Intelligence Quotient Test Research Articles

Is the Intellectual Functioning Component of AAIDD's 12th Manual Satisficing?

Is the Intellectual Functioning Component of AAIDD's 12th Manual Satisficing?

Social Exchange of Motivated Beliefs

Abstract We use laboratory experiments to study whether biases in beliefs grow more severe when people socially exchange these beliefs with one another. We elicit subjects’ (naturally biased) beliefs about their relative performance in an intelligence quotient (IQ) test and allow them to update these beliefs in real time. Part of the way through the task we give each subject access to the beliefs of a counterpart who performed similarly on the test and allow them both to observe the evolution of one another’s beliefs. We find that subjects respond to one another’s beliefs in a highly asymmetric way, causing a severe amplification of subjects’ initial bias. We find no such patterns in response to objective public signals or in control treatments without social exchange or scope for motivated beliefs. We also provide evidence that the pattern is difficult to reconcile with Bayesianism and standard versions of confirmation bias. Overall, our results suggest that bias amplification is likely driven by “motivated assignment of accuracy” to others’ beliefs: subjects selectively attribute higher informational value to social signals that reinforce their motivation.

Mathematical Problem Solving for Students in the Superior Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Category

The purpose of this study is to describe the mathematical problem solving of students in the superior intelligence quotient (IQ) category. This research was conducted at MAN 1 Trenggalek because the school had already conducted an IQ test. This study uses a qualitative approach with an exploratory descriptive type. The subjects in this study were students who had done an IQ test with a superior IQ. This study will describe 2 subjects based on relatively similar tendencies. Data collection techniques used documentation studies on IQ, math problem solving, think aloud, and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis in this study refers to Polya's research on mathematical problem solving. The validity of the data in this study used triangulation techniques. The results of this study indicate that students with superior IQ are able to fulfill the stages of solving mathematical problems, namely understanding the problem, planning strategies, implementing plans, and evaluating. It is shown that superior IQ students are able to solve problems according to problem solving procedures with the abilities possessed by superior IQ category students.

Voice Emotion Recognition by Mandarin-Speaking Children with Cochlear Implants.

Emotional expressions are very important in social interactions. Children with cochlear implants can have voice emotion recognition deficits due to device limitations. Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants may face greater challenges than those speaking nontonal languages; the pitch information is not well preserved in cochlear implants, and such children could benefit from child-directed speech, which carries more exaggerated distinctive acoustic cues for different emotions. This study investigated voice emotion recognition, using both adult-directed and child-directed materials, in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants compared with normal hearing peers. The authors hypothesized that both the children with cochlear implants and those with normal hearing would perform better with child-directed materials than with adult-directed materials. Thirty children (7.17-17 years of age) with cochlear implants and 27 children with normal hearing (6.92-17.08 years of age) were recruited in this study. Participants completed a nonverbal reasoning test, speech recognition tests, and a voice emotion recognition task. Children with cochlear implants over the age of 10 years also completed the Chinese version of the Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire to evaluate the health-related quality of life. The voice emotion recognition task was a five-alternative, forced-choice paradigm, which contains sentences spoken with five emotions (happy, angry, sad, scared, and neutral) in a child-directed or adult-directed manner. Acoustic analyses showed substantial variations across emotions in all materials, mainly on measures of mean fundamental frequency and fundamental frequency range. Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants displayed a significantly poorer performance than normal hearing peers in voice emotion perception tasks, regardless of whether the performance is measured in accuracy scores, Hu value, or reaction time. Children with cochlear implants and children with normal hearing were mainly affected by the mean fundamental frequency in speech emotion recognition tasks. Chronological age had a significant effect on speech emotion recognition in children with normal hearing; however, there was no significant correlation between chronological age and accuracy scores in speech emotion recognition in children with implants. Significant effects of specific emotion and test materials (better performance with child-directed materials) in both groups of children were observed. Among the children with cochlear implants, age at implantation, percentage scores of nonverbal intelligence quotient test, and sentence recognition threshold in quiet could predict recognition performance in both accuracy scores and Hu values. Time wearing cochlear implant could predict reaction time in emotion perception tasks among children with cochlear implants. No correlation was observed between the accuracy score in voice emotion perception and the self-reported scores of health-related quality of life; however, the latter were significantly correlated with speech recognition skills among Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants. Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants could have significant deficits in voice emotion recognition tasks compared with their normally hearing peers and can benefit from the exaggerated prosody of child-directed speech. The effects of age at cochlear implantation, speech and language development, and cognition could play an important role in voice emotion perception by Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants.

