Intensification Process Research Articles

Asymmetric Inner-Core Structure and its Impact on Rapid Intensification of a Sheared Tropical Cyclone

Based on ground-based Doppler radar data with high spatial and temporal resolution, our study focuses on rapid intensification (RI) of a sheared tropical cyclone (TC). The asymmetric inner-core structure and its impact on RI are presented using the Advanced Regional Prediction System-3DVAR. The time evolution of the TC inner-core characteristics shows that Meranti experiences two stages of RI: the asymmetric dominant period and the axisymmetric dominant period. The comparison between the two RI stages shows that the vortex intensified more in the asymmetric stage than the axisymmetric stage. The wavenumber-1 component introduced by the vertical wind shear dominates the asymmetric structure. In the moderate-to-strong shear environment, deep convection occurs mainly in the downshear-left quadrant, generating substantial diabatic heating in the downshear region. Under a suitable inner-core structure configuration, the downshear vortices are entrained cyclonically inward, resulting in RI. It is the interaction between the axisymmetric inner-core structure of the TC and the mesoscale vortex that controls the intensification process, which can be replicated by the nondivergent barotropic model with a similar initial field. This infrequent case provided observation of RI during a strong shear period, which suggests that the inner core structure is vital for TC RI.

Unravelling opportunities, synergies, and barriers for enhancing silvopastoralism in the Mediterranean

Silvopastoral systems combine wood perennials with forage and livestock. These multipurpose wood-pasture habitats represent an important part of European bio-cultural and ecological heritage. However, their gradual disappearance due to processes of farm abandonment and intensification as well as forestry abandonment threatens biodiversity conservation and bio-cultural heritages. The behaviours of forest owners and livestock farmers determine the success of silvopastoral systems since a productive coherence between forest management and livestock grazing is required for their optimal functioning. In this study, we investigate the livestock farmers’ and forest owners’ attitudes and opinions towards wood pasture grazing and their relationship with structural factors and farming objectives in two Spanish regions. We used data collected through surveys to identify opportunities, synergies, and barriers in the integration of these actors in joint silvopastoralism. The results reveal a relationship between production objectives and positive attitudes towards silvopastoralism and the environmental functions provided by this activity, in both farmers and forest owners. Cattle farmers express a greater economic interest in wood pastures, as compared to sheep farmers who perceive more difficulties in using them. Acknowledgement of the role of grazing in landscape maintenance is positively correlated with a wide spectrum of objectives of forest owners, from the economic-productivist to the more altruistic profiles. The most synergies are found between cattle farmers and small forest owners for joint silvopastoral management. However, the incorporation of sheep grazing is advisable for the sustainable management of these systems, and hence additional efforts may be required to integrate such farming systems into silvopastoral management. As it currently stands, the EU Common Agricultural Policy appears to be inadequate for maintaining silvopastoral systems.

CONFLICTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE: RELEVANT PROBLEMS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND BUSINESS PROTOCOL

The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze non-verbal factors of conflicts arising in the international space during the process of business communication between the representatives of different cultures. The object of research is the intercultural conflict communication. The subject of consideration is conflicts in the international space, which arise against the background of violations of the protocol and intercultural communication norms by the parties of the negotiation process. To determine the non-verbal factors of conflicts arising in the international space, were used a methodof collecting informationas well as a method of observation, analysis and description, which allowed to highlight how the conflict-generating factors affect the international political communication.The result of this articleis proved that the irrational use of the national-culture symbols, as well as the violations of protocol contributing to the conflicts in the international space.Conclusions. Due to the ongoing process of globalization and intensification of contacts between the representatives of the Ukraine at the international level, knowledge about the intercultural communication norms and business protocol rules has become the integral competences to achieve the goals set in the negotiation process. The lack of the above-mentioned competencesmay damage the Ukraine’s image in the international arena, can lead to misunderstandings in the process of meetings and, as a consequence, obtain a negative outcome of the negotiations. On the contrary, awareness of the norms of intercultural communication and business protocol provides the opportunity to avoid conflicts, clearly express intentions, as well as to understand the signals transmitted by the counter-partiesin the negotiation process.

