Integration Of Wind Power Plants Research Articles

Fuzzy Logic Controller-Based STATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation in a Grid-Connected Wind Power Plant

Wind energy is one of the most prevalent renewable sources nowadays, which has been projected to play an immense role in realizing the clean energy transition. This paper dives into one of the critical challenges in the grid integration of wind power plants, which is reactive power compensation. The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is commonly used to inject/absorb reactive power in wind power plants where the device is controlled with the traditional proportional-integral (PI) controller. This article investigates the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in managing the STATCOM to compensate and regulate the reactive power in a 9 MW grid-connected wind power plant. Due to its faster and malleable response, the FLC allows for greater flexibility in controlling the STATCOM. According to the findings, the voltage profile at the point of common coupling (PCC) is improved considerably in the case of the FLC compared to the PI controller, demonstrating the efficacy of the employed strategy. MATLAB-Simulink has been used to model and analyze the proposed system. We achieved a 6 percent improvement in voltage regulation when FLC was utilized instead of PI controllers. DUJASE Vol. 8 (1) 62-70, 2023 (January)

Jellyfish search algorithm for economic load dispatch under the considerations of prohibited operation zones, load demand variations, and renewable energy sources

<span lang="EN-US">This paper suggests a modified version of the former economic load dispatch (MELD) problem with the integration of wind power plant (WPP) and solar power plants (SPP) into thermal units (TUs). The target of the whole study is to cut the total producing electricity cost (TPEC) as much as possible. Three meta-heuristic algorithms, including particle swarm optimization (PSO), jellyfish search (JS) and salp swarm algorithm (SSA), are applied to solve the MELD. The real performance of these optimization tools is tested on the first system with six thermal units considering prohibited zones, and the second system with the combination of the first system and one solar, and two WPPs. In addition, the variation of load demand in 24 hours per day is also taken into account in the second system. JS is proved to be the most effective method for dealing with MELD. Furthermore, JS can also reach lower or the same TPEC as other previous algorithms. Hence, JS is a recommended to be a strong computing method for dealing with the MELD problem. </span>

Enhancing Wind Power Plant Integration Using a T-NPC Converter with DR-HVDC Transmission Systems

This paper introduces an innovative control technique tailored for the seamless integration of wind power plants (WPP) into onshore grids. Our approach utilizes Diode-Rectifier-based High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) system and incorporates a T-type Neutral Point Clamped (T-NPC) converter on the HVDC back, providing solutions for current challenges in wind power integration. While the use of Diode Rectifier (DR) as the Offshore converter for HVDC transmission has proven advantageous in terms of cost and loss reduction, it also introduces new challenges, such as maintaining AC grid voltage and frequency on the Offshore side and achieving the synchronization of the wind energy conversion system (WECS). This paper proposes a comprehensive control strategy to adresse these challenges by developing frequency and AC voltage control loops, ensuring the synchronization of WECS with the DR AC side. A notable distinctive feature of our proposed technique is to ensure the regulation of the DC voltage of the HVDC cable, accomplished through the onshore inverter. This crucial aspect ensures stable and efficient power transmission from wind power plants to the onshore grid.

Techno-economic Analysis of New Wind Power Plant Development in Southern Sulawesi Electrical Power System

Global warming due to carbon emissions has resulted in climate change, which negatively impacts the lives of living things. On the other hand, electricity demand is increasing every year due to the increasing human population, economic growth and equipment electrification. At the moment, most of the electricity generation in Indonesia uses fossil energy power plants which produce carbon emissions. PT. PLN (Persero) is a State-Owned Enterprise tasked with managing the electricity system in Indonesia. PT. PLN (Persero) through the General Plan for Electricity Supply (RUPTL) for 2021-2030 is targeting the construction of New and Renewable Energy Power Plants. One of possible plan is the Wind Power Plant (WPP) construction in the Southern Sulawesi electrical power system. The use of WPP is expected to reduce carbon emissions. However, the integration of WPP causes other problems in the existing system such as dropped voltage, increased equipment loading, increased short circuit current and decreased stability. So, it is necessary to conduct a study on the effects of integrating WPP into the existing system. Using DIgSILENT Power Factory software, Load Flow, Short Circuit and Transient Stability simulations were carried out. Then an economic analysis was carried out including calculating net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI), payback period (PBP) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE. The use of WPP at a certain capacity will not disrupt the stability of the system's power because it is still supported by the fast response generators in the system during variable WPP output. Also voltage drop, equipment loading and short circuit current will not exceed the design value of the system. From financial aspect, with certain assumptions, WPP development can be proven to be economically feasible.

