Intensity Of Invasion Research Articles

Efficacy of levamisole against nematode infestations in dogs

For endoparasitic infestations of dogs, drugs based on levamisole hydrochloride are used. That is why the purpose of the work was to conduct a field study to evaluate the effectiveness of the studied drug “Levamizole O.L.KAR 10 %” and the reference drug “Levamizole-plus 10 %” against endoparasitic infestations of dogs of different breeds, ages, and sexes. According to the results of a parasitological examination of the dogs of the experimental and control groups, endoparasites established spontaneous damage, the causative agents of nematodes of the alimentary canal: species Toxocara canis with an intensity of invasion (II) from 110 to 180 eggs in one gram of feces (EGF) with an average intensity of invasion of 149.0 ± 5.62 EGF, species Toxascaris leonina with an intensity of invasion from 75 to 131 EGF with an average intensity of invasion of 104.4 ± 4.85 EGF and the species Ancylostoma caninum with an intensity of invasion from 48 to 92 EGF with an average intensity of invasion of 69.9 ± 3.71 EGF. Clinically, nematodes of the alimentary canal in dogs were manifested by poor appetite, depressed state, pallor of mucous membranes, mild diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss observed in some animals. Based on the obtained results, it was established that the studied drug “Levamizol O.L.KAR 10 %” and the reference drug “Levamizol-plus 10 %” when deworming dogs have a pronounced nematodocidal effect against endoparasites of the alimentary canal, which are caused by the following species: Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonine, Ancylostoma caninum. Thus, the effectiveness of the studied drug “Levamizol O.L.KAR 10 %” for spontaneous toxocariasis infestation in dogs on the seventh day after deworming was 93 %. The reference drug “Levamizol-plus 10 %” was 91 %, and on the 14th day after deworming the animals, the effectiveness of the drugs was 100 %. For spontaneous toxascarosis infestation in dogs, the efficacy of the studied drug “Levamizol O.L.KAR 10 %” on the seventh day after deworming was 95 %. The reference drug “Levamizol-plus 10 %” was 94.4%, and on the 14th day after deworming the animals, the effectiveness of the drugs was 100 %. Helminthological studies have established that for spontaneous hookworm infestation in dogs on the 7th and 14th day after deworming with the study drug and the comparison drug in the recommended doses, the effectiveness of veterinary drugs was 100 %. Field tests showed that the studied drug “Levamizol O.L.KAR 10 %” and the reference drug “Levamizol-plus 10 %” when administered once orally in the recommended doses of the manufacturer, are well tolerated by animals regardless of breed, age, sex, and body weight, not have a toxic effect on the body of animals and are effective against nematodes of the alimentary canal in dogs.

МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ СВЕЖЕЙ РЫБЫ, ЗАРАЖЕННОЙ ТРЕМАТОДАМИ, С УЧЕТОМ САНИТАРНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ВОДОЕМОВ

The purpose of research is to study the relationship between the microbiological indicators of fish infected with diplostomosis and post-diplostomosis, and the indicators of veterinary and sanitary safety of water bodies involved in its cultivation. Objectives: determination of the main parasitological indicators of infected fish (intensity of invasion (II), extensiveness of invasion (EI), species predisposition of fish to pathogens of trematodes); conducting a microbiological analysis of the obtained fresh fish and the place of its cultivation, taking into account the degree of infestation of the fish by pathogens of diplostomosis and post-diplostomosis. The study was conducted in the conditions of the North Caucasus Zonal Research Veterinary Institute in the summer and autumn seasons of the year. The study material included fish of different species: Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp), Cyprinus carpio (carp), Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp), Abramis brama (Bream), both infected with trematodes and clinically healthy. The water of the fish catchment site, taken from the Nizhnedonsky canal, Veselovsky, Proletarsky and Tsimlyansky re¬servoirs, was studied. The lowest AI and EI were found in fish of the species Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp). AI in silver carp compared to grass carp was 11.3 times higher, in carp – 9.3 times, in bream – 6.6 times; EI was 11.3 times higher in silver carp and 11.0 times higher in carp; for bream – 3.3 times. In highly invasive fish of the species Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp), Cyprinus carpio (carp), mesophilic aerobes and facultative anaerobic microorganisms were found to be 14.7 and 4.24 times more, respectively, compared to healthy fish; according to the average value of detected coliform bacteria – 2.54 and 1.86; by the number of detected Staphylococcus sp. – at 24.3 and 33.15; Escherichia sp. – at 1.5 and 0.6; Klebsiella sp. – at 110 and 85; Salmonella sp. – 45 and 0.8 times more. A correlation was established between the total microbial number of water bodies and the number of mesophilic aerobes and facultative anaerobes in caught live fish (correlation coefficient 0.99).