Climate change and transition in cropping patterns: District level evidence from West Bengal, India

With changing climatic and market conditions, Indian agriculture sector needs appropriate transition in cropping patterns to ensure sustainability in growth of the sector and inclusiveness of land-constrained farmers in the intensification process. The need for transition in cropping patterns has been accentuated further following the COVID-19 pandemic that has led to loss of non-farm livelihood opportunities for millions and thus created further pressure on agriculture. Nevertheless, promoting transition in the sector would require deeper understanding of the underlying factors and addressing them through appropriate intervention strategies. This paper attempts for the same in context of West Bengal, India that houses significant number of land-constrained farmers. Using panel data of 18 districts for the period from 2004 to 05 to 2013–14, the paper finds crop diversification, irrigation, fertilizer use, road connectivity and market and storage facilities as the major drivers of agrarian transition in favour of non-foodgrains. In addition, the climatic factors such as relative humidity and variations in temperature also influence such transition. While the findings apparently suggest for further development of infrastructure facilities, sustaining the transition would also require agricultural education, extension services and development of human and social capitals in a decentralized manner to incorporate various local level dynamics.

Условия интенсификации процесса обучения

The paper aims to identify the conditions of intensification of educational process stages which allow increasing effectiveness, availability and reproducibility of intensive education. The author proposes to address the educational intensification process in the context of intensive realization of six main stages of educational process: learning goals setting, selection and structurization of educational content, operational and activity organization of education, implementation of stimulating and motivating aspect of educational process, the teacher’s control and management, evaluation of learning results. The scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that it uses the systemic approach to identify the interrelated conditions of intensification of the main educational process stages. As a result, the integral structure of educational process intensification which contains interrelated intensive stages and allows increasing effectiveness and reproducibility of education has been developed.

Do Structures Matter in the Process of Sustainable Intensification? A Case Study of Agriculture in the European Union Countries

In this paper, we proposed a new approach to the sustainable intensification (SI) process in agriculture in the EU Member States. In contrast to previous studies, we measured SI on a sectoral level and emphasised its dynamic rather than static nature. On the basis of Eurostat data of 27 EU countries in the period of 2005–2018, we used the Malmquist–Luenberger index to evaluate improvement in environmentally and socially adjusted total factor productivity (TFP). In 42% of cases in our sample, we observed the SI process defined as TFP increase. Subsequently, we tested the impact of structural changes on the SI process. On the basis of the panel logit model, we conclude that, in the European Model of Agriculture, where basic environmental and social issues regarding agriculture are regulated, in order to become aligned with sustainable intensification, agricultural production should become concentrated in larger farms with less labour-intense production—units capable of investments in innovative, green technologies.

Bird Assemblages in Coffee Agroforestry Systems and Other Human Modified Habitats in Indonesia.

Simple SummaryGiven the high degree of deforestation in the tropics due to shifting agriculture, it is a priority for conservation to find sustainable agriculture systems. We assessed bird communities over 1228 plots from 21 sites in the highly populated island of Java, Indonesia. We found that commercial coffee polycultures (i.e., fields comprised of coffee plants, other crops and/or fruit trees, and diverse shade trees) could sustain similar levels of bird abundance, diversity, and richness than coffee systems under natural forests and community managed forests. Commercial coffee polyculture fields host higher bird abundance, diversity, and richness than sun-exposed coffee fields, fields with other crops or fruit trees, and tree farms. We provide evidence that complex commercial agroforestry systems can host similar levels of biodiversity to agroforestry systems under natural forest.Deforestation in the tropics is mainly driven by the need to expand agriculture and forestry land. Tropical cropland has also undergone a process of intensification, particularly evident in regions that are the main exporters of deforestation-driven commodities. Around 25 million people in the world depend on coffee production, which has a profound contribution to global biodiversity loss through agricultural extensification and intensification. Nevertheless, coffee agroforestry systems have been postulated to serve as an alternative refuge for biodiversity across different regions. We aim to compare bird abundance, diversity, and richness in commercial polyculture coffee systems (i.e., the highest degree of habitat complexity that can be achieved in coffee fields after deforestation) with other coffee agroforestry systems and human modified habitats in Java, Indonesia. We collected data in 21 sites (1228 points) on Java from February to August 2021 using the point sampling method. Via generalised additive models, we tested whether the abundance, diversity, and richness of birds were different between different human modified habitats including other potential predictors such as elevation, distance to protected areas, shade tree richness, and plant diversity. Using the non-metric multidimensional scaling, we tested whether there was a difference in terms of the composition of foraging guilds between habitats. Commercial polyculture coffee fields can sustain levels of bird abundance, diversity, and richness comparable to agroforestry systems under natural forest, and higher than sun coffee and shaded monoculture coffee, and of other human modified habitats such as crop/fruit fields and tree farms. Coffee agroforestry systems have a higher proportion of nectarivores, insectivores, and frugivores than other systems that can sustain high diversity and richness of birds such as paddy fields that mainly have granivores and carnivores. Complex polycultures can represent an avenue for the future of sustainable agriculture in conditions where deforestation rates are high and in crops such as coffee, which maintain high yield in the presence of diverse shade.

