Intellectual Activity Research Articles

Whitehead and Victorian Philosophy of Science: A Historical Investigation of the Concept of Hypothesis

Abstract In the Harvard lectures of 1924–1925, Alfred North Whitehead proposed that our various intellectual activities amounted to an attempt to understand the world and our experiences through hypothesizing. He explained the importance of hypothesis in scientific research and extended the idea of hypothesis to the philosophical method called “speculative philosophy.” For Whitehead, philosophy was the attempt to formulate general hypotheses that can transcend disciplines. This paper is intended to explore the possible influence of Victorian philosophers on Whitehead. Victorian philosophers such as John Herschel, William Whewell, and John Stuart Mill discussed the role of hypothesis in scientific discovery. Was Whitehead aware of this tradition? Was he influenced by it? This article indicates that Whitehead at least indirectly inherited the Victorian idea of hypothesis, notably in the thought of Whewell, as mediated by Charles Darwin.

Safeguarding Intellectual Property in the Post-Cultural Advancement Law Era in Indonesia: Preserving Traditional Knowledge

Traditional Knowledge, as a product of the interplay between ecological, social, and cultural factors, embodies the insights acquired by communities in understanding the demands of nature. Embedded in intellectual activities shaped by a nation’s thoughts, ideas, and creations, Traditional Knowledge necessitates legal protection and certainty of ownership by the state due to its significant value, categorizing it as a national asset. This protection is often sought through laws like the Cultural Advancement Law, primarily designed to uphold the nation’s interests. This research aims to analyze the role of the Cultural Advancement Law in safeguarding Traditional Knowledge in Indonesia and identify the challenges faced by this legal framework in providing protection. Employing a normative approach through a literature review, the study reveals the pivotal role of the Cultural Advancement Law in developing, utilizing, advancing, preserving, and safeguarding Traditional Knowledge. However, its enforcement faces obstacles due to the ongoing debate surrounding the impact of traditional Knowledge on the economy and society.

المعتزلة ودورها في شرعنة الدولة العباسية ومواجهة الطوائف المعارضة

The Mu'tazila scientist provided a great and important service to the Abbasid state, as the Mu'tazila participated in the revolution against the Umayyads, and the summit of their political, military and intellectual activity against the Umayyad authority was represented in their contribution with the Shiites in overthrowing the Umayyad rule, which led to the stability of power in the hands of the Abbasids. This activity has reached an extent of clarity and effectiveness, as during the last period of the Umayyad state, "Wasel" and his followers were actively working in the service of the Abbasid cause. and that the doctrine of "Wasel" and the doctrine of the early Mu'tazila were the two official theological doctrines of the Abbasid movement. In addition, the Abbasid rulers were able to pass their political ideas through Mu'tazili thought, which they found the best way to legitimize their authority, liquidate their political and religious opponents, and justify their actions. Therefore, during the time of al-Ma'mun, the Abbasid state adopted retirement as an official principle of the state.

ISSUES OF FORMATION OF A NEW TYPE OF KAZAKH SCHOOL IN THE PRESS (The 20s of the twentieth century)