Epizootological Features and Prevention of Fascioliasis in Sheep on the Julfa District Territory

The article reflects the epizootological features of fascioliasis in sheep kept in various individual and farm enterprises on the territory of the Julfa district, and the results of studies aimed at studying preventive measures against helminthiasis. As a result of the studies, carried out, it was found that both types of fascioles parasitize in animals in farms: Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 and Fasciola gigantica Cobbold, 1855. According to the results of examination of internal organs (liver and gallbladder) of 194 head pf sheep, in which an incomplete helminthological autopsy was performed, the intensity of invasion (II) was 1.1 helminth/animal, and the extensiveness (IE) was 37.6%. When analyzing the intensity of the spread of invasion depending on the altitude zones of the terrain, in 2023, during the helminthological examination of the internal organs of animals in mountainous and foothill areas, fascioles were not detected. And when examining during the autopsy of the internal organs of animals in farms located near swampy areas in the lowland zone, helminths were observed. Since that year the air temperature was higher than the annual norm, which led to the drying of stagnant water in many areas, the intermediate host organisms of fascioles died, as a result, this led to a decrease in the percentage of infection.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COMPLEX DRUGS BASED ON TOLTRAZURIL AND MOXIDECTIN AND TOLTRAZURIL AND EMODEPSIDE FOR NEMATODOSES AND CYSTOISOSPOROSIS OF DOGS

The article presents data on the effectiveness of the new domestic complex antiparasitic drug "Profilin coccid" (suspension for oral use) in comparison with the reference drug "Prokoks@ for dogs" when used for the treatment and prevention of endoparasitic infestations in dogs of various breeds, age, sex and body weight.
 According to the results of coprological studies, the animals of the experimental and control groups were found to have spontaneously infected dogs with endoparasites, the causative agents of digestive tract nematodes: Toxocara canis, with an intensity of invasion (II) of 100 to 190 eggs in one gram of feces (ЕGF) with an average intensity of invasion of 140.9 ± 4.07 ЕGF and Ancylostoma caninum with an intensity of invasion of 36 to 54 eggs in 1 g of feces with an average intensity of invasion of 44.9 ± 1.45 ЕGF, as well as coccidia of the alimentary canal of the species Cystoisospora canis with an intensity of invasion of 580 to 750 oocysts in 1 g of feces (OGF) with an average intensity of invasion of 677.5 ± 4.07 OGF. Clinically, nematodes of the alimentary canal in dogs and puppies were manifested by: loss of appetite, depression, pallor of the mucous membranes, and in some animals vomiting and mild diarrhea, and in cystoisosporosis - depression, motility, weight loss, during defecation - feces are liquid, sometimes with impurities of mucus.
 After the use of the drugs "Profilain coccid" and "Prokoks@ for dogs", coprological studies were carried out with the establishment of indices of parasitological damage and determination of the intensive effectiveness (IE) and extensive effectiveness (EE) of the drugs.
 On the basis of the obtained results, it was established that for a spontaneous toxocarosis infestation of dogs on the 7th day after deworming, the intensity of the drug "Profilin coccid" was 96.2 %, and the reference drug "Prokoks@ for dogs" was 96.9 %. On the 14th day after deworming the animals, the intensive and extensive effectiveness of both drugs was 100%.
 Helminthological studies established that for spontaneous hookworm infestation in dogs 7 and 14 days after the use of the researched drug and the reference drug in the recommended doses, the intensive and extensive effectiveness of veterinary drugs was 100 %.
 In case of spontaneous cystoisosporosis infestation in dogs, it was established that on 3 and 7 days after oral administration of the drugs to the animals, the intensity of the studied drug was 53.0 and 85.2 %, and the intensity of the reference drug was 56.0 and 87.3 %, respectively. On the 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th day after the use of drugs in the form of a suspension, the intensive and extensive effectiveness for cystoisosporosis in dogs was 100 %.
 Field tests showed that the investigational drugs "Profilin coccid" and "Prokoks@ for dogs" are convenient to use and well tolerated by dogs and puppies, regardless of breed, age, sex and body weight, when they are used once orally in the medicinal form of a suspension in the dosage recommended by the manufacturer , and do not have a toxic effect on the body of animals.