Relationship between intelligence quotient measures and computerized neurocognitive performance in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Intelligence quotient (IQ) testing is standard for evaluating cognitive abilities in genomic studies but requires professional expertise in administration and interpretation, and IQ scores do not translate into insights on implicated brain systems that can link genes to behavior. Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) often undergo IQ testing to address special needs, but access to testing in resource‐limited settings is challenging. The brief Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB) provides measures of cognitive abilities related to brain systems and can screen for cognitive dysfunction. To examine the relation between CNB measures and IQ, we evaluated participants with the 22q11.2DS from Philadelphia and Tel Aviv (N = 117; 52 females; mean age 18.8) who performed both an IQ test and the CNB with a maximum of 5 years between administrations and a subsample (n = 24) who had both IQ and CNB assessments at two time points. We estimated domain‐level CNB scores using exploratory factor analysis (including bifactor for overall scores) and related those scores (intraclass correlations (ICCs)) to the IQ scores. We found that the overall CNB accuracy score showed similar correlations between time 1 and time 2 as IQ (0.775 for IQ and 0.721 for CNB accuracy), correlated well with the IQ scores (ICC = 0.565 and 0.593 for time 1 and time 2, respectively), and correlated similarly with adaptive functioning (0.165 and 0.172 for IQ and CNB, respectively). We provide a crosswalk (from linear equating) between standardized CNB and IQ scores. Results suggest that one can substitute the CNB for IQ testing in future genetic studies that aim to probe specific domains of brain‐behavior relations beyond IQ.

Cognitive and neurological outcome of patients in the Dutch pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE-ALDH7A1) cohort, a cross-sectional study.

Pyridoxine monotherapy in PDE-ALDH7A1 often results in adequate seizure control, but neurodevelopmental outcome varies. Detailed long-term neurological outcome is unknown. Here we present the cognitive and neurological features of the Dutch PDE-ALDH7A1 cohort. Neurological outcome was assessed in 24 patients (age 1-26 years); classified as normal, complex minor neurological dysfunction (complex MND) or abnormal. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was derived from standardized IQ tests with five severity levels of intellectual disability (ID). MRI's and treatments were assessed. Ten patients (42%) showed unremarkable neurological examination, 11 (46%) complex MND, and 3 (12%) cerebral palsy (CP). Minor coordination problems were identified in 17 (71%), fine motor disability in 11 (46%), posture/muscle tone deviancies in 11 (46%) and abnormal reflexes in 8 (33%). Six patients (25%) had an IQ>85, 7 (29%) borderline, 7 (29%) mild, 3 (13%) moderate, and 1 severe ID. Cerebral ventriculomegaly on MRI was progressive in 11. Three patients showed normal neurologic exam, IQ, and MRI. Eleven patients were treated with pyridoxine only and 13 by additional lysine reduction therapy (LRT). LRT started at age <3 years demonstrated beneficial effect on IQ results in 3 patients. Complex MND and CP occurred more frequently in PDE-ALDH7A1 (46% and 12%) than in general population (7% and 0.2%, Peters et al., 2011, Schaefer et al., 2008). Twenty-five percent had a normal IQ. Although LRT shows potential to improve outcomes, data are heterogeneous in small patient numbers. More research with longer follow-up via the International PDE Registry (www.pdeonline.org) is needed.

IQ and digital inequality: An empirical investigation

Cognitive intelligence is rarely discussed in the context of digital inequality for practical and normative reasons: substantial difficulties around measurements and the fact that it cannot (easily) be changed. In the current contribution, cognitive intelligence is studied in relation to resources and appropriation theory which explains digital inequality as a process of four successive phases of Internet access: motivational, material, skills, and usage. For the measurement of cognitive intelligence, we build on considerable efforts devoted to developing alternatives to cumbersome intelligence quotient (IQ) tests of intelligence. We conducted a two-wave online survey in the Netherlands, resulting in a sample of 1733 respondents. The importance of IQ was confirmed with direct positive effects on education, economic, social, and cultural resources, and on Internet attitude and skills. The results reveal several details that can enhance our understanding of the specific mechanisms through which IQ and education operate in digital inequalities.