The education system in contemporary Kazakhstan clearly exemplifies the profound transformations occurring in the social and spiritual aspects of society.The search for models in the Kazakh education system that can meet modern requirements leads to a thorough exploration of domestic historical and pedagogical experience. This allows for a comprehensive study of this experience and the resolution of many present-day issues.In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a proliferation of new schools among the general people. Public education departments were established under local councils in all regions and counties of Kazakhstan, which encouraged the population to pursue education.Upon the establishment of the school, numerous challenges emerged, including the task ofenticing students to pursue education, developing appropriate textbooks, and recruiting competent staff. Newspapers and publications such as "Yenbekshi Kazak", "Kazak tili", "Ak Zhol", "Bostandyk tuy", "Zhanbekker tili", "Kyzyl Kazakhstan", "Leninshil Zhas", and "Zhas Kairat" have launched a dedicated education section.A multitude of solutions were submitted by the Kazakh intellectuals to present a resolution to these matters.From the pieces released in the press, it is evident that the Kazakh intelligentsia has made substantial modifications and introduced novel concepts to the new educational system.The study examines the process of succession by systematically organising and analysing the updated school system and the activities of the intelligentsia in magazines. Keywords: publications, updated school, school system, intellectual activity, Kazakh press, sector of educationThe education system in contemporary Kazakhstan vividly illustrates the profound transformations occurring in the social and spiritualfabric of society. The search for models in the Kazakh education system that can meet modern requirements involves a thorough exploration of the country's historical and pedagogical experience. This exploration aims to address various challenges that arise in the present time. In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a proliferation of new schools among the populace. Throughout all regions and counties of Kazakhstan, volosts were founded under local governments, with the specific purpose of promoting education among the population. Upon the inauguration of the school, numerous challenges emerged, including the task of enticing students to pursue education, developing appropriate textbooks, and recruiting highly skilled professionals. The newspapers and periodicals"Yenbekshi kazak","Kazak tili", "Ak Zhol", "Bostandyk tuy","Zhanbekker tili", "Kyzyl Kazakhstan", "Leninshil Zhas","Zhas Kairat" have recently launched a dedicated education section. A multitude of solutions were submitted by the Kazakh intellectuals to present a resolution to these matters. From the pieces published in the press, it is evident that the Kazakh intelligentsia has made substantial modifications and introduced novel concepts to the new educational system. The study examines the process of succession by systematically organising and analysing the updated school system and the activities of the intelligentsia in magazines.

Subgroups of mild cognitive impairment based on cognitive function among Chinese older adults

Abstract Background: Due to the heterogeneity of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the key points for nonpharmaceutical therapies cannot be determined. Examining impairment characteristics among different MCI subgroups would therefore be beneficial to the development of nonpharmaceutical therapies. Objective: To characterize the subgroups of older Chinese with MCI and examine factors associated with the membership of distinct subgroups. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2018 and June 2022 in Fujian, East China, with 1017 older adults with MCI deemed eligible. Exclusion criteria included any diagnosis of other neurological or psychiatric conditions that could affect cognition. Participants underwent a neuropsychological test that assessed memory, language, attention, and executive function(s) and completed a questionnaire collecting their socioeconomic and clinical variables. Neuropsychological test scores were transformed into z-scores, which were then examined using latent class analysis. Associations between socioeconomic and clinical variables, and MCI subgroups were assessed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: Three MCI subgroups were identified: G1 “Minimally impairment” (56.64%), G2 “Moderate impairment” (36.28%), and G3 “Worst impairment” (7.08%). Age, place of residence, marriage status, living status, and participation in intellectual activities differed significantly across the 3 MCI subgroups (P<0.05). Compared with the minimally impairment group, participants with the worst impairment were less likely to participate in intellectual activity and more likely to live in a nursing home. Conclusion: Cognitive function is a suitable foundation for establishing classifications among individuals with MCI. Nonpharmalogical therapies may target older adults at higher risk of moderate or worst impairment.

The Economic Consequences of the Reflexivisation of the Concept of Intellectual Property – A Theoretical Approach

Abstract Intellectual property is, from the perspective of economic theory, quite a stand-out. It retains the meritocratic particularities of material property – and, as such, advocating for its validity seems justified to many on the grounds that it helps the economic agent appropriate the benefits of his (in this case, intellectual) labour, while also being, in and of itself, immune to the scarcity which is inherent to “standard”, material property and, therefore, to the so-called “natural laws” governing most laissez-faire moral convictions, seeming to be a rather positive construction instead. Such a peculiar set of attributes is bound to make this concept sensitive to both intellectual differences among its “scientific undertakers” and applicative disturbances. If the praxeological approach of some Austrian School economists, like Stephan Kinsella, renders intellectual property a monopolistic obstacle in the way of proper free market development, other advocates of laissez-faire economics, such as Ayn Rand, fully embrace the notion and even consider it the only valid form of private property in existence (material property being nothing more than one of its sub-categories). This paper features an exclusively theoretical, non-empirical methodological approach, its aim being to analyse the way in which three key psychoanalytical issues of “reflexivisation”, present (also) in the field of economics, affect the concept of intellectual property. These issues are as follows: 1. How the economic agents who directly relate their (intellectual) activity to this concept risk altering some / all of the significance of its interpretative functions; 2. How the “grey area” specific to most “human rights” prevents the proper use of intellectual property rights and fuels the rhetoric used by its opponents; and 3. How some of the theoretical approaches advocating for / being against this concept are unknowingly driven by what psychoanalysis refers to as either neurosis (in the case of its advocates) or psychosis (mostly in the case of its opponents). The aimed result of this research is to provide a proper economic interpretation of the way in which the theoretical conceptual evolution of intellectual property may be affected by its very own “reflexivisation”.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND MANAGEMENT TOOLS