Analysis of the main approaches, methods of selection and justification of the parameters and modes of wind power plant for integration into the work of the electric power transmission

One of the priority directions for the development of the electric power industry in Ukraine is the development and use of alternative and renewable energy sources, which leads to a reduction in dependence on the import of electricity. A large part of Ukraine's territory is characterized by favorable conditions for generating electricity using modern wind power plants.
 The article discusses the integration of wind power plants without considering other renewable energy sources. Compared to other sources of renewable energy, the operation of wind power plants has a random nature of electricity production, as the generated power can significantly vary during a day. This requires to take into account certain requirements for power systems during the integration and co-operation with wind power plants. Therefore, in the paper, wind power plants are considered separately from other sources of renewable energy, as they have their own peculiarities and can affect the operation of power systems.
 Integration of a significant amount of renewable energy sources, including wind power plants, into power systems requires solving various tasks related to the characteristics and functionality of such plants, as well as the structure of the generating sources of power systems. Among these tasks, it is necessary to ensure the necessary reserve capacity to timely compensate for changes during electricity generation, maintain the reliability of power system operation, and take measures to compensate for possible reduction in the quality of electrical energy. In fact, the processes of changing the power generated by wind power plants occur quite rapidly, especially in case of sudden deterioration of weather conditions, which is a fairly common phenomenon.
 The methods of selection and justification of parameters and operating modes of wind energy installations for integration into electric power systems have been analyzed. Various approaches to the selection of wind energy installations parameters and modes are described in the work, focusing on methods that ensure system reliability or adequacy of generation.
 Methods for selecting and justifying parameters and modes of wind power plants for integration into operation of power systems based on power and energy balance have been formulated. Key indicators that consider electricity demand conformity are defined in the work, along with approaches to balancing energy production and consumption.
 An evaluation of the effectiveness of wind power plants in different integration modes into power systems operation has been performed, taking into account economic aspects. The impact of different modes on the rational use of generated energy, particularly in cases of insufficient and excess generation, is examined, and economic indicators associated with these modes are considered.
 An analysis of the exact match mode (zero imbalance) of wind power plants in the context of integration into operation of PSs has been conducted. The utilization of storage and auxiliary maneuvering capacities' effects on the duration of the exact match mode and the level of zero imbalance are determined.

Smart Urban Wind Power Forecasting: Integrating Weibull Distribution, Recurrent Neural Networks, and Numerical Weather Prediction

The design, operational planning, and integration of wind power plants with other renewables and the grid face challenges attributed to the intermittent nature of wind power generation. Addressing this issue necessitates the development of a smart wind power (and in particular wind speed) forecasting approach. This is a complex task due to substantial fluctuations in wind speed. To overcome the inherent stochastic nature of wind speed and mitigate related challenges, traditionally, numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are employed for wind speed forecasting. However, the applicability of NWP models is limited to short-term forecasting due to their computational constraints. In this study, a hybrid AI-based approach is proposed to improve forecast accuracy over a 48 h horizon for the city of Montreal. The results demonstrate that by integrating the probability distribution of wind speed with a deep learning model, the forecasted values align closely with the observed values in terms of seasonality and trend, exhibiting enhanced accuracy. Evaluation metrics reveal a substantial reduction in the root mean squared error (13–31%) across three prediction horizons (summer, fall, and winter) compared to a single long, short-term memory model. Furthermore, integrating the improved model with the numerical weather prediction model yields increased accuracy and decreased error compared to the LSTM–Weibull model.