The Role of the Larry P. v. Riles Case in California Due Process Complaint Adjudications

Forty years have passed since the Larry P. v. Riles (1979) decision prohibiting the use of standardized intelligence quotient (IQ) tests to assess African American children in California for special education. While the Larry P. case has governed the assessment practices of school psychologists for so many years, yet little is known about how the Larry P. decision impacts special education due process in California. A search of the Office of Administrative Hearings Special Education Division (OAH) database of decisions issued between July 2005 and August 2018 found only 31 cases where Larry P was invoked, and only 5 of these raised Larry P. as an issue, for the remaining 26 cases Larry P. is referenced in an OAH statement or determination. Of these 5 cases, the LEA was found to be in violation of Larry P. in 2 of the cases, both of which involved students who were incorrectly designated as some other ethnicity than African American in the district student database. For most of the cases (n = 16), Larry P. is cited as a footnote to support decisions about the suitability of a specific test. In 3 of the 31 cases, the district proposed or conducted testing was disputed, 7 other cases involved independent evaluators, with two of the cases involving parents wanting their child to receive cognitive testing. The results indicate that districts generally prevail by following the California Department of Education’s ban on administering published norm-referenced cognitive tests to African American students; however, this practice does little to challenge the institutional racism within our schools that was the heart of the Larry. P case.

Child physical activity as a modifier of the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and neurocognitive outcomes in offspring.

Background/Objectives:With rising obesity rates among pregnant women, more children are exposed in utero to maternal obesity. In prior epidemiological studies, exposure to maternal obesity was associated with lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and worse cognitive abilities in offspring. Further studies have shown that offspring exposed to maternal obesity, exhibit differences in the white matter microstructure properties, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). In contrast, physical activity was shown to improve cognition and white matter microstructure during childhood. We examined if child physical activity levels modify the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal obesity with IQ and white matter microstructure in offspring.Subjects/Methods:One hundred children (59% girls) age 7–11 years underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and IQ testing. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was abstracted from electronic medical records. White matter was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging with the measures, global FA, MD. The 3-day physical activity recall was used to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and vigorous physical activity (VPA). Linear regression was used to test for interactions between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and child PA levels on child IQ and global FA/MD.Results:The relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and child IQ and global FA varied by child VPA levels. Children exposed to mothers with overweight/obesity who engaged in more VPA had higher IQ scores and global FA compared to exposed children who engaged in less VPA. Associations were independent of child age, sex, BMI Z-score and socioeconomic status. Children born to normal-weight mothers did not differ in either IQ or global FA by time in VPA.Conclusions:Our findings support findings in rodent models and suggest that VPA during childhood modifies the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal obesity and child IQ and white matter microstructure.

A measurement framework of crowd intelligence

Purpose The originality of the crowd cyber system lies in the fact that it possesses the intelligence of multiple groups including intelligence of people, intelligence of objects and intelligence of machines. However, quantitative analysis of the level of intelligence is not sufficient, due to many limitations, such as the unclear definition of intelligence and the inconformity of human intelligence quotient (IQ) test and artificial intelligence assessment methods. This paper aims to propose a new crowd intelligence measurement framework from the harmony of adaption and practice to measure intelligence in crowd network. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on the ideas of traditional Confucianism, which sees intelligence from the dimensions of IQ and effectiveness. First, they clarify the related concepts of intelligence and give a new definition of crowd intelligence in the form of a set. Second, they propose four stages of the evolution of intelligence from low to high, and sort out the dilemma of intelligence measurement at the present stage. Third, they propose a framework for measuring crowd intelligence based on two dimensions. Findings The generalized IQ operator model is optimized, and a new IQ algorithm is proposed. Individuals with different IQs can have different relationships, such as cooperative, competitive, antagonistic and so on. The authors point out four representative forms of intelligence as well as its evolution stages. Research limitations/implications The authors, will use more rigorous mathematical symbols to represent the logical relationships between different individuals, and consider applying the measurement framework to a real-life situation to enrich the research on crowd intelligence in the further study. Originality/value Intelligence measurement is one of foundations of crowd science. This research lays the foundation for studying the interaction among human, machine and things from the perspective of crowd intelligence, which owns significant scientific value.

A way of developing collaboration between universities and businesses in a time of COVID-19