This study examines the legal aspects of intellectual property (IP) and management instruments. It is demonstrated that intellectual property represents the outcome of an individual's or collective's intellectual and creative activities, encompassing defined rights to innovative inventions, creative works, trademarks, designs, and other personal intellectual assets. The primary objects and subjects of intellectual property are identified. It is clarified that, considering the objects of ownership, the property rights of individuals or legal entities manifest in both ownership of tangible property and ownership of the results of creative activities. The legal regime governing the results of an individual's or collective's intellectual creativity aligns with the legal regime of property rights and comprises the following entitlements of the owner: the right of possession, the right of use, and the right of disposal. Conceptual principles within the system of intellectual property law are proposed. It is justified that the principles of intellectual property relate to the protection of the rights of subjects regarding the results of creative activities; therefore, they should demonstrate the rule of conduct within the framework of creation, possession, use, and disposal of intellectual property. It has been determined that the most critical economic process for intellectual property subjects is commercialization, as well as effective and efficient management of intellectual property objects. It is established that managing intellectual property involves a targeted process within a complex multi-component system with multifactorial relationships in the creation, possession, use, and distribution of intellectual property objects in the relevant environment. Intellectual property management should focus on effective planning, decision-making, and control regarding intellectual property objects in the appropriate economic environment. The stages of the intellectual property management process are proposed, along with the fundamental tools necessary for ensuring effective management within the economic system.

Отношения по правам на результаты интеллектуальной деятельности и трудовые отношения: взаимное влияние и взаимодействие

The article deals with the issues of intersectoral relations in Russian law. The legal regulation of the sphere of intellectual activity, rights to the results of this activity is complex, complex in nature, the relationships that arise often give rise to conflicts in determining the rights of the subjects involved in them. The interaction of the norms of civil and labor law is manifested, first of all, in the creation of official works, the author explores the possibilities of local and contractual regulation of labor relations in this direction of the labor activity of employees.

Liberating Minds: The Intellectual Legacy of Angela Davis and Its Images in Film

We propose thinking of Angela Davis's intellectual legacy from a decolonial perspective. We point out that just as the fight for civil rights and the end of racial segregation in the United States helped to consolidate the Black movement in Brazil, the circulation of anti-colonial ideas during the struggles for the decolonization of African countries in the 1950s and 60s was crucial to the circulation of abolitionist ideas and anti-racist movements in the United States and abroad. We will analyze interchanges capable of pointing out "the recognition of multiple and heterogeneous colonial differences, as well as the multiple and heterogeneous reactions of populations and subjects subordinated to the coloniality of power" (Bernardino-Costa & Grosfoguel, 2016, p. 21). Our contribution seeks to analyze Davis as a public and militant intellectual through her images in film. Beyond considering Angela Davis's image in cinema as representation, we also analyze how her intellectual and political activities were involved with the flourishing of a new Black cinema in the United States. This paper analyzes films such as Child of Resistance (1973), Free Angela and All Political Prisoners (2015), and 13th (2016).

A Dataset for Estimating Participant Inspiration in Meetings toward AI-Based Meeting Support System to Improve Worker Wellbeing

Various meetings are carried out in intellectual production activities and workers have to spend much time to create ideas. In creative meetings, it is sometime difficult for the meeting moderators and facilitators to efficiently conduct the meetings because the participants are required to come up with new ideas one after another and some participants hesitate to express unconventional ideas. Therefore, we propose to develop an AI-based meeting support system that estimates participants’ inspiration and helps to generate comfortable meeting environments for improvement of worker wellbeing. Participants’ inspiration is assumed to be estimated based on their speech and micro behaviors including smiles and nods. In this paper, a dataset we collected for the development of the proposed system is reported. The dataset consists of participants’ brain blood flows measured near-infrared spectrometers, micro behavior annotated from video recording, and inspiration the participants reported with buttons. The data for 1020 min was collected by conducting simulation meetings. In future work, we plan to train an LSTM (long short-term memory) based neural network model to realize the proposed system.

