. I contend that current urban development strategies are largely based on a “hydraulic” approach to development and discuss an alternative that focuses on policies and the amount of local government impediments to urban development that exist across cities. Using a sample of 381 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and an MSA economic freedom index from an article by economist and policy analyst Dean Stansel, I find that MSAs with fewer government impediments experienced more per capita income growth from 2002 to 2005 and from 2002 to 2011. I also find that MSAs with more tax freedom experienced more population growth from 2002 to 2011 and from 2002 to 2015. These findings are evidence that government impediments to economic activity can affect local intensive and extensive economic growth, and they are consistent with several country- and state-level studies.

Экономический рост в условиях экстрактивных институтов: советский парадокс и современные события


 Евгений Всеволодович Балацкий – доктор экономических наук, профессор, директор Центра макроэкономических исследований, Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации. Адрес: 109456, Москва, 4-й Вешняковский проезд, д. 4, офис 219. E-mail: evbalatsky@inbox.ru
 Наталья Михайловна Плискевич – старший научный сотрудник, Институт экономики РАН. Адрес: 117485, Москва, Профсоюзная ул., д. 90. E-mail: ons@naukaran.ru
 Цитирование: Балацкий Е.В., Плискевич Н.М. (2017) Экономический рост в условиях экстрактивных институтов: советский парадокс и современные события // Мир России. Т. 26. № 4. С. 97–117. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2017-26-4-97-117
 
 В статье анализируются экономические успехи СССР в терминах концепции инклюзивных институтов, выдвинутой Д. Асемоглу и Дж. Робинсоном. Суть проблемы состоит в том, что трактовки и интерпретации Д. Асемоглу и Дж. Робинсона нельзя признать адекватными для системного объяснения советского парадокса, заключающегося в длительном и интенсивном экономическом росте с элементами опережающего характера на фоне действующих в стране экстрактивных институтов. Для более точного и полного объяснения данного феномена в статье уточняется и развивается ряд положений теории инклюзивных институтов. В частности, авторы вводят понятия социального лифта, трехфакторной модели экономического роста, включающей технологический, институциональный и культурный факторы, правило соответствия, принцип диссипации инклюзивности. В статье показано, как новые понятия могут быть использованы при анализе современных событий на примере России и нефтедобывающих стран Ближнего Востока.