Basis For Integration Research Articles

The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex represents subjective value across effort-based and risky decision-making

Decisions that require taking effort costs into account are ubiquitous in real life. The neural common currency theory hypothesizes that a particular neural network integrates different costs (e.g., risk) and rewards into a common scale to facilitate value comparison. Although there has been a surge of interest in the computational and neural basis of effort-related value integration, it is still under debate if effort-based decision-making relies on a domain-general valuation network as implicated in the neural common currency theory. Therefore, we comprehensively compared effort-based and risky decision-making using a combination of computational modeling, univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses, and data from two independent studies. We found that effort-based decision-making can be best described by a power discounting model that accounts for both the discounting rate and effort sensitivity. At the neural level, multivariate decoding analyses indicated that the neural patterns of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) represented subjective value across different decision-making tasks including either effort or risk costs, although univariate signals were more diverse. These findings suggest that multivariate dmPFC patterns play a critical role in computing subjective value in a task-independent manner and thus extend the scope of the neural common currency theory.

Multisensory interactions of face and vocal information during perception and memory in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

The ventral frontal lobe is a critical node in the circuit that underlies communication, a multisensory process where sensory features of faces and vocalizations come together. The neural basis of face and vocal integration is a topic of great importance since the integration of multiple sensory signals is essential for the decisions that govern our social interactions. Investigations have shown that the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), a proposed homologue of the human inferior frontal gyrus, is involved in the processing, integration and remembering of audiovisual signals. Single neurons in VLPFC encode and integrate species-specific faces and corresponding vocalizations. During working memory, VLPFC neurons maintain face and vocal information online and exhibit selective activity for face and vocal stimuli. Population analyses indicate that identity, a critical feature of social stimuli, is encoded by VLPFC neurons and dictates the structure of dynamic population activity in the VLPFC during the perception of vocalizations and their corresponding facial expressions. These studies suggest that VLPFC may play a primary role in integrating face and vocal stimuli with contextual information, in order to support decision making during social communication. This article is part of the theme issue 'Decision and control processes in multisensory perception'.

From the Concept of National Security to the Concept of Civilizational Security as the Basis of Eurasian Integration

In the conditions of the global crisis of the modern world order, the nation-state ceases to be a form adequate to the globalizing world, transforming into corporations-states, on the one hand, and into states-civilizations, on the other. This objectively leads to the transformation of the concept of national security into the concept of civilizational security, corresponding to the needs of transforming states and societies in the conditions of active confrontation of competing concepts of the future global world order.Aim. Substantiation of the evolution of the concept of national security into the concept of civilizational security and identification of its essence.Tasks. Identification of objective reasons for the evolution of security concepts, their differences and essence, development of proposals for the formation of the concept of Eurasian civilizational security.Methods. The structural-functional approach, comparative-historical analysis, system analysis, generalization, synthesis were used.Results. In the process of the development of the global crisis of the world order, there is a growing crisis of national states as a form of organization of societies. In parallel with the transformation of the nation-state into a corporation-state and a state-civilization, there is an objective process of formation of a new concept of civilizational security. The main objects of civilizational security are systems of civilizational values and civilizational identities that ensure the very existence of both civilizations and civilizational States.Conclusions. The ess ence of civilizational security is the maintenance and defense by civilization of its identity based on its own system of values, its model of society and the state, its system of historical and spiritual coordinates.

Integration of the Educational Space of the School: Potential and Prospects for Development