Modeling and Simulation of a Large-Scale Wind Power Plant Considering Grid Code Requirements

The load demand to a power grid, as well as the interest in clean and low-cost energy resources, has led to the high integration of wind power plants into power system grids. There are grid code standards that are set for the design and integration of these wind power plants. These codes often look at the design operation of the wind power plant in islanded mode, where possible analysis of the most sensitive power system quantities such as voltage, frequency, reactive power, etc. is carried out. Therefore, in this study, attention was paid to the application of these codes to keep the design and integration of wind power plants well standardized as much as possible. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the literature and theory about the design of wind turbine generators and model and simulate a large-scale wind power plant. The modeling was successfully carried out on RSCAD, and the results obtained show that the wind power plant can be further used for other studies such as voltage stability improvement in power grids.

Low-Voltage Ride Through Enhancement of Both DFIG and SEIG-Based Wind Power Plants by RC-Type Solid-State Fault Current Limiter

The low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) is the main requirement of grid codes for integration of wind power plants (WPPs) to the power system. This paper proposes a RC-type solid state fault current limiter (SSFCL) to enhance the LVRT requirement of WPPs. It is based on the RL-type SSFCL in which its configuration is changed to satisfy the LVRT requirements. To evaluate the proposed RC-type SSFCL performance, extended time domain simulations are executed in PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. Also, the performance of the RC-type and RL-type SSFCLs are compared under both symmetrical and asymmetrical fault conditions to show the efficiency of the proposed RC-type SSFCL. Both doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and self-excited induction generator (SEIG) are used to examine the RC-type SSFCL performance. Based on simulation results, the RC-type SSFCL provides an effective hardware scheme to augment the LVRT requirements of both DFIG and SEIG based WPPs and outperforms the RL-type SSFCL.

Voltage stability analysis of wind power plant integration into transmission network of Nepal

Government of Nepal has realized that wind energy could become a major source of alternative energy to solve energy crisis in the country as well as serve the purpose of energy mix. Various studies have identified several locations with potential for wind power generation in Nepal. The integration of wind power plant to the national grid, however, raises concerns regarding the power system stability. The voltage stability of the grid is a key issue, the effect on which increases with the increase in wind power penetration in the grid. This study performs voltage stability analysis due to high penetration of wind power in Integrated Nepalese Power System (INPS). Both steady state and dynamic stability study is performed using the power system simulation software DigSILENT/PowerFactory for different types of wind turbine generators.

Maximum wind speed forecasting using historical data and artificial neural networks modeling

Estimation of the wind speed makes a very important contribution to the seamless integration of wind power plants into the grid. In this way, the maximum amount of electricity can be generated by estimating the amount of energy that can be generated from wind energy. The measurements of the wind speed in the region, where the plant is plant to be established, made before the installation of the wind power plants (WPP), takes between 6 and 18 months. In this study, it was investigated what could be done to make a foresight and estimation about the wind speed in the future for the selected region. In order to accurately determine the wind speed, it was tried to be estimated by using artificial neural networks (ANN) included in the MATLAB package program. In this study, 365 data belonging to the previous years of the region to be studied were provided and used to train the ANN of the planned study. In practice, the parameters of temperature, humidity and pressure, which are among the factors affecting wind speed, were taken into consideration. An R value of 91.20% in the training phase, 93.04% in the validation phase and 92.76% in the test phase was obtained. High accuracy values were obtained at all phases and it was shown in this study that ANN can estimate reliably without memorizing.

Statistical Steady-State Stability Analysis for Transmission System Planning for Offshore Wind Power Plant Integration

This paper presents a statistical steady-state stability analysis for transmission system planning studies in order to identify operational issues inherent in the integration of offshore wind power plants. It includes normal and contingency operation. This study considers the integration of a 1000-MW offshore wind power plant into the FirstEnergy/PJM service territory in the U.S. Great Lakes region as a case study and uses a realistic computer model of the U.S. Eastern Interconnection, a 63,000-bus test system. The results show the utility of this statistical analysis tool and its effectiveness in identification of the operational impacts as a result of the integration of offshore wind power plant.

