Integral Structure Research Articles

New method of evaluating spatial quality for innovation districts: A case study of Haidian and Chaoyang districts, Beijing

Science and technology innovation has become the core driving force of urban development, and innovation spaces as the carriers of innovation activities have evolved continuously, forming the emerging model of innovation districts in recent years. However, the evaluation standard of innovation spaces has not changed with the evolution of the model, and the evaluation method that focuses on economic benefits still dominates the mainstream. As a result, the construction of innovation spaces around these indicators and guidelines lags behind the advanced level.In this paper, we have systematically sorted out the relevant research progress of innovation districts, established a set of cases with global typicality, combined the dual attributes of “innovation characteristics + urban characteristics,” constructed a research framework for the spatial quality of innovation districts based on the dual perspectives of “innovation space,” and summarized the spatial quality evaluation model through analysis. We do an empirical study on Haidian District to find out how well innovation districts work in terms of space, find typical clusters, and come up with the most important aspects of their space quality. In order to observe the applicability of this method, it is also applied to the urban health check-up in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Through the expert seminar, the evaluation and analysis method of spatial quality of innovative urban areas is further verified and discussed. The results show that the integration of innovative urban areas and urban structures, and the collaborative development of innovative industries and high-quality spaces are the keys to promote the common development of innovative economy and cities. The new evaluation method can effectively measure the quality of innovation spaces, and has certain transferability.

Looking into the Future: the Spread and Realization of Guerrilla Warfare Tactics in Lithuania in 1944–1953

The post-war guerrilla warfare in Lithuania was nothing new since the traditions of the guerrilla movement dated back to the 1919–1923 battles for independence and confrontations with Polish forces in the neutral territory. In the interwar period, the Lithuanian military authorities did not discard guerrilla warfare tactics, and this form of warfare was essentially legitimised by the Hague Convention on Warfare of 1907. In 1935, upon the militarisation of the Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union and its integration in the regular army structures, the training of riflemen for the eventual occupation of the country’s territory by the enemy was rather intensive. The ideas of partisan warfare were promoted by means of the periodical Trimitas (The Trumpet) and incorporated in the documents of the General Staff, which provided for the action of partisans in small units on well-known territory by using light armament and setting the objective of continuous assaults on the enemy, thereby demoralising him. In 1940, following the Soviet occupation and liquidation of the Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union, the structure, after its development for two decades, remained, and the personal contacts of riflemen were quite intensive. A network of riflemen units, the locally operating unit serving as the main tactical and administrative entity of the union, covered the entire territory of Lithuania and was a suitable basis for the organisation of post-war guerrilla warfare, while the former riflemen and officers acted as organisers and leaders of the resistance movement. The above facts allow us to conclude that the guerrilla warfare waged against the Soviet forces of repressions and military units in Lithuania in 1944 to 1953 was influenced by pre-war Lithuanian military plans, while the warfare itself was a legitimate defence of the nation’s sovereignty with respect to international military law and should be regarded as pre-planned resistance to eventual occupation.

InterPro: the protein sequence classification resource in 2025.

InterPro (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro) is a freely accessible resource for the classification of protein sequences into families. It integrates predictive models, known as signatures, from multiple member databases to classify sequences into families and predict the presence of domains and significant sites. The InterPro database provides annotations for over 200 million sequences, ensuring extensive coverage of UniProtKB, the standard repository of protein sequences, and includes mappings to several other major resources, such as Gene Ontology (GO), Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe) and the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database. In this publication, we report on the status of InterPro (version 101.0), detailing new developments in the database, associated web interface and software. Notable updates include the increased integration of structures predicted by AlphaFold and the enhanced description of protein families using artificial intelligence. Over the past two years, more than 5000 new InterPro entries have been created. The InterPro website now offers access to 85000 protein families and domainsfrom its member databases and serves as a long-term archive for retired databases. InterPro data, software and tools are freely available.