The article deals with the problem of updating the educational strategy of the school by integrating additional education into the educational space of the school. The aim of the article is to substantiate the socio-pedagogical conditions of supplementary education integration into the educational space of the school. The research methodology is based on the system and network approaches. Evidence base served as the results of experimental work on approbation of the program “School of Cosmonautics” to integrate additional education in the educational space of the school, obtained through the methods of analysis, design, comparison, questioning, interviews, implementation of a system of measures, integrated in its content, comprehensive in types, forms and technologies of educational activities. Results of the study. The educational space of the school is considered as a pedagogically organized process, which on the basis of integration includes interested subjects of the educational environment, as well as the result of proactive activities of its internal and external elements, between which there are relations aimed at ensuring the implementation of the subjective position of the schoolchild. Within the integrative model of the educational space of the school there have been worked out educational programs in which individual components of activities could be combined with each other depending on the interests and abilities of students, school traditions, which allowed forming the content of all modules of the educational work program. The educational process was carried out in different environments and situations with the implementation of the principle of joint activities through the creation of socio-pedagogical conditions. As a result, the positive dynamics of the development of educational space, integrating and combining the potential of additional and general education, proved the presence of qualitative changes in the value orientations of schoolchildren. Conclusion. Experimental work has confirmed the effectiveness of additional education as an equal subject of integration processes in the educational space of the school to ensure the creative interaction of all subjects of educational space. The results of approbation of the program of integration of additional education in the educational space of the school confirmed its significance and reproducibility as an experience of expanding the possibilities of external and internal integration.

Analytic auto-differentiable ΛCDM cosmography

I present general analytic expressions for distance calculations (comoving distance, time coordinate, and absorption distance) in the standard ΛCDM cosmology, allowing for the presence of radiation and for non-zero curvature. The solutions utilise the symmetric Carlson basis of elliptic integrals, which can be evaluated with fast numerical algorithms that allow trivial parallelisation on GPUs and automatic differentiation without the need for additional special functions. I introduce a PyTorch-based implementation in the phytorch.cosmology package and briefly examine its accuracy and speed in comparison with numerical integration and other known expressions (for special cases). Finally, I demonstrate an application to high-dimensional Bayesian analysis that utilises automatic differentiation through the distance calculations to efficiently derive posteriors for cosmological parameters from up to 106 mock type Ia supernovæ using variational inference.

난민정책과 공여국 내 난민 ODA 연구

Purpose: What is in-donor refugee costs in ODA, and through what standards and procedures is it used for refugees in donor countries? What are the theoretical and policy implications and issues of in-donor refugee costs in ODA? This article aims to establish the concept and types of “in-donor refugee costs in ODA,” and to find policy implications for South Korea. Originality: As the refugee crisis has recently emerged as a global phenomenon, the international community is making efforts to support economic, social, and institutional development beyond humanitarian aid to refugee-receiving countries. Nevertheless, the refugee system within the donor country is still an unfamiliar concept in Korean society and has not received much attention academically. This situation increases necessity for research about Korea’s in-donor refugee costs in ODA. Methodology: This article attempts a comparative analysis of cases of two countries that have utilized in-donor refugee costs in ODA, and tries to draw implications for Korea’s in-donor refugee costs in ODA policy. Using various governmental reports and data released by international organizations, the authors conduct a comparative case analysis of Canada’s and Italy’s policies of in-donor refugee costs. Result: The result shows that there are common characteristics in the purpose, priority, and budget proportion in Canada’s and Italy’s policies of in-donor refugee costs in ODA. However, it can be claimed that South Korea’s proportion of in-donor refugee costs in ODA out of its total bilateral ODA was quite low; it’s policy has been implemented in a relatively passive manner. Conclusion and Implication: South Korea needs to increase the share of in-donor refugee costs in ODA through budgetary increase, and needs to carry out its policy in a more active manner by providing sufficient budget and establishing favorable environment for offering a basis for social integration.