Process Intensification Strategies for Power-to-X Technologies

Sector coupling remains a crucial measure to achieve climate change mitigation targets. Hydrogen and Power-to-X (PtX) products are recognized as major levers to allow the boosting of renewable energy capacities and the consequent use of green electrons in different sectors. In this work, the challenges presented by the PtX processes are addressed and different process intensification (PI) strategies and their potential to overcome these challenges are reviewed for ammonia (NH3), dimethyl ether (DME) and oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) as three exemplary, major PtX products. PI approaches in this context offer on the one hand the maximum utilization of valuable renewable feedstock and on the other hand simpler production processes. For the three discussed processes a compelling strategy for efficient and ultimately maintenance-free chemical synthesis is presented by integrating unit operations to overcome thermodynamic limitations, and in best cases eliminate the recycle loops. The proposed intensification processes offer a significant reduction of energy consumption and provide an interesting perspective for the future development of PtX technologies.

Fine-Scale Structures in the Mid-Level Eyewall of Super Typhoon Rammasun (2014) Simulated With the WRF-LES Framework

It has been numerically demonstrated that the turbulence above the boundary is important to tropical cyclone intensification and rapid intensification, but the three-dimensional structures of the sub-grid-scale (SGS) eddy have not been revealed due to the lack of observational data. In this study, two numerical simulations of Super Typhoon Rammasun (2014) were conducted with the Advanced Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model by incorporating the large-eddy simulation (LES) technique, in which the enhanced eyewall convection and the process of rapid intensification are captured. Consistent with previous observational studies, the strong turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is found throughout the whole eyewall inside of the radius of maximum wind in both experiments. The simulations indicate that the strong TKE is associated with horizontal rolls with the horizontal extent of 2–4 km, which are aligned azimuthally in the intense eyewall convection. It is indicated that the three-dimensional structures of the SGS eddy can be simulated with the vertical grid spacing of ∼100 m when the horizontal grid spacing is 74 m. It is suggested that there is considerable turbulence associated with azimuthally-aligned horizontal rolls in the mid-level eyewall of tropical cyclone.

The Efficacy of the WRF-ARW Model in the Genesis and Intensity Forecast of Tropical Cyclone Fani over the Bay of Bengal

An attempt has been carried out to assess the efficacy of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in predicting the genesis and intensification events of Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS) Fani (26 April – 04 May 2019) over the Bay of Bengal (BoB). WRF model has been conducted on a single domain of 10 km horizontal resolution using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) FNL (final) data (0.250 × 0.250). According to the model simulated outcome analysis, the model is capable of predicting the Minimum Sea Level Pressure (MSLP) and Maximum Sustainable Wind Speed (MSWS) pattern reasonably well, despite some deviations. The model has forecasted the Lowest Central Pressure (LCP) of 919 hPa and the MSWS of 70 ms-1 based on 0000 UTC of 26 April. Except for the model run based on 0000 UTC of 26 April, the simulated values of LCP are relatively higher than the observations. According to the statistical analysis, MSLP and MSWS at 850 hPa level demonstrate a significantly greater influence on Tropical Cyclone (TC) formation and intensification process than any other parameters. The model can predict the intensity features well enough, despite some uncertainty regarding the proper lead time of the model run. Reduced lead time model run, particularly 24 to 48 hr, can be chosen to forecast the genesis and intensification events of TC with minimum uncertainty. Journal of Engineering Science 12(3), 2021, 85-100