Nematodiasis causative agents of the gastrointestinal system of sheep in the Absheron region of Azerbaijan

The research was performed in the Absheron region of the Azerbaijan Republic on private and farmer sheep farms from 2015 to 2020. The complete helminthological dissection method revealed that nematodes such as Trichocephalus ovis, Haemonchus contortus, and Chabertia ovina parasitize the gastrointestinal system of sheep. All 3 species belong to geohelminths. 771 dead and slaughtered sheep were examined by complete helminthological dissection. In the region, the extensiveness of invasion (EI) with Tr.ovis was 43.2%, the intensity of invasion (II) was 1-53 samples, the EI with H.contortus was 35.0%, the EI was 2-56 samples, the IE with Ch.ovina was 25.0 %, II was 1-74 samples. Nematodiasis causative agents were found to be widely distributed in vertical landscape-ecological zones with the predominance of the mountainous zone: Tr.ovis 57.5%, Ch.ovina 39.8%, H.contortus 32.7%. It was also observed that helminths were more widespread in the Khizi district of the region.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COMPLEX DRUGS BASED ON MOXIDECTIN AND PRAZIQUANTEL FOR DOG ENDOPARASITIC INVASIONS

The article presents data on the effectiveness of the new domestic complex antiparasitic drug «Moxistop for dogs» in comparison with the reference drug «Vormazol for dogs spot-on» that used for the treatment and prevention of endoparasitic infestations in dogs of different breeds, ages and sexes.
 According to the results of parasitological studies, the animals of experimental and control groups were found to be spontaneously infected with endoparasites, the causative agents of nematodes: Toxocara canis with an intensity of invasion (II) from 210 to 250 eggs in one gram of feces, Ancylostoma caninum – from 52 to 80, Trichuris vulpis – from 58 to 85, respectively, and the cestode pathogen Dipylidium caninum – from 20 to 46 cocoons in one gram of feces. Nematodes and cestodosis in dogs were manifested clinically by: deterioration of appetite, depression, paleness of mucous membranes, and in some animals, vomiting and mild diarrhea (unformed feces).
 Before 7th day and during next 7th-14th day after deworming, helminthocoprological studies were carried out with the establishment of indices of parasitological damage and determination of the extensive effectiveness and intensive effectiveness of the drugs.
 Based on the obtained results, it was found that for a spontaneous toxocarosis infestation of dogs on the 7th and 14th day after deworming, the intensity effectiveness (IE) of the experimental drug «Moxistop for dogs» was 96.0 and 98.3%, and the intensity effectiveness of the reference drug «Vormazol for dogs spot-on» – 92.2 and 95.1%, respectively. At the same time, the extensive effectiveness (EE) of both drugs for 7 and 14 days after deworming was 85.7%.
 Helminthological studies showed that for spontaneous hookworm infestation in dogs on 7th and 14th days after the use of the experimental drug and the reference drug in the recommended doses, the intensive and extensive effectiveness of the drugs was 100% in the experimental and control groups of animals.
 In the case of spontaneous trichuria infestation, it was found that on the 7th and 14th day after deworming, the intensity of the experimental drug was 91.7 and 93.1%, and the intensity of the reference drug was 92.8 and 94.2%, respectively.
 At the same time, it was found that for spontaneous dipilidiosis infestation of dogs, the intensity of the experimental drug «Moxistop for dogs» on the 7th day after deworming was 95.1% and on the 14th day – 96.9%, and the intensity of the reference drug «Vormazol for dogs spot-on» on the 7th and 14th day after deworming was 92.9 and 95.8%, respectively.
 Field tests have shown that the research drugs are convenient to use, well tolerated by animals regardless of age, body weight and breed, and do not have a toxic effect on the animal's body when they are used once by the spot-on method in the manufacturer's recommended doses.