Purpose Central to problems affecting effective university–business collaboration (UBC) is the lack of intensive communication in addition to some administrative issues. This paper aims to resolve this issue by use of a uniquely designed “UBC system.” It suggests establishing a unified business analytics portal as one of the most convenient ways of facilitating UBC. This research paper describes the development and functioning of the “UBC system,” which is capable of supporting universities and businesses in terms of the COVID-19 crisis and in enabling the implementation of innovations in their activities. Design/methodology/approach Several dozen organizations and students and graduates of different universities were selected to test the “UBC system.” This research was conducted in several phases. The “UBC system” was developed on the basis of Microsoft 365, which is a solution made on a single platform with the integrated operation of several applications (SharePoint [Easy-Quiz and Survey], Outlook, Teams, Power Automate and Power BI). The system collects, processes and compares the data; schedules online interviews; conducts intelligence quotient testing and surveys; and its business analytic reports and dashboards are shared on the internet and are accessible from any location and from any device. Findings The results of the given study suggest that establishing reliable and convenient online coordination through the “UBC system” can provide help in enabling efficient collaboration between universities and businesses – something that has gained special importance in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper provides a number of conclusions and recommendations to improve online cooperation between universities and businesses. Practical implications The system can be administered by state entities (such as the Ministry of Education) and by career development centers within universities. The use of these kinds of systems can become a permanent part of effective UBC. The “UBC system” will not only help overcome employment problems in times of crisis but also make it easier to analyze the real situation and to introduce and develop innovative trends by both businesses and universities through mutual cooperation in an automated mode. Originality/value The proposed “UBC system” platform was developed by the authors.

Academic school readiness in children born very preterm and associated risk factors

Background and aimsAlthough the intelligence quotient (IQ) test is useful to assess general cognitive function, it may miss more specific and subtle deficits of learning, working memory, attention and executive function. This study aims to evaluate cognitive performance and academic school readiness (SR) concepts in preterm very low birth weight (PT/VLBW) children, compared to typically developing term controls and to evaluate factors affecting basic (SR) concepts in children with IQ>85. MethodsA prospective cohort study of 123 PT/VLBW survivors with birth weights ≤1250 g and 74 term controls born between 2007 and 2009 in Singapore were assessed for school readiness using Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III), Bracken School Readiness Assessment (BSRA-3) and Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) at age 5.5 years. Social risk composite score (SRCS) was calculated based on ethnicity, parental education and family income and marital status. Uni- and multi-variable regressions were conducted to evaluate risk factors associated with poor academic SR in the entire cohort and in those with IQ >85. ResultsMean gestational age and birth weight of the 123 PT/VLBW children were 27.8 (2.3) weeks and 939 (194) grams while that of the 74 term controls were 38.8 (1.2) weeks and 3165 (402) grams.PT/VLBW survivors had statistically significant lower full composite scores on WPPSI-III (97.0 vs 114), BSRA-3 (98.5 vs 112.3) and VMI (107.2 vs 112.9) compared to controls. The differences remained significant in preterm and children with higher SRCS even after adjustment. ConclusionsPrematurity and high social composite risk scores were risk factors affecting academic SR and this difference persisted in PT/VLBW children with normal cognitive scores with IQ >85.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Berpengaruh terhadap Perilaku Seksual Berisiko pada Remaja di Jakarta Pusat

The problem of risky sexual behavior among adolescents from year to year is reported to have increased significantly, this can be seen from the dating age which is still adolescents. Intelligence status which is still relatively low in adolescents can cause health problems, especially deviant behavior in adolescents This study aims to determine the relationship between Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and risky sexual behavior among adolescents in Central Jakarta. This research used quantitative analytic with cross sectional design. Sampling using purposive sampling technique in order to obtain a sample of 147 respondents. Research respondents were adolescents aged 17-19 years in Central Jakarta. The instruments used were primary data (questionnaires) and secondary data (IQ test results psychological test agency). The data analysis used was the bivariate statistical test using chi square and the multivariate statistical test using logistic regression. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and risky sexual behavior among adolescents in Central Jakarta (p = 0.000, OR 22, 95% CI 0.561-0.801). Researchers recommend the role of educational institutions in developing adolescent creativity by using cognitive abilities to increase intellectual intelligence to avoid risky sexual behavior.

Penentuan Kelas Menggunakan Algoritma K Medoids Untuk Clustering Siswa Tunagrahita

So far, the class placement of mentally retarded students is based on the age of entering the child when registering at SLB C Muzdalifah, the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test has not been tried for mentally retarded students in classifying student classes. It is important to group mentally retarded children to make it easier for teachers to prepare programs and implement educational services. It is important for the school to understand that in mentally retarded children there are individual differences with very large variations. That is, being at almost the same age level (calendar age and mental age) and the same education level, in fact individual abilities differ from one another. Thus, of course, special strategies and programs are needed that are adapted to individual differences. This research was made to classify and analyze data mining for class clustering students with the K-Medoids algorithm to help group students who want to occupy classes according to their level of intellectual disability. From the grouping results obtained 3 clusters, which have the highest number of students is the moderate mental retardation class and the lowest cluster is mild mental retardation, the Muzdalifah special school can prepare classes based on grouping for teaching and learning activities.