Quantifying robustness of Type 4 wind power plant as reactive power source

The quantification of reactive power reserves can be essential for transmission system operators for the secure operation of large power systems with high share of renewables. Reactive power support from renewable energy sources needs to be included in reactive power reserve estimation. The reactive power capability of variable renewable energy sources like wind power plants depends on active power production. The stochastic nature of wind speed, and thereby active power production, makes reactive power reserve estimation quite complex. This article proposes a novel methodology to estimate reactive power reserve of wind power plants, taking the uncertainties such as the active power fluctuation, the technical availability of wind turbines as well as the on-load tap changer position of wind power plant transformers into account. The methodology incorporates the definition and determination of robustness index for wind power plant as a reactive power source. The proposed methodology is evaluated on a test system, by assessing the impact of the robustness index on long-term voltage stability. The results show that the choice of an appropriate time period for assessment of wind power plant as a reactive power source is critical to have a high degree of confidence in reactive power reserve estimation. Furthermore, the investigation reveals the importance of considering the power fluctuation and availability in the estimation of the reactive power reserve. The presented case study shows that ignoring fluctuation and availability can lead to overestimation of maximum power transfer, resulting in wrong assessment of the power system security. The proposed methodology can be used by the transmission system operators to quantify the reactive power reserve in real-time and allow better integration of wind power plants in voltage stability assessment studies.

WPP Model in Power System Security Assessment

The integration of wind power plants at large scale has an impact on the reliability, the stability and the security of power systems. Recent events such as the blackout of Australia in 2016, a power system with large participation of wind generation, have demonstrated the need for appropriate tools to simulate and assess the impacts of wind energy on the security of power systems. Therefore, this paper proposes the inclusion of wind power plants in the simulation and the analysis of cascading phenomena in the power system, to assess the impact of the high penetration of wind generation in the security assessment of the power system based on the well-known Manchester model. This paper proposes a model of wind power plants based on the scheme of connection to the transmission system in order to determine the response of a wind farm when a disturbance occurs in the power system and to obtain a behavior that resembles a situation real. The proposed methodology is tested in the IEEE RTS-system of 24 nodes, in which the impact on security is evaluated by increasing the participation of wind generation, and it is demonstrated that the security of the energy system is reduced by increasing the participation of this type of technology in the generation dispatch.

Frequency stability and under frequency load shedding of the Southern Sulawesi power system with integration of wind power plants

The Government of Indonesia is encouraging investments in renewable energy based power plants in Indonesia, including wind power plants (WPPs). Two large WPPs in the Southern Sulawesi interconnected power system are Sidrap WPPs and Jeneponto WPPs. Both Sidrap WPP and Jeneponto WPP are the largest WPPs in Indonesia and they account for significant contribution for the Southern Sulawesi power generation mix. Considering the intermittency characteristics of WPPs and system’s failure probability, therefore it is essential to assess the system’s stability after their integration. This work evaluates the frequency stability of the Southern Sulawesi interconnected power system with the integration of both Sidrap WPPs and Jeneponto WPPs.

Analysis of power system inertia estimation in high wind power plant integration scenarios

Nowadays, power system inertia is changing as a consequence of replacing conventional units by renewable energy sources, mainly wind and PV power plants. This fact affects significantly the grid frequency response under power imbalances. As a result, new frequency control strategies for renewable plants are being developed to emulate the behaviour of conventional power plants under such contingencies. These approaches are usually called 'virtual inertia emulation techniques'. In this paper, an analysis of power system inertia estimation from frequency excursions is carried out by considering different inertia estimation methodologies, discussing the applicability and coherence of these methodologies under the new supply-side circumstances. The modelled power system involves conventional units and wind power plants, including wind frequency control strategies in line with current mix generation scenarios. Results show that all methodologies considered provide an accurate result to estimate the equivalent inertia based on rotational generation units directly connected to the grid. However, significant discrepancies are found when frequency control strategies are included in wind power plants decoupled from the grid. In this way, authors consider that it is necessary to define alternative inertia estimation methodologies by including virtual inertia emulation. Extensive discussion and results are also provided in this study.