Comparative assessment of complex drugs based on moxidectin and praziquantel for cats endoparasitic invasions

The article presents data on the effectiveness of the new domestic antiparasitic drug complex “Moxistop for cats” in comparison to the referenced drug “Vormazol for cats spot-on” used for the treatment and prevention of endoparasitic infestations in cats of different ages, body weights, breeds, and sex. According to the results of parasitological research, animals of the experimental and control groups were found to be spontaneously infected with endoparasites, the causative agents of nematodes: Toxascaris leonina with an intensity of invasion (II) of 110 to 160 eggs in one gram of faeces (EGF) and Uncinaria stenocephala – from 22 to 43 EGF, and the cestode pathogen Taenia pisiformis with the intensity of invasion from 26 to 42 EGF and Dipylidium caninum with the intensity of invasion from 9 to 20 cocoons in one gram of feces (KGF). Before the 7th day and the next seventh–14th day after deworming, helminthocoprological studies were carried out with the definition of parasitological damage indices and determination of the extensive effectiveness (EE) and intensive effectiveness (II) of the drugs. Based on the obtained results, it was found that for spontaneous toxascarose and uncinariasis infestation of cats on the 7th and 14th day after deworming with the drug “Moxistop for cats” and the reference drug “Vormazol for cats spot-on” in doses recommended by the manufacturer, the intensive and extensive effects of the drugs were 100 %. Helminthological studies showed that for spontaneous teniosis-pisiform infestation of cats on the 7th and 14th day after deworming with the experimental drug “Moxistop for cats”, the intensity was 92.2 and 96.8 %, and after deworming with the reference drug “Vormazol for cats spot-on” intensity efficiency was 90.0 and 93.7 %, respectively. It was determined that the intensity of the experimental drug “Moxistop for cats” on the 7th day after deworming was 83.8 % and on the 14th day – 96.0 %, while the intensity of the reference drug “Vormazol for cats spot-on” was on the 7th and 14th day after deworming was 82.9 and 93.3 %, respectively. In general, the results obtained during the therapeutic effectiveness of complex antiparasitic drugs determination indicate that the drugs for nematode infestation of cats can be classified as highly effective (> 98 %) and for cestode infestation of cats – as effective (90–98 %). In vivo field tests have shown that the research drugs are easy to use, well tolerated by animals regardless of age, body weight, breed, and sex, and do not have a toxic effect on the animal's body when they are used by the spot-on method in the recommended by the manufacturer doses.

Factors of cell immunity under exposure to the Eimeria spp

One of the actual problems in farming rabbits is a decrease of their resistance, that is often conditioned by the availability of eimeriosis pathogens, which is significantly widespread both in foreign countries and in Ukraine. A lot of researchers studied the particular qualities of the development of prothymeriosis immunity, the role of lymphocyte populations, and the antigenic composition at various stages of development of eimeria. The aim of the research was to study the influence of the association of pathogens Eimeria sрp. with different levels of invasion intensity on indicators of cellular immunity of rabbits. For the experiments, analogue groups of male rabbits of the Californian breed aged 3-5 months were selected. During scatological research, we have found that rabbits with eimeriosis had different levels of invasion intensity (II), according to which the animals were divided into three groups: I - low level of invasion intensity (II = 1838.89 ± 1114.68 oocysts in 1 g of feces), II - medium level (II = 39787.50 ± 13422.34 oocysts in 1 g of feces) and group III - high level (II = 88578.57 ± 17776.32 oocysts in 1 g of feces). In the blood of all rabbits with eimeriosis (association of the pathogens Eimeria magna, E. media, E. perforans, E. stiedae) there were leukocytosis, absolute lymphocytosis against the background of relative segmented neutropenia regardless of the intensity of invasion. At the same time, in the blood of animals of all experimental groups, in comparison with the control, the number of eosinophils was significantly (p <0.001) higher in absolute and percentage (p <0.05) values. The same pattern has been found for basophiles. The absolute number of T- and B-lymphocytes, T-helpers and T-active lymphocytes was significantly higher compared to a low percentage of O-lymphocytes. So, if sick rabbits have pathogens of Eimeria spp., the defense mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity with the participation of blood cells are activated. With an increase in the intensity of eimeriosis invasion in the blood of sick animals, the number of leukocytes, eosinophils and basophils increases against the background of a decrease in the percentage of segmented neutrophils. In the blood of rabbits with eimeriosis, a higher percentage of B-lymphocytes was noted, which had a weak positive correlation (r=0.28) with the level of invasion intensity, and a smaller number of O-lymphocytes. Key words: eimeriosis, leukogram, T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, О-lymphocyte, T-helper, T-suppressor, T-active lymphocyte.