Adaptive Multi-layer Attention Double Dueling Deep Q-Network for Muti-agent Reinforcement Learning

Abstract. In multi-agent fields, traditional muti-agent DQN methods often suffer from overestimation bias and overestimation of unimportant actions, especially when state-action Q-value differences are slight. To deal with such issue, we present an adaptive Multi-layer Attention Double Dueling Deep Q-Network (MAD-D3QN) model, aiming to improve decision-making accuracy in complex multi-agent environments. The proposed model utilizes two attention layers that dynamically calculate state value and action advantage weights, facilitating more precise Q-value estimation and reducing the common overestimation bias. Related experiments carried out in StarWar II scenarios show that the MAD-D3QN model obviously outperforms traditional methods (IQL,DQN), achieving higher decision efficiency and robustness. Our findings demonstrates that the MAD-D3QN framework not only promotes the state-of-the-art in multi-agent reinforcement learning but also provides potential applications in real-world cooperative tasks. Future research will delve into the integration of advanced multi-agent communication structures to further enhance model adaptability.

AI-Driven Personalization in Financial Services: Enhancing Customer Experience and Operational Efficiency

This article explores how emerging technologies are influencing personalization in the financial services sector. Personalized services enhance customer experience and promote financial inclusion. By leveraging big data and AI, financial institutions can collect and analyze customer data to offer tailored services. AI-driven analytics provide real-time insights for financial modeling, risk management, and automation. The integration of machine learning structures in financial services to meet individual customer needs, ensuring product customization. Emerging technologies promise greater accuracy and personalization, driving better financial outcomes within the industry. This technological advancement is crucial for the modern financial landscape, enhancing performance and customer satisfaction.

Mechanical enhancement of porous scaffolds through integration of auxetic and conventional structures

Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the fabrication of various porous structures using diverse biomaterials for preclinical and clinical applications. However, hybrid structures combining conventional and auxetic structures have been seldom explored, despite their immense potential for biomedical applications. This study aims to design various hybrid auxetic and conventional structures and demonstrate their mechanical properties using porous composite polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) biomaterials. Our findings reveal that newly suggested structures can enhance Young’s modulus, yield stress, and energy absorption by up to 98.64%, 99.27%, and 98.61%, respectively, compared to the conventional structures. Moreover, all fabricated scaffolds exhibit porosity exceeding 90%, ensuring their suitability for tissue engineering applications.

Focal volume optics for composite structuring in transparent solids

Abstract Achieving high-level integration of composite micro-nano structures with different structural characteristics through a minimalist and universal process has long been the goal pursued by advanced manufacturing research but is rarely explored due to the absence of instructive mechanisms. Here, we revealed a controllable ultrafast laser-induced focal volume light field and experimentally succeeded in highly efficient one-step composite structuring in multiple transparent solids. A pair of spatially coupled twin periodic structures reflecting light distribution in the focal volume are simultaneously created and independently tuned by engineering ultrafast laser-matter interaction. We demonstrated that the generated composite micro-nano structures are applicable to multi-dimensional information integration, nonlinear diffractive elements, and multi-functional optical modulation. This work presents the experimental verification of highly universal all-optical fabrication of composite micro-nano structures with independent controllability in multiple degrees of freedom, expands the current cognition of ultrafast laser-based material modification in transparent solids, and establishes a new scientific aspect of strong-field optics, namely, focal volume optics for composite structuring transparent solids.

Advanced piezoelectric fluid energy harvesters by monolithic fluid–structure–piezoelectric coupling: A full-scale finite element model

A full-scale finite element model is presented for monolithic fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations of thin-walled piezoelectric fluid energy harvesters (PFEHs). Unlike widely used beam/plate-based models, our model employs a solid finite element discretization to precisely represent the complex PFEH designs involving microstructured transducers and non-uniform cantilevers. These features, plus the local FSI effects, are often ignored by simplified models. We applied the Galerkin method to formulate the weak form of the mixed equation system, integrating the flow dynamics, the geometrically nonlinear cantilever, the piezoelectric components, the electrode, and the output circuit within a closed-circuit electro-mechanical coupled system. The coupling of the multiple domains is achieved through boundary-fitted discretization within a monolithic scheme, using shifted-Crank–Nicolson temporal integration. This work explored implementing piezoelectric FSI systems within the FEniCS-based TurtleFSI library, and experimented techniques such as employing penalty functions for achieving electrode components with uniform electric potentials. We investigated various advanced PFEH features, including the baseplate design, the arrangement and microstructure of the piezoelectric components, and their influence on the system's dynamic and energy output behavior. The results confirmed the model's key advantages: full-scale modeling allows the integration of complex base structures and transducer microstructures in PFEH design. Combined with monolithic FSI coupling, it offers greater versatility, supporting a wider range of fluid environments and configurations in both wind and hydropower harvesting. Additionally, the modeling strategy can be intended not only to enhance power output, but also to minimize material usage, reduce mechanical fatigue, and extend the operational lifespan of PFEH systems.