Optimal location and reactive power injection of wind farms and SVC’s units using voltage indices and PSO

<p class="Default">Nowadays, the use of the wind energy has known an important increase because it is clean and cheap. However, many technical issues could occur due to the integration of wind power plants into power grids. As a result, many countries have published grid code requirements that new installed wind turbines have to satisfy in order to facilitate its intergration to electrical networks. Among those requirements, the wind farms must be able to participate to ancillary services for instance voltage regulation and reactive power control. Nevertheless, in case of small wind farms having not the necessary reactive power capability to contribute to reactive power support, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices could also be used to participate to reactive power support. In this paper, an optimization method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is presented. This method allows getting the optimal location and reactive power injection of both wind power plants (WPP) and synchronous var compensators (SVC) with the objective to improve the voltage profile and to minimize the active power losses. The IEEE 14 bus system and a 20 MW wind farm based doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are used to validate the proposed algorithm. The simulation results are analysed and compared.</p>

Impact of Combined Demand-Response and Wind Power Plant Participation in Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power Systems

An alternative approach for combined frequency control in multi-area power systems with significant wind power plant integration is described and discussed in detail. Demand response is considered as a decentralized and distributed resource by incorporating innovative frequency-sensitive load controllers into certain thermostatically controlled loads. Wind power plants comprising variable speed wind turbines include an auxiliary frequency control loop contributing to increase total system inertia in a combined manner, which further improves the system frequency performance. Results for interconnected power systems show how the proposed control strategy substantially improves frequency stability and decreases peak frequency excursion (nadir) values. The total need for frequency regulation reserves is reduced as well. Moreover, the requirements to exchange power in multi-area scenarios are significantly decreased. Extensive simulations under power imbalance conditions for interconnected power systems are also presented in the paper.

Under Voltage Load Shedding Simulation for Southern Sulawesi Power System with Integration of Wind Power Plants

This paper discusses the simulation of under voltage load Shedding (UVLS) by considering the integration of wind power plants (WPP). The WPPs which will be integrated into the Southern Sulawesi interconnection system owned by PT. PLN (Persero) are located in the Sidrap area of approximately 70 MW using 30 wind turbines, generating 2.5 MW per turbine and in the Jeneponto area of about 62.5 MW capacity with the same number of wind turbines. Different wind conditions may affect the power system causing a major or minor disturbance, either in a release of generation or a transmission line. Based on this issue, this study aims to perform a simulation on areas that have voltage collapse when the WPPs are in the Southern Sulawesi system. The method of dynamic sensitivity presented in this paper. From the simulation and analysis results, it is obtained that load shedding locations in Makale, Palopo and Latuppa can stabilize the system’s voltage but causing the Poso area to be in an over voltage condition.

Transient Stability Analysis for Offshore Wind Power Plant Integration Planning Studies—Part I: Short-Term Faults

Power system planning is the process of forecasting load demand and ensuring sufficient generation and reserve capacities over some planning horizon. This process includes investigation of steady-state and dynamic operations of the power system of interest. This paper addresses the transient stability (also known as large-signal stability) analysis of power systems for offshore wind power plant integration planning studies. In particular, this study develops a comprehensive practical methodology to assess the transient stability of power systems, including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency response for large scale power systems. This methodology considers variability of the offshore wind power plants as well as the type of any faulted system's components present. Additionally, this methodology is applicable to the study of both short-term and long-term faults, though only short-term faults are considered here (long-term faults are treated sequentially in a companion paper). This paper considers the integration of offshore wind power plants into existing power systems and demonstrates the utility of this methodology through the examination of the specific case of integrating 1000 MW of offshore wind power into the FirstEnergy/PJM service territory using a realistic model of 63k-bus test system that represents the U.S. Eastern Interconnection.

Field Validated Generic EMT-Type Model of a Full Converter Wind Turbine Based on a Gearless Externally Excited Synchronous Generator

The integration of wind power plants introduces new dynamics into power systems, forcing reconsiderations of how they are studied, planned, and operated. High quality models are essential to these studies. Manufacturer-specific electromagnetic transient (EMT) wind turbine models are usually available only as black-boxes, which hinders analysis and research. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a generic EMT-type model for a specific type-IV wind turbine system, which is validated against field measurements from a wind turbine of the same type. More precisely, it proposes a wind turbine model based on an externally excited synchronous generator system connected to a full converter composed of a six-pulse diode rectifier, a dc–dc boost stage and a two-level voltage source converter. The required control features and internal protection schemes are considered and described. Two different fault ride-through control strategies, in line with existing grid codes, are implemented. A corresponding EMT-type hybrid model representation is also developed based on newly proposed switched equivalent circuits and average models for the considered hardware, control, and power electronics stages. It allows for the use of larger simulation time steps, hence considerably improving computation times.