Теоретикометодологические основы системного подхода в педагогической науке

The concept of “system” is used in various fields of knowledge, since each science deals with the study and practical application of complex system objects and must find ways to accurately describe, study and build them. Not a single science can do without the use of systems research methods. The purpose of the systems approach is to single out integral systemic phenomena as objects of study, find integration mechanisms, identify necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a certain systemic phenomenon, study integrative systemic qualities, design an object that realizes a certain goal. The aim of the study is to determine the theoretical and methodological foundations of a systems approach in pedagogical science. To reach this aim, scientific and methodological literature were analyzed in the work to define the concepts of system, systems approach, and pedagogical system; to identify the main components of the systems approach, its structure, functioning and significance in practical application; and to identify differences between the systems approach and holistic and integrated approaches. At present, in educational activity there is a need for integration and differentiation of its components, aimed at the processes of intensification. In this regard, the question arises about the mechanisms for minimizing the constituent elements of the system without losing its quality and functioning. Consistency in pedagogical activity is often considered from a theoretical and managerial point of view. The theoretical meaning of this concept includes the creation of a pedagogical system based on methodological principles and conceptual approaches to building educational activities. The managerial meaning of the system lies in the control and regulation of educational activities aimed at their improvement. The systems approach is considered more broadly than the integrated and holistic approaches because it includes connections that are both at the same and different ordinal levels. In turn, holistic and integrated approaches can be considered as identical concepts that have mutually conditioning relationships. The systems approach in pedagogical activity plays a role not only in systematizing the elements of the system (determining their place and location in it), but also in their hierarchy, revealing interdependent relationships that imply the creation of more effective educational activities.

Social capital as a factor of territorial communities’ sustainable development: behavioral aspect

The article defines the major development problems of territorial communities established in the course of administrative-financial decentralization. On this basis, the relevance of the research of territorial communities’ social capital as a factor of securing their development and capacity in the long run is emphasized. The nature of the concept of social capital is defined, and its development factors and possible results of its use in a territorial community are outlined. The author defines conditions (qualitative institutional framework), perspectives (consideration of communication and informal relations when mapping the community development policy), and risks (the threat of social alienation of community members, development of xenophobia and intolerance, and unequal inclusion of social groups) that accompany the process of social capital intensification in a territorial community. The article focuses on the role of social values in the generation of social capital. Based on the conducted sociological survey, the low civil activity of the residents of territorial communities and low interest in the opportunities for personal participation in the community life are detected. The analysis of the role of social capital as a factor of securing the development of a territorial community in the long run gives the ground to substantiate the need to establish interaction between the community residents and local government and to involve residents in the territorial management. The principles of engaging the community members in its development (establishment of the objective and limits of engagement; equal access; inclusiveness; tolerance; interaction and decision-making consistency; feedback) and the engagement ways (raising awareness, consulting, interaction, cooperation, authorization) are determined. The possible consequences of efficient engagement of community members in the solution of certain development issues are substantiated.

Dynamics of indicators of energy security and power supply capacity of agricultural organizations in Belarus

One of the most important indicators that are used in the characterization and analysis of the processes of intensification of agriculture are indicators of the availability of agricultural enterprises with energy resources such as energy security and power supply capacity. The purpose of the work was to analyze the dynamics of indicators of energy security and power supply capacity of agricultural organizations in the Republic of Belarus. A number of important points and indicators characterizing the current state and potential of Belarusian agricultural production has been considered in the article. It has been established that over the past decade in agricultural organizations of the Republic there has been a decrease in the indicator of energy security by 15 %, and the power supply capacity of labour has increased more than 1,4 times during this time. On the overall efficiency of agricultural and livestock production, on the level of labour productivity in agricultural organizations, indicators of power supply capacity have a very significant and very often decisive impact. Under the conditions of the steady decline in the number of people employed in the agro-industrial complex, the increase in the volume of cultivated areas and, in general, with the increase in the physical volumes of products produced in crop production and animal husbandry, the role of energy-saturated machines, machinery, equipment and their rational use is repeatedly increasing. The requirements for productivity, functionality, efficiency, reliability of agricultural machinery, machines and aggregates are seriously increasing. Only the comprehensive and systematic technical and technological re-equipment of agricultural production, its saturation with high-tech, high-performance agricultural machines, complexes and equipment will be able to ensure the significant increase in labour productivity, minimize the expenditures of all types of material, fuel and energy resources and, as the result, maximize the fulfillment of tasks to preserve the country’s food security.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY LOSSES OF A BIOGAS REACTOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT FOR MESOPHILIC MODE OF FERMENTATION