The biology of reactivity in human relationships: a conversation with Victoria Harrison

AbstractThe concept of differentiation of self and its relationship to the natural capacity of humans and other social animals to adapt underpins clinician and researcher Victoria Harrison's long‐term investigation of the biology of reactivity in relationships. Victoria's early research related to infertility and reproduction demonstrated how reactivity in at least three prior generations can contribute to chronic conditions, such as endometriosis, that are less amenable to intervention. Her most recent project, the ‘Observations of Change in Physiology and Family’ research, highlights how work on differentiation of self improves functional outcomes in physical and mental health for the family. While an individual may not experience the ‘calm mind’ that is often the goal of conventional therapeutic intervention, a significant reduction in symptoms and an improvement in overall functioning and relatedness are outcomes. This occurred when participants focused on increasing person‐to‐person contact with extended family members, reducing their emotional reactivity to significant others in the important triangles of their life and family and maintaining intellectual activity, often described as curiosity, even while reacting.

Body mass assessment of male soldiers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

Body weight control of male soldiers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is not only about ensuring their somatic (physical) health. It is also the choice of proper nutrition, neat appearance, successful passing physical training tests, high work capacity and timely performance of military duties. Moreover, it is also the presence of special criteria – norms (standards), the development of which has unreasonably little attention in the past in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, but in the current conditions they are extremely relevant. Excessive body weight, and especially obesity, reduces a person’s work capacity, complicates intellectual and physical activity, causes disability, premature aging and shortened life expectancy. Body weight standards should be universal enough to take into account as much as possible departmental interests, in particular the military, and to cover individual characteristics of human development, such as height, age, and body constitution. The purpose of the study is to improve body weight assessment system of male servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with different height, age and body constitution. Methods of the study are as following: theoretical analysis and generalization; extrapolation; method of least squares; regression analysis. Material: according to the authors’ formula of optimal body weight for men of different height, age and different body constitution, the limits of body weight norms for nine age groups were obtained in accordance with the requirements of physical training standards. Results: a table of minimum and maximum body weight for servicemen of different heights depending on the age group was developed. A methodology for assessing the body weight of military personnel, taking into account their body constitution, has been developed. Conclusions. To estimate the body weight of male servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, a table has been developed within the height range from 1.50 to 2.06 m in nine age groups from 18 to 60 years and older for soldiers with different body constitutions. In the case when body weight of male servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine exceeds the table requirements, it is necessary to obtain the percentage of its deviation from the optimal body weight for men of different height, age and different body constitution, which is calculated according to the formula: Optimal body weight for men = (4.7619 × wrist circumference – 90.4762) × (0/08135×age+21.6916) × L2 / 100+(0.08135 × age + 21.6916) × L2 . If the body weight differs from the optimal body weight for men by no more than ±10%, then it meets the requirements of the norm.

General characteristics of technologies, innovations in intellectual property law

In this work, we consider technologies, innovations and intellectual property rights. In the context of modern development of all spheres of human life, the concepts of «technology», «innovation» and «innovative technologies» are an integral aspect of the present. They play an important and key role in the competitiveness of not only individual enterprises and organizations, but also in law and economics in general, since innovative technologies are the basis for the positive development of society and the legal relations that arise in this regard, including legal relations in the field of intellectual property rights. Intellectual property is the result of intellectual and creative activity, which is formalized and grants the author or a person who is granted the right of ownership of the result by law, which is acquired, exercised and protected in accordance with the established procedure, rules and legally defined norms. It is the objects of intellectual property rights that are in clear interaction with technology and innovation. Detailed attention is paid to the essence and content of innovations and technologies in the field of intellectual activity, in particular in the production and change of characteristics of the relevant objects of intellectual property rights. The author focuses on the conceptual apparatus of such concepts as «innovation», «technology», «intellectual property», «intellectual property rights», and technology transfer. The modern national and foreign literature is analyzed with a view to defining the basic concepts of the study and their legislative consolidation. The author analyzes the features of technology transfer, in particular, it is established that innovative technologies are endowed with novelty, revolutionary nature, irreplaceability, uniqueness, and inevitability. The author establishes the interconnectedness of the content of «innovations» and «technologies» in relation to intellectual property rights, namely, directly to intellectual property objects, which are manifested by applying know-how or an invention to a specific result of intellectual activity in the production process.