Fabrication of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrates in Analytical Science by Natural-inspired Materials: A Review

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, as a novel rapid detection technology, offers molecular fingerprinting capabilities that achieve trace-level detection. The key to optimizing SERS sensitivity and reliability lies in the precise control of the nanostructures of SERS substrates. Nature, through billions of years of evolution, has served as a masterful creator, developing organisms with remarkable abilities based on micro/nanostructures, such as the superhydrophobicity of lotus leaves and the strong adhesive forces of gecko feet. This review categorizes the recent developments in SERS substrates inspired by natural materials into three main types: plant-based, animal-based, and virus-based. Each category is explored in detail, describing how their unique nanoarchitectures inspire the development of highly sensitive SERS substrates, along with their fabrication methods and applications in analytical science. Additionally, the review identifies current challenges, such as the uniformity and scalability of naturally inspired SERS substrates and suggests future directions, including the integration of hybrid biomimetic structures and advanced manufacturing techniques. By fostering a deeper understanding of these nature-inspired materials, we aim to enhance the practical application of SERS in analytical science in the future.

Rapid physiological integration of fused ctenophores

The mechanisms by which organisms recognize the 'self' from the 'non-self' remain poorly understood. Moreover, the capability of transplanted tissue to functionally integrate is unclear in many organisms. Here, we report that two injured Mnemiopsis leidyi individuals, a species of planktonic animals known as comb jellies or ctenophores, are capable of rapidly fusing into a single entity in which some physiological functions are integrated. Our results highlight two interesting phenomena. First, ctenophores may lack an allorecognition mechanism that prevents fusion events between conspecifics. Second, fused individuals rapidly integrate and share physiological functions and neurobehavioral outputs. Ctenophores are among the earliest-branching animal groups of extant metazoans1 and possess a unique nervous system with enigmatic homology to other phyla2. Our observations warrant further research into understanding the evolution of self-nonself recognition systems and the functional integration of neuronal structures in ctenophores.

Dynamic crushing responses of enhanced auxetic re-entrant honeycomb based on additive manufacturing

Recently, auxetic re-entrant honeycombs have gained a significant deal of attention due to their superior mechanical qualities. In this work, a star-enhanced auxetic re-entrant honeycomb (S-ARH) is proposed by combining a star-shaped re-entrant honeycomb (SRH) with an auxetic re-entrant honeycomb (ARH). Experimentally validated finite element models are used to investigate the deformation modes, horizontal shrinkage strains, and stress-response relationships of the S-ARH at various crushing velocities. The deformation modes of S-ARH are essentially identical to the ARH. The integration of star-shaped structures causes S-ARH to form a compact zone earlier but with a lower horizontal shrinkage capacity. Additionally, the plateau crushing stress σp and specific energy absorption of S-ARH are also calculated to illustrate the ability to absorb energy and the resistance to impact. A methodical equation for the dynamic compressive strength is derived based on the collapse mechanism of the S-ARH, and the finite element confirms the applicability of the derived equation. Finally, an evaluation is conducted to examine how various structural parameters influence the dynamic performance of S-ARH.