The aim of the work is an experimental study of energy losses to the environment for the mesophilic mode of fermentation in order to increase the duration of substrate cooling and reduce energy costs for the process of biogas formation. To achieve the goals set, the following tasks have been solved: a methodological approach has been developed for conducting experimental studies; an experimental plant for a biogas reactor with an electrothermal-mechanical system with automatic control for mixing and heating the substrate was made; experimentally investigated energy losses to the environment for the mesophilic mode of fermentation; processing, analysis and comparison of the obtained experimental data were carried out. The working hypothesis of the research was that the use of an heating cable built into the stirrer paddles would provide a longer process of cooling the substrate to the heating switch-on temperature, which would reduce energy costs for the biogas formation intensification process. The most significant result of the study is to obtain the dependences of the change in the temperature of the heating cable, the substrate in the lower, middle and upper tiers of the reactor and the duration of the substrate cooling to the heating switch-on temperature in the operating biogas plant. The significance of the results of experimental studies lies in the fact that when placing a heating cable built into the stirrer paddles, the process of cooling the substrate to the heating switch-on temperature occurs later, on average, by 35 minutes, when the substrate is fermented in a biogas reactor with a volume of 40 liters. The implementation of the data obtained will increase the energy efficiency of the processes of intensification of biogas production and the profitability of further processing of biogas into heat and electricity.

Трансформация финансового регулирования ЕС

The subject of the study is supranational financial regulation aimed at overcoming the lack of investments, finding effective areas of their application, involving more actors in market processes and eliminating territorial imbalances. The purpose of the article is to form a vision about the growth of financial resources of the European Union (EU), which has become the response of official Brussels to the challenges of recent years, such as the weakening of confidence in EU institutions and the crisis of the COVID‑19 pandemic. The task is solved using expert assessments and descriptions of statistical data. The traditional critical assessment of the European Union budget as a stagnant tool in the system of supranational regulation of socio-economic development is confirmed. The understanding of the flexibility of the EU budget policy is deepened, the benefits for two groups of countries are illustrated: net recipients and net donors. The expansion of the EU’s budget and investment regulation in the last decade has been noted due to its going beyond own resources and strengthening the role of extra-budgetary stabilization and investment instruments. The investment rating of the member states has been compiled based on the results of the work of the Strategic Investment Fund. An increase in the EU’s financial capabilities up to 2.5 times, taking into account euro loans, has been tracked, increasing the interest of aid-seeking countries in EU membership. The total benefits of the member states from the distribution of EU grants in 2021–2007 are calculated and a significant benefit for the five large EU countries is shown. The conclusion is made about the formation of the “second generation” of EU financial resources and the transition to a higher level of supranational regulation of the processes of intensification of socio-economic development of the EU and intraregional capital movements.

ИНТЕНСИФИКАЦИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА В НОВЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЯХ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ

In modern market conditions for the development of agriculture, improving the performance of agricultural enterprises is one of the directions for intensifying production. The lack of an effective mechanism for managing the intensification of the use of land resources in agricultural organizations hinders the process of intensifying the economy of the national economy. In conditions of low agricultural culture, the quality of soils deteriorates, their fertility decreases, erosion processes develop, and the load on land resources increases. Intensification is an increase in the intensity of production, productivity and labor efficiency based on the rational use of all resources. Some authors believe that intensification is an intensity over time, a reproduction process based on growing investments, material assets and labor, achievements in the material and technical base, best practices, carried out in order to ensure the maximum possible production of products and the payback of the resources used. In our opinion, intensification is an increase in tension, an increase in productivity and efficiency, the achievements of advanced methods of labor organization, more efficient means of production and technological processes. Intensification is the main means and condition for increasing the efficiency of agricultural production. At the same time, additional investments, not by themselves, but in combination with the organizational and technological conditions for rational management of the economy, acquire a progressive character in the implementation of intensification processes. Its development, first of all, depends on how rationally the main means of agricultural production, the land, is used. In addition, an increase in output can also be achieved without additional means of production, by more rational use of the existing production and social production potential, by improving the management mechanism and forms of ownership.