On power integral bases of certain pure number fields defined by $x^{84}-m$

On power integral bases of certain pure number fields defined by $x^{84}-m$

Forward and Line-Based Cycle Bases for Periodic Timetabling

The optimization of periodic timetables is an indispensable planning task in public transport. Although the periodic event scheduling problem (PESP) provides an elegant mathematical formulation of the periodic timetabling problem that led to many insights for primal heuristics, it is notoriously hard to solve to optimality. One reason is that for the standard mixed-integer linear programming formulations, linear programming relaxations are weak, and the integer variables are of pure technical nature and in general do not correlate with the objective value. While the first problem has been addressed by developing several families of cutting planes, we focus on the second aspect. We discuss integral forward cycle bases as a concept to compute improved dual bounds for PESP instances. To this end, we develop the theory of forward cycle bases on general digraphs. Specifically for the application of timetabling, we devise a generic procedure to construct line-based event-activity networks and give a simple recipe for an integral forward cycle basis on such networks. Finally, we analyze the 16 railway instances of the benchmark library PESPlib, match them to the line-based structure, and use forward cycle bases to compute better dual bounds for 14 out of the 16 instances.

A comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics atlas for the legumes common bean, chickpea, lentil and lupin.

Legumes represent an important component of human and livestock diets; they are rich in macro- and micronutrients such as proteins, dietary fibers and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Whilst several health-promoting and anti-nutritional properties have been associated with grain content, in-depth metabolomics characterization of major legume species remains elusive. In this article, we used both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to assess the metabolic diversity in the five legume species commonly grown in Europe, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), white lupin (Lupinus albus) and pearl lupin (Lupinus mutabilis), at the tissue level. We were able to detect and quantify over 3400 metabolites covering major nutritional and anti-nutritional compounds. Specifically, the metabolomics atlas includes 224 derivatized metabolites, 2283 specialized metabolites and 923 lipids. The data generated here will serve the community as a basis for future integration to metabolomics-assisted crop breeding and facilitate metabolite-based genome-wide association studies to dissect the genetic and biochemical bases of metabolism in legume species.

Actions to consolidate the personnel of the agro-industrial complex in the digital economy

Digital technologies are not only the technological basis for the modernization of agricultural production, but also the basis for continuous self-improvement and expansion of knowledge of employees. The transition to the digital economy requires the majority of economic entities related to the agricultural sector to use modern technologies and equipment in their production. In this regard, a constant increase in the qualifi cations of workers in the agricultural sector is required. Therefore it is necessary to establish a system of continuous training throughout the entire working life. The purpose of the work was to study and analyze a number of actions to consolidate the personnel of the agro–industrial complex in the digital economy. The article considers the problem of securing agricultural personnel under the conditions of digital transformation of the rural economy. The main reasons why specialists do not want to find a job in rural areas are: low wages and unsatisfactory working conditions, lack of comfortable housing, insufficiently developed social infrastructure, etc. During research it has been established that the main measures for securing personnel in agriculture are currently becoming economic, in particular material and moral incentives. In turn of this it makes necessary to create a unifi ed monitoring and prediction system based on taking into account the needs of the economy for employees of a certain professional qualification composition, indicating the required level of training for each profession. The analysis of regional programs and measures for securing specialists, which are currently off ered in scientifi c publications, allowed us to conclude that ensuring the infl ux of specialists and young personnel into agriculture is possible by establishing conditions of rural life, improving on a systematic integrated basis the program of their targeted training in agricultural universities, motivating modern youth to work in rural areas due to the current the lack of prestige of agricultural professions and the status of rural lifestyle in general, etc.

Upconversion 3D printing enhancement via silver sensitization to enable selective metallization

This work presents the synergistic effect of silver (Ag) ions to enhance the crosslinking of 3D printing photopolymers via near-infrared (NIR) to ultraviolet (UV)/visible light upconversion (UC) and allow selective metallization of multi-material parts. By incorporating a commercial micron-sized ytterbium-thulium co-doped sodium yttrium fluoride phosphor (NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+) into a photopolymer resin, a low-cost NIR laser is used to initiate curing exactly at the focal point in the depth of the vat, allowing voxel crosslinking in any point of the space at a depth in the centimeter scale, beyond the traditional layer-by-layer 2D scheme. This allows the printing with the presented resin on pre-existing printed parts, which is the basis for multi-material integration in 3D printing, beyond the 2D limitation. The addition of Ag(I) ions in the photopolymer enables improved photo-curing at 10-fold faster speeds, after printing through 10 mm of resin. In our approach, after the 3D printing process, the Ag(I) ions embedded into the photopolymer serve as seeding sites for electroless copper (Cu) plating, which allows the integration of metalized parts on different substrates, such as glass and 3D printed polymer. Finally, selective copper plating has enabled the manufacture of objects with metal (copper) and plastic (acrylic) surfaces.