Impact of internal lattice structures on the weight and natural frequencies of a low pressure turbine blade

Vibration characteristics play a crucial role in the overall performance of Low-pressure (LP) turbine blades and different techniques are developed to enhance vibrational response by increasing natural frequencies. The present analysis aims to develop a new technique based on the investigation of improvement in natural frequencies and mass reduction of a topology-optimized blade design through location-based integration of lattice structures inside the blades. FE models are developed for three different lattice locations based on mode shape behavior obtained through modal analysis of two different nickel-based alloys at stressed and unstressed conditions. The results show that the internal BCC lattice at specific locations showed better vibrational characteristics compared to other incorporated lattice structures, and validates the location-based integration scheme for enhancement of natural frequencies and reduced mass in applied conditions. By this method, 5.7% mass reduction was achieved from an already 35% mass-reduced blade along with enhancement in the first and second natural frequencies by 8.2% and 5.9% respectively when unstressed. At stressed condition, the natural frequencies increased by ≈7.7% and ≈6.6%.

SYNERGY OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND ANTI-CRISIS STRATEGIES IN ENSURING ENTERPRISE STABILITY

The article considers the current problem of ensuring the stability of an enterprise in conditions of economic instability through the synergy of the organizational structure and anti-crisis strategies. The research aims to learn about different approaches to the integration of organizational structures with strategic management, which contribute to increasing the adaptability of an enterprise to external challenges. The main elements of synergy are considered to be, in particular, the mechanisms of implementing anti-crisis measures within the existing organizational structure, which allow for increasing the stability of an enterprise in conditions of market instability. The article draws attention to the fact that effective cooperation of the organizational structure with anti-crisis strategies significantly improves the ability of an enterprise to adapt to changes in the external environment. Based on the data obtained, recommendations are formulated for improving management decisions aimed at increasing the adaptive potential of an enterprise. In particular, the possibilities of optimizing internal processes in order to react faster to changes and minimize risks related to crisis phenomena were analyzed in detail, which ensures the stability and competitiveness of the enterprise. The possibilities of optimizing internal processes in order to react faster to changes in the external environment are considered. Particular attention was paid to the role of leadership in implementing strategic changes. The effectiveness of using the company's resources in crisis conditions was assessed. The role of leadership in implementing strategic changes is considered separately. Leadership in crisis times plays an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of implementing anti-crisis measures, as well as in strengthening the corporate culture, which contributes to increasing the level of trust and cohesion of the team. The article shows that the effective use of the company's resources in crisis conditions is a key factor in ensuring its long-term stability. The conclusions from the work indicate the need to improve the organizational structure of the company in order to ensure its greater integration with anti-crisis strategies, which will allow the company to effectively face external challenges and strengthen its competitive position on the market. Therefore, the presented article contains practical recommendations that may be useful both for business managers and researchers in the field of strategic management and organizational development in conditions of economic instability.

Big administration reforms against Catholic reformist traditions: fusion of state and church mid-level school administrations in early nineteenth-century Prussian Silesia

ABSTRACT In what are often described as modern Western school systems, the supervision of elementary schools generally shifted from the hands of clerical administrators to genuine state officials during the nineteenth century. The Prussian state, like other predominantly Protestant states, relied on clerical personnel and church supervision structures to establish its school supervision administration. Yet, this was also true for the more Catholic parts of the Prussian monarchy, where integration of church structures into state administration caused friction between state and church authorities. Hence, this contribution focuses on appointments of school inspectors in early nineteenth-century Prussian Silesia, when friction arose between the state and the prince-bishop concerning appointment rights. These frictions are reflected in the process of newly introduced mid-level state school administrations taking over episcopal appointment rights, which has been described as a nationalisation or secularisation of Silesian school administration. The article proposes a more nuanced approach to the restructuring of Silesian school administration, driven by consecutive administration reforms resulting in a fusion of church and state administration, rather than a traditional secularisation narrative. It traces the subtle ties between the Prussian state, episcopal administration, and clerical inspection personnel that led to the gradual assertion of state over ecclesiastical structures.