The Influence of Physical Education Lessons in the Practical Preparation of Students for Obtaining the Driving Licence

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of physical education lessons in the practical preparation of students for obtaining a driving license. In this respect, the exercises used in physical education lessons, systematized and appropriately dosed, help to educate ambition, courage, distributive attention, calmness, tolerance, perseverance, fast thinking, capacity for anticipation, etc. To achieve the purpose of this paper, two questionnaires were developed. The first questionnaire, with 5 questions, was addressed to a number of 50 driving instructors. For the quantification of the answers, they had to refer to a number of 10 students and answer numerically the answer variants of the question, so that the total sum of the answers to be 10. The second questionnaire, with 4 questions, was addressed to students participating in physical education lessons. For all questions, the answers given had to include all answer variants, percentagewise, so that the total sum of the answers to a question to be 100%. The questionnaire was distributed to 50 students who attended the driving school. After analysing the highest percentages obtained from the students’ answers, it was found that the low results in the practical test for obtaining the driving license are due to poor motor coordination, due to the fact that students are not able to think fast and to find solutions in situations that arise and finally they are not able to cope with the traffic congestion, especially when there are drivers who do not follow the traffic rules. The analysis of the answers given by the driving instructors to the questions led to the conclusion that students are very rushed and do not have patience to listen to the whole explanation given by the instructor, they have poor distributive attention and poor coordination of motor and intellectual activities. Keywords: practical abilities, skills, distributive attention, physical education, driving license, practical preparation

Green perspective on intellectual capital, corporate social responsibility, and competitive advantage: The role of firm performance

Green economy issues can occur both in the external and internal environment of business entities in terms of intellectual capital activities, social responsibility, and competitive advantage. This study aims to examine the relationship between intellectual capital, corporate social responsibility, firm performance, and competitive advantage through the mediating role of firm performance from a green perspective. Data were collected from annual reports accessed through the official Stock Exchange websites in each respective research country. The number of samples used is 60 sample data from pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Data analysis is carried out using multiple linear regression, path analysis, and Sobel test. This study shows that green intellectual capital, corporate social responsibility, and firm performance have a significant effect on green competitive advantage. Green intellectual capital and green corporate social responsibility have a significant effect on firm performance. Regarding mediating relationships, the results showed green intellectual capital and corporate social responsibility can increase green competitive advantage through firm performance. This shows that a company manager should pay attention to improving intellectual capital capability and corporate social responsibility because they have been proven to improve firm performance and competitive advantage in the context of green economy issues.

Associations of eHealth Literacy with Social Activity among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Older adults who use digital technology are desired to adapt to digitalization and literacy. One required aspect is eHealth literacy, measured with the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS). Many studies on eHealth literacy have used the eHEALS to examine the health behaviors of college students, relatively younger adults, and Internet users. However, the relevance of eHealth literacy to social activity has not yet been studied in older adults. The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between eHealth literacy and health behaviors and social activities (community, cultural, and sports activities) and to investigate the factors associated with eHEALS scores among community-dwelling older adults. The mean eHEALS score was 12.4 points (SD 8.2), with the majority (73.3%) having the lowest score (the lowest score is 8 points). Males (17.6, SD 10.5) scored significantly higher than females (11.8, SD 7.7). The eHEALS score had a significant relationship with both cultural and community activity. Five factors significantly associated with having the lowest eHEALS score were cultural activity at least once a week, no cultural activity, no community activity, total IADL score, and intellectual activity. These results suggest that eHealth literacy is associated with community activity and cultural activity among older adults.