Rate of detection of erythrocytes with micronuclei in peripheral blood of rabbits in spontaneous coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is the most common disease in rabbits, causing great economic damage in rabbit farming. The aim of this work was to study the effect of coccidia on the parameters of the micronucleus test, since the authors did not come across data on the study of the mutagenic effect of Eimeria metabolites on the chromosomal apparatus of somatic cells in rabbits in the literature. For the experiment, 4 groups of rabbits, 10 heads each, with high, medium, low intensity of invasion (II) by oocysts of coccidia and healthy animals were formed. In experimental and control rabbits, blood was taken from the marginal ear vein, smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa dye. To carry out the micronucleus test, microscopy of blood preparations was performed and the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei was calculated. It was found that in rabbits with low IS, the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei was 1.49 + 0.10, which was 1.6 times higher than that of the control group (p <0.001). In the group of rabbits with medium IS, the frequency of appearance of erythrocytes with micronuclei was 2.3 times higher than in the control group (p <0.001) and was 2.15 + 0.09. The frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei in the group with high IS exceeded the control indicator by 3.1 times and amounted to 2.88 + 0.13 ‰. According to the results of laboratory studies, it was found that the change in the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei in the peripheral blood of rabbits depends on the degree of invasion by eimeria, thereby proving the mutagenic effect of eimeria metabolites on the chromosomal apparatus of the host somatic cells.

NEMATODOSES OF THE AMERICAN MINK (NEOVISON VISON SCHREBER, 1777) IN THE VYATKA-KAMA INTERFLUVE

The analysis of the infestation of American mink with nematodes in the natural biocenoses of the Kirov Region (floodplains of the Vyatka, Kama, Cheptsa and Moloma rivers) in the north-east of the European part of Russia was carried out. 13 species of nematodes were identified (72.2% of the entire helminth fauna). Two new species to the region were found: Crenosoma taiga (Skrjabin et Petrov, 1928) and Mustelivingylus skrjabini (Romanov et Kontrimavichus, 1962). The nematode fauna is based on 4 species: Aonchotheca putorii, Aonchotheca mucronata, Crenosoma taiga, Skrjabingylus nasicola. Epizootic and epidemiological danger is represented by Trichinella spp. The highest infection rates were found in Aonchotheca putorii, which is localized mainly in the stomach (invasion intensity (II) 81%, extent of invasion (EI) 74.8±13.8 specimens). The second place in terms of infestation is occupied by Aonchotheca mucronata (II 44.5%, EI 4.2±0.6 specimens). Skrjabingylus nasicola and Crenosoma taiga have low infection rates (II 8.7%, EI 2.3±0.5 specimens and II 4.9%, EI 2.6±0.7 specimens, respectively). Infestation of mink with Trichinella larvae is 3% at high rates of prevalens. Filaroides martis are extremely rare in the American mink, they do not form cysts, as in other mustelids.

EVALUATION OF THE INVASIVENESS OF OPISTHORCHID METACERCARIA OF FISH PURCHASED IN THE TRADING NETWORK OF THE CITY OF NOVOSIBIRSK AND IN SPONTANEOUS MARKETS

The article presents data on infestation of opisthorchid metacercaria of fish of the cyprinid family from official and unofficial retail outlets in the city of Novosibirsk. For a comparative assessment of opisthorchid infestation of cyprinid fish, it was purchased from two official outlets of the city, as well as in three spontaneous markets. Opisthorchid metacercaria were detected in fish muscles by the compressor method. The extensity (EI) and intensity of invasion (II) were determined. Ide and roach from official outlets turned out to be uninfected. The roach, purchased at unofficial points of sale in two spontaneous markets in the city of Novosibirsk, is infested with metacercariae Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis xantosomus. The average EI of O. felineus metacercariae was 55.9%, and that of M. xantosomus was 91.2%. II metacercariae O. felineus ranged from 1 to 10 specimens, M. xantosomus – from 2 to 151 specimens. Studies of crucian carp purchased in the spontaneous market gave negative results. Our earlier studies of infection of fish from reservoirs within the city of Novosibirsk showed a fairly high extensiveness of invasion – 48.8% in total. The infection rates of fish purchased at illegal trade markets (55.9%) and fish from Novosibirsk water bodies are quite comparable, which indicates a high risk of infestation for the city's population when it is consumed.