2D Green’s function of orthotropic two-coating-substrate under a normal line force

The study of multi-layer coating structure is an important problem in the fields of machinery and materials. In this paper, a two-dimensional theoretical solution of the orthotropic double-coated substrate structure under the normal line force of the free surface is derived. The method in this paper is mainly aimed at orthotropic materials and falls within the scope of linear elasticity. Based on the general solution of two-dimensional orthotropic materials, the harmonic functions with undetermined constants corresponding to each region are constructed. With the equilibrium conditions, surface boundary conditions and interface continuity conditions, the full-field analytical solution (Green’s function) expressed in elementary functions is determined with the method of mirror images, which is valuable to solve the full field analytical expression of layered structures for the linear elasticity problem. Compared with the existing theories, the effectiveness and accuracy of the method are verified. In the future, Green’s function of the paper is the basis for the numerical integration of distributed loads, which can be used as the code basis for the development of special software to study ultra-precision coatings.

Обеспечение устойчивого развития хозяйств населения для интеграции в продуктовые подкомплексы АПК

The article reveals the results of research on the farms of the population of Russia for 2016-2022. Based on the analysis of the number of private farms, agricultural production indices, the dynamics of acreage, gross yields and yields of major food crops (potatoes, vegetables) and livestock products (production and sale of livestock and poultry, milk and eggs), the share of household production in the structure of agricultural production in the agro-industrial complex is determined, which indicates the importance of households of the population in improving the socio-economic situation in rural areas and ensuring food security. The trends of instability of households of the population due to a weak material and technical base are revealed, which leads to a reduction in acreage, gross potato and vegetable harvests, and a decrease in the production of livestock products. 
 The proposals for achieving sustainable development of households on the basis of state support and integration with economic entities of food subcomplexes of the agro-industrial complex, which will ensure an increase in the efficiency of production of agricultural products and access to sales markets, are substantiated.

The European Dimension of the Constitution of the Czech Republic

Constitutional Act No. 395/2001 Coll., an amendment to the Constitution of the Czech Republic, led not only to constitutional confirmation of the relationship between Czech law and international law, but also to the possibility of the transposition of certain powers of constitutional bodies to an international organization or institution, which created a sufficient constitutional basis for European integration and the legal foundation on which it was possible to implement the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union.

Formation of the First “Qari” Schools in Islam

In the history of Islam, the “qari” schools have played a big role in studying the Quran, understanding it correctly, receiving huqms from it and bringing the contents of the Quran to other regions. The Qari are the integral basis of the teachings of the Quran, methodological techniques and rules of reading and memorization. Qari, who own the Quran, are revered as carriers of high culture, increasing knowledge and cognition of the Quran. After all, in the Islamic world, knowledge, the teaching of the Quran, which became the beginning of science, enlightens a person’s mind, improves his behavior, calms his heart and elevates his spirit. On the basis of Islamic knowledge, it is relevant to study the history of the formation and development of moral schools, characterized by a number of different spheres of knowledge, upbringing and education, endowing with deep spiritual qualities. Because respect for caricature, for knowledge in Islam as a whole (the first verse of the Quran received was “read”) pushed scientists to study the social, biological and spiritual aspects of a person and led to the desire to form a humanistically mature personality - a “perfect person”. It is natural that the technology of implementing humanistic education in combination with the rhythm of human development is always in the process of being studied.