Создание культурно-переводческого продукта для международной коммуникации

International communication is conditioned by modern features of social and cultural context of different regional cultures in the world. The focus of the study is to apply a culture-oriented approach to translation in order for international translators to create their own cultural and translation product for effective English-language communication. The relevance of the paper is due to the need to create on a cultural basis an advanced method of designing a cultural and translation product for the adequate transfer of linguocultural units meaning, consideration of translation text hermeneutics for international communication. The research aims at describing the technology of cultural translation to create a cultural and translation product. The paper presents a three-stage system of work on its creation, features of culture-oriented translation in international communication. The research materials are the results of the Interpreters’ Club translation and research activities at the Faculty of International Relations of the Belarusian State University. Research methods are culture-oriented and organizational-activity approaches to analyze translation activities. The author presents the main results of the research in the form of the developed three stages method. She draws conclusions on the meaningful conduct of intellectual translation activities and outlines the need for special training for translators and interpreters to create their own cultural and translation product for efficient professional international communication

Examining of Marketing Research: Methodology, Criteria, Tool

The purpose of the study was to develop a methodology and appropriate tools for conducting an examination of the quality of marketing research. When carrying out the research, methods of traditional analysis of scientific literature and existing expert practice of the results of intellectual activity, comparison, generalization, description, formalization were used. The object of the study was reports on marketing research, the subject was the quality of their preparation. Based on a generalization of the definitions of the concept of “marketing research” and an analysis of the requirements for marketing information, the author formulated a definition of the concept of “quality of marketing research”. The article defines a list of evaluation criteria for conducting an examination of the quality of marketing research. In accordance with each of the criteria, a set of questions has been formed, the answers to which must be given by specialists when conducting an examination of the quality of marketing research. An algorithm for conducting an examination is presented, methods are defined and tools for its implementation are developed. The author also demonstrated the practical use of the tools he developed for conducting an examination of the quality of marketing research. In conclusion, the article formulates conclusions about the need for further study of the problem of examination of the results of intellectual activity, including marketing research, improvement of methodological tools, and the formation of a unified approach to resolving certain problems within the framework of expert practice of assessing the quality of preparation of marketing research. The results of the study may be useful to specialists acting as experts on the results of intellectual activity, including marketing research, government and non-government expert organizations, and forensic experts.

State Support for Commercialization of Intellectual Activity Results in Socially Significant Industries

The pharmaceutical industry is one of the leaders in terms of the intensity of commercialization of the intellectual activity results (IAR). Its development as a socially significant industry is a priority in the state policy of countries with developing economies, in particular, the countries of the Latin American region (LA). A number of economic conditions for the development of commercialization of the IAR in these countries are similar to the Russian economy. Common barriers to development include dependence on imported substances, inefficient interaction between science and business, lack of public and private investment in R&D, and insufficient development of the intellectual property (IP) institution. At the same time, it is possible to identify common growth drivers: the growth potential of the consumer market, unique natural resources, relatively high scientific potential, and the concentration of R&D in research institutes and universities. The similarity of the conditions helps to suggest that it is possible to adapt the best practices of IAR commercialization formed in the LA, to the Russian economy. The research method used in this article include analyzing published legislative and statistical materials on financial institutions of the LA countries in order to identify problems and experience in overcoming them in the field of commercialization of intellectual property. The analysis of state support for imitation, closed and open models of commercialization of IAR used by pharmaceutical companies in developing economies made it possible to identify successful support mechanisms, as well as positive and negative results of the application of each model. On this basis, as the results of the research recommendations for state support for the commercialization in socially significant industries of the Russian economy are suggested.

Registering Ternate City People’s Traditional Knowledge as Property Rights

<p>Traditional knowledge is a subset of intellectual activity that stems from a country's collective ideas, opinions, or discoveries. This research aims to analyze: (1) The municipal government provides legal protection for intellectual property rights in traditional knowledge to increase the welfare of Ternate City inhabitants and (2) the potential for registering intellectual property rights related to traditional knowledge from 2019 to 2023 in Ternate City. The legislation method and the case approach were used in this empirical study. The most feasible way for the Indonesian government to protect traditional knowledge now is to strengthen the database on traditional knowledge. Special regulations are urgently needed that regulate the implementation of licensing procedures for users of Traditional Knowledge. The urgency of this research because It was found that from 2019 to 2023 in Ternate City, no traditional knowledge database yet existed. On this basis, there needs to be tactical steps from the Ternate City Regional Government in encouraging city branding about the utilization of traditional knowledge. The novelty of this research because Ternate has an abundant amount of traditional knowledge from its hundreds of ethnic groups that need to be legally protected but nearly zero traditional knowledge is processed with property rights. This paper is urgent and it contributes to science as it provides knowledge on how to legally protect this valuable knowledge.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>