INFECTION WITH METACERCARIAS OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS RIVOLTA, 1884 (TREMATODA) IN SOME SPECIES OF FISH OF THE FAMILY CYPRINIDAE IN THE KEMEROVO REGION

The materials of parasitological study of fish of the family Cyprinidae in some points of the Kemerovo Region, which is located in the zone of a large West Siberian focus of opisthorchiasis, belonging to the Ob-Irtysh basin, are presented. The studies were carried out in order to detect changes in the infestation of previously studied species of fish of the family Cyprinidae in comparison with the data obtained in 2012– 2013 by students of the "Club of Beginning Parasitologists" (GUDO "Regional Children's Ecological and Biological Station", Kemerovo). To detect infection of fish with O. felineus metacercariae, the method of muscle tissue compression was used. Quantitative indicators of infestation and distribution of metacercariae were assessed using the indices: extensiveness of invasion (EI) and intensity of invasion (II). Infestation rates of fish of the family Cyprinidae slightly increased in 2021 compared to 2013: EI 25.15% and 22.58%, respectively. Out of 214 caught fish of four species: Alburnus alburnus, Rutilus rutilus lacustris, Rutilus rutilus, Carassius gibelio, the highest infestation rates were noted for R. rutilus lacustris – 58.64%, the lowest for R. rutilus and C. gibelio – 2.32% and 2.11% respectively. The total infestation of fish in the Tom River within the city of Kemerovo was 35.35%, in the Zhurgavan – 27.14%, in the Demyanovka – 18.56%. The largest number of larvae was noted in the muscles of the R. rutilus lacustris, the smallest – in the R. rutilus from the Tom River in the Zhurgavan and C. gibelio in the Demyanovka. The study of the infestation of some species of cyprinids with O. felineus metacercariae at three points in the Kemerovo Region indicates that the state of water bodies is not well enough in relation to opisthorchiasis and the likelihood of infestation of residents with this helminthiasis.

EPIZOOTIC SITUATION OF DIROFILARIASIS OF WILD CARNIVORES OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CAUCASUS

The North-Western Caucasus is a territory permanently disadvantaged by dirofilariasis both among domestic cats and dogs, and among wild carnivores. In order to control and predict dirofilariasis, we conducted parasitological monitoring of 10 species of wild carnivores living in various landscape-geographical zones of the region from 2015 to 2021. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that out of 10 species of wild carnivores examined, 8 species were infected to varying degrees with two species of dirofilaria Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. At the same time, we have registered both monoinvasias and their associations, including with other types of helminths. For the first time in the region, Dirofilaria immitis was detected in wolf and American mink. During the analyzed period, there was a significant increase in the extent of invasion among various species of wild carnivores from 22.2 to 25.0%. On average, depending on the species of carnivores and their habitat, the extent of invasion (EI) of Dirofilaria immitis ranged from 20.8% in forest cats to 46.8% in jackals, and the intensity of invasion (II) ranged from 4 to 36 specimens. The extent of Dirofilaria repens invasion ranged from 10.6% in jackals to 15.3% in badgers, and the intensity of invasion ranged from 1 to 13 specimens.

REDUCTION OF MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF CATTLE ON THE BACKGROUND OF HELMINTHO-PROTOZOOSIS

An analysis of the decrease in the milk productivity of cattle due to helminthprotozoal invasions showed that the average daily milk yield of intact animals is 29.6±1.0 kg with a selling price of 23.0 rubles (highest grade), and the average daily productivity of infested cows ranges from 25.4±0.8 (with fascioliasis) up to 28.7±0.7 kg (with eimeriosis). When infected with helminthiasis, the quality of products also decreases. A significant shortage of milk for 6 months is observed with fascioliasis (714.3 kg/head) and dicroceliosis (594.8 kg/head). In the Udmurt Republic, strongylatosis of the gastrointestinal tract are also quite widespread. Our studies have shown that with these nematodes per one infected cow, the profit from milk productivity for six months is reduced by 6804 rubles. Intracellular parasites – eimeria, destroy intestinal epithelial cells, which leads to disruption of the process of digestion and absorption and directly affects productivity. Despite the low intensity of invasion (14.8±0.7), with eimeriosis in cows, there is also a slight (by 3.1%) decrease in milk productivity (28.7±0.7 kg/head) while maintaining the grade of milk. We found that for 6 months from one cow infected with Eimeria monoinvasion, the farm receives less milk by 137.1 kg.