On the monogenity of pure quartic relative extensions of {{mathbb {Q}}}(i)

We consider pure quartic relative extensions of the number field {{mathbb {Q}}}(i) of type K={{mathbb {Q}}}(root 4 of {a+bi}), where a,bin {{mathbb {Z}}} and bne 0, such that a+biin {{mathbb {Z}}}[i] is square-free. We describe integral bases of these fields. The index form equation is reduced to a relative cubic Thue equation over {{mathbb {Q}}}(i) and some corresponding quadratic form equations. We consider monogenity of K and relative monogenity of K over {{mathbb {Q}}}(i). We shall show how our former method based on the factors of the index form can be used in the relative case to exclude relative monogenity in some cases.

Computation of minimal covariants bases for 2D coupled constitutive laws

We produce minimal integrity bases for both isotropic and hemitropic invariant algebras (and more generally covariant algebras) of most common bidimensional constitutive tensors and — possibly coupled — laws, including piezoelectricity law, photoelasticity, Eshelby and elasticity tensors, complex viscoelasticity tensor, Hill elasto-plasticity, and (totally symmetric) fabric tensors up to twelfth-order. The concept of covariant, which extends that of invariant is explained and motivated. It appears to be much more useful for applications. All the tools required to obtain these results are explained in detail and a cleaning algorithm is formulated to achieve minimality in the isotropic case. The invariants and covariants are first expressed in complex forms and then in tensorial forms, thanks to explicit translation formulas which are provided. The proposed approach also applies to any n-uplet of bidimensional constitutive tensors.

Legal bases of European interstate integration in the context of interfaith relations

Since ancient times religion has influenced not only the lives of individuals and societies but also world politics and international relations. The confessional factor plays a crucial role in relations between states. Since states often use the confessional environment to realize their geopolitical interests, the aim of this article is to analyze the role and place of state-church relations in the processes of European integration and determine the legal basis for the activity of interfaith organizations. The methodological framework of this article is based on an axiological approach which allows the authors to analyze the influence of religion on the law-making processes and the formation of a system of norms and values of society. The authors apply the dialectic method to examine the "civilization-culture" continuum of law and substantiate its dependence on religion in developing a common vector of European integration processes. The author also used the methods of analysis and synthesis to identify the interaction of legal and religious norms and to characterize the influence of the church on relations in society. In the framework of the study, the comparative legal method was also partially used, which played a key role in determining the influence of religion on the formation of legal norms. The article concludes that the church has become the activating factor for the formation of the axiological dimension of European integration.

The method of manipulability control of a robot

The paper presents the results of a numerical experiment that demonstrates the effectiveness of a control algo-rithm that maintains a sufficiently high numerical value of the robot's manipulability function , which ensures «remoteness» from a singular configuration. The problem of approaching the end effector of the space manipula-tor Canadarm2, which has seven degrees of freedom (one redundant generalized coordinate), with an object mov-ing along a known trajectory, is considered. To the six parameters that determine the position and orientation of the gripper in absolute space, a «kinematic» function , depending on the relative rotation angles of the links, has been added. In this case, the kinematics equations became closed with respect to the rotation angles. The control law includes a condition for maintaining a certain numerical value that exceeds the minimum allowable value. Illustrations in the form of three-dimensional animation obtained on the basis of numerical integration of the equa-tions of controlled motion of the manipulator and the object were built using the Mathematica computer algebra system.

Ocular following Eye Movements in Marmosets Follow Complex Motion Trajectories.

Ocular following eye movements help stabilize images on the retina and offer a window to study motion interpretation by visual circuits. We use these ocular following eye movements to study motion integration behavior in the marmosets. We characterize ocular following responses in the marmosets using different moving stimuli such as dot patterns, gratings, and plaids. Marmosets track motion along different directions and exhibit spatial frequency and speed sensitivity, which closely matches the sensitivity reported in neurons from their motion-selective area MT. Marmosets are also able to track the integrated motion of plaids, with tracking direction consistent with an intersection of constraints model of motion integration. Marmoset ocular following responses are similar to responses in macaques and humans with certain species-specific differences in peak sensitivities. Such motion-sensitive eye movement behavior in combination with direct access to cortical circuitry makes the marmoset model well suited to study the neural basis of motion integration.