Down syndrome Clinical features, and it's Associated Complications Evaluation and Management Approach

Trisomy 21 (T21), or Down syndrome (DS), is one of the major causes of intellectual disability, this has been analyzed to differ in every individual by the intelligence quotient (IQ) test irrespective of other factors. It is a genetic disorder characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21. PubMed database was used for searching relevant papers, and the following keys were used in the mesh ((&quot;Down syndrome &quot; [Mesh]) AND (&quot;Features and diagnosis&quot; [Mesh]) OR (&quot;Down syndro

What the obesity epidemic does not need: A cancel culture

What the obesity epidemic does not need: A cancel culture

Improving Performance of IQ Test for Children with Neurodevelopmental Conditions by Prolonged Exposure to Blue Color

This research paper aims to demonstrate the effect of the blue color on children with neurodevelopmental conditions in particular, in order to improve their specifications. We have shown from previous studies the positive effect of blue color on such participants. So, we tried to confirm this result in this paper. The study included 40 participants with different neurodevelopmental conditions. We exposed the participants to the blue color. Exposing ranged from 3 hours per week for six months to 25 hours per week for the same period. Intelligence tests were administered for each participant, before starting and six months after the first test. The study showed that exposure to blue color led to an increase in the average percentage of participants’ intelligence quotient (IQ). The increase doubled with increasing exposure time to blue color. It is expected that the difference in the effect will appear through the intelligence tests which were applied to different participants of children with neurodevelopmental conditions.

Association between Sleep Spindles and IQ of College Students

ABSTRACT Introduction Sleep spindles are short burst-like waveform of signals generated in the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded during sleep, and these are the electrical representation of an oscillatory neuronal activity of thalamic neurons. Some studies have linked different sleep spindle parameters with intelligence quotient (IQ). But there is a lack of uniformity in different studies, as spindle parameters may be positively associated with cognition variables in one study, but those same parameters might be negatively associated or even unrelated in other studies. The present study was conducted to further throw light on the correlation of sleep spindle activity with IQ. Objective To find the association between different sleep spindle parameters and IQ. Method The sleep spindle data of 50 healthy young medical students aged between 18 and 23 years were taken from previously conducted sleep studies (polysomnography), which were available in the sleep lab in the department of physiology (King George's Medical University). The participating students underwent a Wechsler IQ test. The result of the test was correlated with sleep spindle parameters available with us to see any correlation. Results and conclusion Sleep spindle frequency was negatively correlated with the IQ, and the number of spindles in deep sleep (N3) was positively associated with the IQ of an individual. How to cite this article Vardhan R, Ghidiyal A, Tiwari S, et al. Association between Sleep Spindles and IQ of College Students. Indian J Sleep Med 2021;16(1):10–13.

Fluoride exposure, dopamine relative gene polymorphism and intelligence: A cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundExcessive fluoride exposure is related to adverse health outcomes, but whether dopamine (DA) relative genes are involved in the health effect of low-moderate fluoride exposure on children’s intelligence remain unclear. ObjectivesWe conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the role of DA relative genes in the health effect of low-moderate fluoride exposure in drinking water. MethodsWe recruited 567 resident children, aged 6–11 years old, randomly from endemic and non-endemic fluorosis areas in Tianjin, China. Spot urine samples were tested for urinary fluoride concentration, combined Raven`s test was used for intelligence quotient test. Fasting venous blood were collected to analyze ANKK1 Taq1A (rs1800497), COMT Val158Met (rs4680), DAT1 40 bp VNTR and MAOA uVNTR. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess associations between fluoride exposure and IQ scores. We applied multiplicative and additive models to appraise single gene-environment interaction. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to evaluate high-dimensional interactions of gene-gene and gene-environment. ResultsIn adjusted model, fluoride exposure was inversely associated with IQ scores (β = −5.957, 95% CI: −9.712, −2.202). The mean IQ scores of children with high-activity MAOA genotype was significantly lower than IQ scores of those with low-activity (P = 0.006) or female heterozygote (P = 0.016) genotype. We detected effect modification by four DA relative genes (ANKK1, COMT, DAT1 and MAOA) on the association between UF and IQ scores. We also found a high-dimensional gene-environment interaction among UF, ANKK1, COMT and MAOA on the effect of IQ (testing balanced accuracy = 0.5302, CV consistency: 10/10, P = 0.0107). ConclusionsOur study suggests DA relative genes may modify the association between fluoride and intelligence, and a potential interaction among fluoride exposure and DA relative genes on IQ.

Intelligence Quotient Test for Smart Cities in the United States

Abstract A smart city plays an increasing role in citizens’ daily life. A smart city has six main components, namely smart mobility, smart economy, smart governance, smart living, smart environment...