СТЕПЕНЬ ИНВАЗИРОВАННОСТИ ЛОШАДЕЙ PARASCARIS EQUORUM ПРИ РАЗНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ

The significant dependence on the invasion of Parascaris equorum horses with different maintenance technologies was studied. Methods of helminthocoprooscopy revealed the spread of parascaridosis of horses kept in stable and herd conditions in the Pobeda farm in the Cheremshansky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The high invasion of animals with herd and stable housing is apparently associated with a large contamination of horse stalls, stables, care items and the surrounding area with parascaride eggs. The maximum parasiticidal infection of horses was established with stable maintenance. As a result of the studies, it was found that the maximum extent of invasion (EI) of horses in the examined farm with stable technology of keeping was 42.8 % and herd content was 37.5 %. The intensity of invasion (II) by parascarides varied from 23.7±3.4 to 77.3±5.6 ind. eggs in 1 g of feces, depending on the technology of maintenance.

ECOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS OF THE INTERMEDIATE HOST PROTOSTRONGYLUS SPP.

This paper presents the results of studies of the population of land mollusks of different biotopes, depending on the relief features of the area and the infestation of mollusks with larvae of pulmonary nematodes. The infestation of mollusks with Protostrongylidae larvae in the steppe zone was only 338, including 160 mollusks with Protostrongylus spp. (13.3%) from the number of 1200 mollusks studied. The number of infected mollusks with Protostrongylidae larvae in areas around water bodies was only 535 specimens, including 192 specimens with Protostrongylus spp. larvae (16.3%), in woodlands this figure was 350 specimens with Protostrongylidae larvae, including 130 with Protostrongylus spp. larvae (13.0%). In lowland meadows was 400 copies of mollusks with Protostrongylidae larvae, and 180 copies with Protostrongylus spp. larvae (13.8%). A high percentage of shellfish infected with the larvae of Protostrongylus spp. set in rural pastures 440 (21.0%). A relatively high percentage of infestation in mollusks in areas around reservoirs is 5 specimens per 1 mollusk. The intensity of invasion (II) is the highest in mollusks uncovered in presell pastures and amounted to 9 larval specimens; the lowest intensity of invasion in woodland mollusks is 1 specimen per 1 mollusk.

THE SPREAD OF SHEEP FLUKES ON THE ECOLOGICALY DIFFERENT TYPES OF PASTURES IN THE DAGESTAN LOWLAND

The trematodeses (fascioliasis, dicrocoeliosis, paramphistomatosis) are widespread helminthes of sheep. Animals are infected with pathogens of these helminthes on pastures and near water sources. It is established that these trematodoses are common among sheep with different intensity on ecologically different types of pastures of the Dagestan lowland. So, fascioliasis is recorded among sheep on wet lowland with many waterholes, as well as on steppe ecosystems with irrigation and near permanently functioning artesian wells with wetlands with developed freshwater malacofauna. Paramphistomatosis occur in habitats with permanent water sources with the fauna of freshwater mollusks of the family Planorbidae. Dictyocaulosis among sheep is observed in the dry steppe territories with an abundance of land mollusks and ants. Sheep were infected with fascioles in the Dagestan lowlands with an invasion extensity (IE) of 10.0–26.6%, with an invasion intensity (II) of 5–216 copies, with paramphistomum and calicoforum 3.0–15.8% and 4–140 copies, with dicrocelium 18,0–76,6% and 120–2670 copies, respectively. Mixed infestations of trematodoses, strongylatoses, and larval teniidoses are recorded in the interfluve area of Sulak, Terek, Talovka, and Kuma, as well as near the Arakum, Lower Terek, and Shirokolsky reservoirs.

Biological potential cestodes of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs and sheep in the Republic Dagestan

The article is devoted to the study of the biotic potential and the role of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus in the infection of shepherd dogs and sheep in the republic. It has been established that the average intensity of invasion (II) of the causative agent of echinococcosis in shepherd dogs in the surveyed areas (Kizlyarsky, Laksky, Nogaysky, Sergokalinsky, Suleiman – Stalsky, Khasavyurt, Tsumadinsky, Shamilsky, etc.) is 1768 ± 245; 2924 ± 369; 3456 ± 382; 4683 ± 597; 2249 ± 321; 1870 ± 263; 2633 ± 352; 2149 ± 286 specimens / specimen. Infection of adult sheep with echinococcosis occurs in all surveyed areas, with fluctuations in the intensity of invasion (II) from 14.8 ± 1.3 to 21.3 ± 1.9 specimens / specimen, on average 17.56 ± 1.53 specimens. /individual. In sheep of all age groups, with a complete helminthological autopsy, in 1 ml of echinococcal fluid, fertile larvocysts were found in an amount of 20.36 ± 1.15 specimens / individual, except for young sheep, up to 1 year old. In sheep under the age of 2 years, fertile larvocysts of Echinococcus granulosus are found in the amount of 9.2 ± 0.41 specimens / specimen 0.83 ± 0.076 thousand specimens. The average number of fertile larvocysts found in 1 ml of fluid in sheep at the age of up to 3 years is 15.8 ± 0.93 specimens / individual and 1.15 ± 0.098 thousand specimens; up to 4 years old – 20.5 ± 1.17 specimens / individual and 1.92 ± 0.17 thousand specimens; up to 5 years – 27.3 ± 1.69 specimens / individual and 2.58 ± 0.26 thousand specimens; up to 6 years old – 36.7 ± 1.88 specimens / individual and 3.06 ± 0.49 thousand specimens. These data indicate an increase in the role and activity of the ovine variant of the causative agent of echinococcosis Echinococcus granulosus.

