Intellectual Property Products Research Articles

The Flow of Knowledge from the Academic Research Base into the Economy: The Use and Effectiveness of Formal IPRs and 'Soft IP' in UK Universities

Academics produce a wide range of intellectual property (IP) products, which can be transferred to industry, government and other external stakeholders in different ways. Models of IP transfer involve different roles played by technology transfer offices, scientists, external commercialisation companies and universities themselves. Two comprehensive literature reviews recently commissioned by the Strategic Advisory Board for Intellectual Property Policy (SABIP) (Baghurst et al, 2009; Rogers et al, 2009) have emphasised that different models of IP transfer can be appropriate in different circumstances. They stressed the need for more extensive investigation into the nature, advantages, value and limitations of “soft” forms of intellectual property (IP) – such as copyright, open source, trademarks and design rights – in counterbalancing the predominant use of patents (or “hard IP”). Such research would provide a more complete picture of the full contribution made by university knowledge to industry and society. Our report makes an original contribution to the understanding of different IP governance models of university-industry knowledge transfer. It also offers new analysis of the absolute and relative importance of “hard” and “soft” IP in the knowledge flows between universities and external stakeholders. Our focus is on processes of direct and indirect knowledge transfer from university to industry, government and society, and on their feedback to universities through knowledge and financial flows.

Labor Share Decline and the Capitalization of Intellectual Property Products

We study the behavior of the US labor share over the past 65 years. We find that intellectual property products (IPP) capital entirely accounts for the observed decline of the US labor share, which otherwise is secularly constant for structures and equipment capital. The decline of the labor share reflects that the US is undergoing a transition to a more IPP capital-intensive economy. This result has essential implications for the US macroeconomic model.

Reverse Engineering for the Purpose of Intellectual Property Protection and Accelerated Product Development in SOC and SIP Structures

Technical analysis of intellectual property (IP) is conducted for the purpose of legal protection and product development. A brief review of the process of IP analysis and associated terminology is...

Towards an Entrepreneurial Model of University: Issues and Challenges in Managing Intellectual Property (IP) and Its Commercialization (C)

There are a number of procedures required by researchers to undergo before the outcome of their research products known as intellectual properties (IP) can get to the market for economic values. In this volume, researchers examine the interrelationships among these procedures, policy issues and communication flow with commercialization experienced by researchers in selected Malaysian higher institutions of learning that engaged in IP and commercialization. Methodologically, the study has been approached from quantitative perspective using questionnaire. The results from the study have shown that a positive significant relationship exists between the IP-Commercialization procedures and internal critical success factors (CSFI) towards successful commercialization of the IP products at the centres with beta values of 0.564, p<0.001. A similar significant positive relationship exists between the causal link of IP and commercialization procedures and external critical success factors (CSFE) with beta coefficient values of 0.429, p<0.001. In addition, both CSFI and CSFE have significant impact on communication flow related to IP and commercialization of research products with a beta value of 0.264 and 0.317, p<0.001 respectively. Furthermore, the path coefficients between policy issues in IP and commercialization of products has shown a significant impact on communication flow and actual commercialization of the intellectual products experienced by respondents with high beta value of 0.256 and 0.343, p<0.001 respectively. The same similar positive causal link can be inferred between communication flow and the commercialization of the intellectual products experienced by respondents with a beta value of 0.229, p<0.001. In addition, hypotheses H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 and H7 in the study are supported with an alpha-value less than 0.001 respectively. It is hoped that due attention would be paid to all the recommendation put forward in this study for better enhancement of IP and commercialization of research products at universities.

College Writing, Identification, and the Production of Intellectual Property: Voices from the Stanford Study of Writing

When, why, and how do college students come to value their writing as intellectual property? How do their conceptions of intellectual property reflect broader understandings and personal engagements with concepts of authorship, collaboration, identification, and capital? We address these questions based on findings from the Stanford Study of Writing, a five-year longitudinal cohort study that examined students’ writing, writing development, and attitudes toward writing throughout their college years and one year beyond. Drawing in particular from interview data, we trace relationships between students’ complex and creative negotiations with intellectual property and shaping tensions within the academy, arguing for renewed pedagogical approaches that affirm students’ writerly agency as consumers and producers of intellectual property.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО ТУНЕЯДСТВА В ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЕ

The article discusses peculiarities of intellectual vagrancy in the educational sphere. It presents the comparative analysis of the terms “intellectual vagrancy”, “social parasitism”, “plagiarism”. The author shows possible reasons, which cause spread of intellectual vagrancy in the modern education. Intellectual vagrancy is considered to be conscious free acquisition of intellectual property products and right of authorship by a person, social group or country with an aim to get access to material and non-material benefits. In the educational sphere it is demonstrated as the method of educational activity’s organization, based on free acquisition of intellectual property owned by other people. The author concludes that there is an opportunity concerning studying and rethinking of traditional problems in education, connected with bad performance, refusal of learning and education with the help of the theory of social parasitism.

Intellectual Property in the Workplace: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives

One of the key means for promoting economic growth that enables countries to progress from recession to recovery is by increasing the quantity and the quality of technological inventions developed. The intersection between the roles and rights of employers and those of inventor-employees, as they relate to the achievement of such growth and development, constitutes the focus of this study. The question in this context concerns the determination of the desirable policy for allocation of rights in inventions developed by employees, such as software or medication. Who should own the intellectual property (IP) rights related to the product: the employee, the employer, both of them or perhaps a third party? This question is critically important because most (80-90%) intellectual property (IP) products in the western world are developed by employees. This research proposes taking a renewed look at the Anglo-American Work Made for Hire norm, which relates to copyright works and the Service Invention norm, which relates to inventions. Both norms grant (nearly) all rights to creations or inventions developed/created by employees within the workplace to the employer and are part of a perception that encourages corporate industry. This perception, which the research analyses, has become dominant recently as the US as well as Germany adopted amendments to their industrial IP laws following this point of view.

The commercialisation decisions of research-based spin-off: Targeting the market for technologies

This paper addresses the commercialisation decisions of research-based spin-off firms (RBSOs), focusing on the case of companies specialising in the production and sale of intellectual property—a model of entrepreneurial behaviour increasingly frequent in science-based fields and that research-based spin-offs may be more prone to adopt, given their specific characteristics. Combining insights from the economics of technological change and the strategic management of technology literature, we discuss the conditions that can influence firms' ability to operate in the market for technology, and advance some theory-driven hypotheses regarding key factors that are likely to determine it – nature of knowledge being exploited, appropriability conditions, location and degree of control upon complementary assets and institutional setting of origin – as well as their impact upon firms' decisions. These hypotheses are tested on a group of 80 European RBSOs, using data collected specifically for this purpose, on the basis of questionnaire-based interviews. This research adds to recent work on the determinants of the commercialisation strategy of technology-based SMEs, but by focusing on a particular group of companies – the RBSOs – we also take into consideration some distinctive characteristics of this group, which introduce some specificity in their innovative behaviour.

The Role of the Territoriality Principle in Modern Intellectual Property Regimes: Institutional Lessons from Japan

The principle of territoriality of IP rights has been subject to much criticism recently. It is often argued that the territoriality principle does no longer fit to the needs of cross-border exploitation of intellectual property products. Therefore, in order to facilitate international trade, increasing support is given in favour of extraterritoriality. This article introduces the debate concerning the territoriality principle and presents two recent cases decided by the Japanese Supreme Court where the territoriality principle was at stake. Based on this analysis, it is argued that the territoriality principle should not be phrased as “either-or” question; instead it is submitted that one should view territoriality in a broader institutional perspective. Namely, Japanese cases support the idea that territoriality principle forms the basis of modern intellectual property regime and functions in consonance with other rules (choice of law rules, rules harmonising particular aspects of intellectual property or rules which could extend to possible extra-territorial situations).

INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL SECTION ON INTANGIBLE CAPITAL

INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL SECTION ON INTANGIBLE CAPITAL

Legal Rights in Human Bodies, Body Parts and Tissue

This paper outlines the current common law principles that protect people’s interests in their bodies, excised body parts and tissue without conferring the rights of full legal ownership. It does not include the recent statutory amendments in jurisdictions such as New South Wales and the United Kingdom. It argues that at common law, people do not own their own bodies or excised bodily material. People can authorise the removal of their bodily material and its use, either during life or after their death, for medical or scientific purposes. Researchers who acquire human bodies, body parts or tissue pursuant to such an authority have a right to possess and use them according to the authorisation they have been given but. their rights fall short of full ownership because they are limited in the way that they can use the material. The legal rights of researchers who develop intellectual property and biological products from excised human tissue can be adequately protected by existing common law principles without the need for a new legal principle that people own body parts and tissue removed from their bodies

Jargonomics: Intellectual Property Prices and Marginal Cost

The marginal cost of a good is not usually a relevant factor when crafting intellectual property policy. Marginal costs estimates are based on models of static efficiency, not dynamic efficiency, which is more relevant to policymakers. Profit margins on goods must be high enough to both support investment and exceed the opportunity cost of alternatives. By contrast, marginal cost cannot be used as a guide to pricing goods with high initial production cost and low or declining marginal cost, as is typical for intellectual property products. These sectors should not be treated any differently in the policy world because all industries strive for low marginal cost and only vary in the matter of degree. Four points concerning marginal cost to consider when crafting intellectual property policy: -Prices set above marginal cost are not a sign of undue market power or monopoly due to intellectual property or anything else. -Prices above marginal costs bring new investment and new competitors into the market in question. -Setting prices at marginal cost (for example, in the context of compulsory licensing of music or pharmaceuticals) does not amount to setting the right price; only a market can do that. -Insisting on static inefficiency in the short run reduces investment and undermines dynamic efficiency in the long run.

Legal Rights in Human Bodies, Body Parts and Tissue

This paper outlines the current common law principles that protect people’s interests in their bodies, excised body parts and tissue without conferring the rights of full legal ownership. It does not include the recent statutory amendments in jurisdictions such as New South Wales and the United Kingdom. It argues that at common law, people do not own their own bodies or excised bodily material. People can authorise the removal of their bodily material and its use, either during life or after their death, for medical or scientific purposes. Researchers who acquire human bodies, body parts or tissue pursuant to such an authority have a right to possess and use them according to the authorisation they have been given, but their rights fall short of full ownership because they are limited in the way that they can use the material. The legal rights of researchers who develop intellectual property and biological products from excised human tissue can be adequately protected by existing common law principles without the need for a new legal principle that people own body parts and tissue removed from their bodies.

Editorial: a strategy to optimise the business value of Intellectual Property

In this paper, we suggest that, although Intellectual Property (IP) is an intangible asset of a firm, it is now treated effectively as if it were a tangible product. It is also a strong determinant of the success of biotechnology firms, since it is assessed carefully by investors, potential partners and acquirers, who understand that the value of a biotechnology firm is ultimately related to the sophistication with which it operates in the IP arena. As such, we propose that a viable corporate strategy should be one that recognises IP as an activity, like research and development, as part of a value chain, and which can only create value in combination with other production factors. A well-defined, cohesive strategy should deliver a balanced and effective IP production process, to ensure that what is protected and leveraged by firms is of real business value and has the best chance of being licensed.

Invited Commentary—Motion Pictures: Consumers, Channels, and Intuition

AboutSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Go to Section HomeMarketing ScienceVol. 25, No. 6 Invited Commentary—Motion Pictures: Consumers, Channels, and IntuitionBerend WierengaBerend WierengaPublished Online:1 Nov 2006https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1050.0185 Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByThe Effect of Calorie Posting Regulation on Consumer Opinion: A Flexible Latent Dirichlet Allocation Model with Informative PriorsDinesh Puranam, Vishal Narayan, Vrinda Kadiyali21 August 2017 | Marketing Science, Vol. 36, No. 5RESEARCH ON THE MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY: STATE OF THE ART AND NEW DIRECTIONS OFF THE BEATEN TRACK AWAY FROM THEATRICAL RELEASE1 March 2016 | Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 31, No. 2Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Measures for Managing Revenue Streams of Intellectual Property Products: The Case of Motion Pictures23 November 2016Substitution or Promotion? The Impact of Price Discounts on Cross-Channel Sales of Digital MoviesJournal of Retailing, Vol. 91, No. 2When Kerry Met Sally: Politics and Perceptions in the Demand for MoviesJason M. T. Roos, Ron Shachar24 February 2014 | Management Science, Vol. 60, No. 7Perturbation model for a product of joint consumption23 July 2012 | Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Vol. 20, No. 3-4Understanding preferences for motion picturesJournal of Business Research, Vol. 64, No. 8Team intuition as a continuum construct and new product creativity: The role of environmental turbulence, team experience, and stressResearch Policy, Vol. 40, No. 2Motion picture performance: A review and research agendaInternational Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 3An Empirical Investigation of the Dynamic Effect of Marlboro's Permanent Pricing ShiftTao Chen, Baohong Sun, Vishal Singh, 21 November 2008 | Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 4How Complex Do Movie Channel Contracts Need to Be?Sumit Raut, Sanjeev Swami, Eunkyu Lee, Charles B. Weinberg, 31 March 2008 | Marketing Science, Vol. 27, No. 4Millennial Students, Movies, and TourismTourism Analysis, Vol. 13, No. 2Intuitive Knowledge Generation in Post-Bureaucratic Organizations Volume 25, Issue 6November-December 2006Pages 551-765 Article Information Metrics Information Published Online:November 01, 2006 Copyright © 2006, INFORMSCite asBerend Wierenga, (2006) Invited Commentary—Motion Pictures: Consumers, Channels, and Intuition. Marketing Science 25(6):674-677. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1050.0185 Keywordsmoviesconsumer choice modelsmarketing channelsmodels and intuitionPDF download