Methodological approaches to digitalization of biotechnological processes in industrial viticulture

Factors affecting the stability and efficiency of reproduction processes in industrial viticulture have been identified. Destructive changes in the elements of grape agrocenosis in the conditions of changing climatic factors and chemical-technogenic intensification of production are determined. A generalizing characteristic of the biologization of intensification processes in industrial viticulture is given. It is established that the strategic appearance of promising technologies in viticulture is determined by modern methods of process biologization and their management based on digital technologies. The functional content of digitalization of management of biotechnological processes in grape agrocenoses is identified. An algorithm for the formation of digital technologies for managing biotechnological processes is proposed, including: the formation of multifunctional databases and data banks on technology elements, the formation of digital applications, the formation of an empirical database and geocoded collection of information on technological operations, cognitive modeling of system relationships and the formation of cognitive maps that determine the influence of external and internal environmental factors on functional areas of influence, the development of a system program prototype architectures, approbation and verification of the adequacy of digital technologies. An assessment of the effectiveness of the use of digital technologies in the management of biotechnological processes in viticulture is given.

Characteristic Of Adaptive Capacity Of Families Of Thin Fiber Cotton In The Conditions Of Tashkent And Surkhandarya Regions

It was established, that the studied lines and families have a high adaptive ability. Significant differences in most of the studied traits between the lines were not noted, but there was a slight excess in the number of boxes in L-51 and the height of the main stem in line L-52. At present, the issues of identifying and creating adaptive forms characterized by the stability of the main economically valuable traits have acquired particular importance. One of the important indicators characterizing the resistance of plants to the influence of unfavorable environmental factors is homeostasis, which is a universal property in the system of the relationship between the genotype and the external environment. Homeostasis is nothing more than the ability of the genotype to minimize the effects of exposure to adverse external conditions. Selection and seed production of agricultural plants are an integral part of adaptive crop production, and they play a leading role in the biologization and greening of intensification processes.

ECONOMIC GROWTH OF GEORGIA AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

Generalization of macroeconomics dynamic model is mean of multipliable influence in different directions of Technological progress on economic growth, connection between production and its intensification on non-production factors, and optimal component criteria for social-economic intensification process. The Spline structure of Production Function is an efficient tool for establishing the dynamics of its parameters, which, in turn, makes it possible to correlate the efficiency of the production factors and their combination with the potential of the intensification factors: scientific-technical, educational, and organizational. Application of ultimate model for creation of aggregate figures’ movement, rates and proportions and reaching of social purposes and their dynamic results: prediction of normative genetic consumption demand calculation on a person, public and state.

New technology of increasing the operation of local sewage treatment facilities, providing electric activation treatment of alkaline process solutions

The results of laboratory testing of the process of intensification of unconventional cleaning of electroplating drains of an instrument-making enterprise, which provides for electroactivation treatment of technological solutions of sodium hydroxide in a membrane electrolyzer with steel anodes, are presented. It was found that the electroactivation treatment of a 40 % aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in a membrane electrolyzer for T = 1.5 h at an anodic current density i = 400 А/м2 makes it possible to achieve the concentration of sodium ferrate in the activated alkaline solution Сf = 12 g / L, while the value of the current efficiency of sodium ferrate is Кv = 0.47. The use of an alkaline solution that has undergone electro-activation treatment in the technological process of neutralization treatment at local treatment facilities of an instrument-making enterprise equipped with filtration additional treatment units will significantly increase the barrier function, improve the quality of treated galvanic wastewater and bring the concentration of metal ions contained in them to a level, mg / l: iron 0.03; copper 0.01 mg / l; chromium 0.02; zinc 0.01; nickel 0.02.