THE COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF COMPLEX MEDICINES, BASED ON IMIDACLOPRIDE IN ECTOPARASITOSIS OF DOGS AND CATS

The article represents data on the effectiveness of the new domestic anti-parasitic medicine «Animal VetLine antiparasitic drops for dogs and cats spot-on» in comparison to the reference-medicine «Advantage@» when used for the therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for ectoparasites of dogs and cats of different breeds.
 According to the results of clinical examination and parasitological examination of animals, parasitism of fleas of the Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Pulex irritans species at the intensity of invasion (II) from 5 to 8 specimens/10 cm2, lice Linognathus setosus at II from 1 to 3 specimens/10 cm2 of body surface, and parasitic mites of the Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus species at II from 8 to 12 specimens per animal in addition in dogs.
 Based on the obtained results for the study of the effectiveness of the «Animal VetLine antiparasitic drops for dogs and cats spot-on» in comparison with the reference drug «Advantage@» medicine, during the infection of dogs and cats by Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans and Ctenocephalides felis fleas, Linognathus setosus lice, mites of the Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus species, was found that on the second day of treatment in the experimental and control groups of animals there was a sharp increase in the number of dead insects, ectoparasites and Ixodes mites, and on the fifth day of the study no live fleas were detected, lice and ticks.
 At the same time, on the second day after the usage of the experimental and reference drug, their extensile effectivity during the linognatosis of dogs and cats and syphonapterosis of cats was 100.0 %. In the experimental and control groups of dogs on the second day after usage of the experimental drug and the reference drug, the average intensity of invasion of Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans decreased to 1.2±0.4 ectoparasite insects per 10 cm2 of body surface in the experimental group and to 1.4±0.4 insect ectoparasites per 10 cm2 of body surface in the control group of animals, ie the intensity of the experimental drug was 82.1 %, and the reference drug 78.5 %.
 The results show that the rate of intensification of the drug for exodidosis of dogs in the experimental group on the second day was – 75.0 %, and the control – 68.0 %. However, the average intensity of mite infestation of the family Ixodidae was in the experimental group 2.5±0.15 specimens per animal, and in the control group 3.0±0.21 specimens per animal, respectively.
 It was found that the experimental drug had no toxic effects and was well tolerated by animals no changes in clinical signs during use were detected.

FEATURES OF TREMATODE INFECTION IN PASTURE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOWLAND DAGESTAN

In the lowland of Dagestan, sheep are infected with 5 species of trematodes – Fasciola hepatica (L., 1758), Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1856), Dicrocoelium lanceatum (Stiles et Hassal, 1896), Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder, 1990), Calicophoron calicophorum (Fischoeder, 1901). The total infection of sheep with trematodas varies the extensity of invasion (EI) 56.0–76.0%, with the intensity of invasion (II) 2–2360 species. The sheep are intensely infected with fascioles on low-lying wetlands, with paramphistomatids on pastures of the lower reaches of the Sulak, Terek, Talovka, lakes Temirgoe, Achikol, and with Dicrocoelium in areas where flat steppes. Sheep are limited to trematodes invaded by salt marshes and desert lands, EI 1.6–6.6%, II 2–28 species. Sheep are intensively infected with these pathogens in the spring-summer-autumn time, when intermediate, additional hosts and the formation of parthenogenetic stages in them to adoleskarii, metacercarii are active in the biotopes between the rivers Sulak and Terek. Infection with Adolescaria fascial and Paramphistomum occurs in winter when they are snowless. Adolescaria are formed on water plants, on water surface, near sources of water. The lush greenery around the watering holes always attracts animals. In these areas, there is always a high risk of infection of sheep with fascioles, paramphistomatids.