Transfer of technology to developing countries: Unilateral and multilateral policy options

The authors analyze national and international policy options to encourage the international transfer of technology, distinguishing between four major channels of such transfer: trade in products, trade in knowledge, foreign direct investment, and intra-national and international movement of people. They develop a typology of country types and appropriate policy rules of thumb as a guide to both national policymakers and rule making in the World Trade Organization, as policies should differentiate between countries. The authors also develop some rules of thumb for policy intervention. These include: 1) Liberal trade policies for all types of countries; 2) Temporary encouragement of foreign direct investment inflows for low-income countries; 3) Licensing for technical transformation and adaptive investments by local firms to apply technologies; 4) Policy options for source economies to encourage international transfer of technology to poor countries, including fiscal incentives, improvement of flows of public-domain technologies with appropriate subsidies, and price differentiation for exports of intellectual property products.

Why are People So Prone to Steal Software? The Effect of Cost Structure on Consumer Purchase and Payment Intentions

Intellectual property piracy is a significant global problem and an enormous problem for U.S. companies and policymakers. This article examines why typically law-abiding people are more inclined to steal intellectual property products than more tangible, material products. The authors propose that the inclination to pay for certain types of goods and services is greater than for other types, and what distinguishes the two classes is their cost structure. They document how consumers are more or less inclined to pay for goods and services as a function of whether the product's cost is principally attributable to variable cost (VC) or fixed cost (FC). The authors’ central thesis is that consumers (1) believe that they cause less harm if their failure to pay prevents a seller from recovering FC than if their failure to pay helps a seller recoup VC; (2) are more likely to risk not paying for a product the less harm they perceive that not paying would cause; and (3) therefore feel less obligated and are less likely to pay voluntarily for a high-FC, low-VC product than for a high-VC, low-FC product, when total cost and average cost are held constant. This research is particularly relevant in the information age, because it helps explain why consumers appear to be more inclined to risk stealing software and other intellectual property products with relatively high FC and little or no VC. It also allows for the creation of marketing remedies that do not involve further legal enforcement.

Free Ride: An Institutionalist Analysis of Information in the Internet Age

(2002). Free Ride: An Institutionalist Analysis of Information in the Internet Age. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 36, Papers From The 2002 AFEE Meeting, pp. 441-447.

The History and Background of American Copyright Law: An Overview

Copyright is a monopoly conferred upon authors or creators of literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works to produce, reproduce, adapt, or perform their works for a limited time. The Copyright Law, by conferring this monopoly upon authors and their assignees, provides an economic incentive “to those with the requisite ability to create intellectual property” and to “publishers, recording firms, and similar enterprises to package and distribute these intellectual creations to the general public.” Prior to the invention of the printing press the possibility of commercial gain from the production of intellectual property was severely limited by the drudgery involved in manual copying of manuscripts, which work was performed by slaves in ancient times and monks under a vow of obedience later. Private patrons and universities provided the only economic incentive to authors to produce intellectual property and the book trade was small. Although both law and literature existed in abundance in ancient and medieval Europe, Copyright Law was unknown.