Revealing the fatigue strengthening and damage mechanisms of surface-nanolaminated gradient structure

Extending the fatigue life of metals is a critical concern for maintaining material and component integrity in engineering systems. The integration of gradient structures within materials represents a highly promising approach to enhance the fatigue properties in metallic materials, while a detailed mechanistic understanding of the fatigue damage evolution of such structures is yet to be developed. Here, we report that the surface-nanolaminated gradient structure comprised of nanolaminates and hierarchical twins imparts remarkable resistance to both low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue. A dislocation-based strain gradient crystal plasticity model is developed to investigate the strengthening and damage mechanisms of our gradient structure. The size dependence of the initial dislocation density, its evolution and back stress hardening are taken into account and verified by the experimental data. The simulation results reveal that the strain delocalization and back stress hardening induced by the structure gradient significantly mitigate the fatigue damage accumulation. Additionally, in contrast to conventional gradient structures, the mechanical stability of the present structure enables these strengthening mechanisms to persist until crack initiation. These effects, combined with the sequential toughening mechanisms activated in the surface-nanolaminated gradient structure, ensure a marked life extension under low-cycle fatigue (by a factor of four), outperforming conventional gradient and other microstructural design strategies. Finally, a multiscale anti-fatigue design principal for damage homogenization is given based on the prior quantitative analysis.

A New Paradigm for Semiconductor Manufacturing: Integrated Synthesis, Delivery, and Consumption of Source Chemicals for IC Fabrication

The semiconductor industry is being radically impacted by the placing of greater emphasis on the development of hetero-devices and systems that will act as essential drivers for a wide spectrum of technological applications. The introduction of new materials and their integration with currently used materials are projected to replace integrated circuitry (IC) design and device scaling as the key enablers to the realization of improved device performance and larger density gains. Yet material selection has been constrained by existing fabrication process technology. To date, fabrication processes have dictated material selection by limiting chemical sources or precursors to those that match existing process tools associated with chemically based vapor phase processes and their variants, which in turn limits material compositions in ICs. The processing and integration of new materials compositions and structures will require the introduction of new deposition and etching processes, and manufacturing worthy tool designs and associated protocols that provide new methods for atomic-level control. To this end, a novel manufacturing paradigm is presented comprising a method and system for real-time, closed-loop monitoring and control of synthesis, supply, and consumption of precursors in process intensification techniques including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), atomic layer etching (ALE), and other IC manufacturing processes. This intelligent automated manufacturing approach is consistent with a central component of the semiconductor industry’s recent adoption of Industry 4.0., including vertical integration of IC manufacturing through robotization, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing. Furthermore, the approach eliminates several redundant steps in the synthesis, handling, and disposal of source precursors and their byproducts for CVD, ALD, ALE and other chemically based manufacturing processes, and thus ultimately lowers the manufacturing cost for both conventional and new IC materials. Further, by eliminating the issues associated with precursor thermal, chemical, and pyrophoric instabilities, this new paradigm enables the deposition of a myriad of new thin-film materials and compositions for IC applications that are practically unattainable with existing precursors. Preliminary and planned demonstration examples for the generation and deposition of highly toxic and unstable source precursors are provided.

High-capacity and high-stability capacitive desalination with dual redox-active MnCo2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction electrode

Capacitive deionization (CDI) utilizing dual redox-active electrodes has shown significant promise in desalinating low-concentration brackish waters, which is crucial for addressing global freshwater shortages. However, improvements in salt adsorption capacity and long-term operational stability are still required. In this study, we introduce, for the first time, a binary metal sulfide MnCo2S4/g-C3N4 (MCS-CN) heterojunction as a CDI electrode. The innovative integration of dual redox-active centers and heterojunction structures in the MCS-CN composite electrodes underscores their potential for achieving both high capacity and stability in capacitive desalination applications. The microscopic morphology, crystal structure, pore structure, and surface valence properties of the MCS-CN heterojunction composite materials were extensively characterized using various analytical techniques. In-situ X-ray diffraction, refined ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, three-electrode electrochemical analysis, and theoretical calculations were employed to elucidate the electrosorption and desorption mechanisms of sodium ions with the MCS-CN electrodes and to clarify the enhanced desalination performance of the binary metal sulfide-based heterojunction structure. As a result, the optimal MCS-CN-40 electrode exhibited the highest salt removal capacity of 71.64 mg g−1 and maintained stable desalination performance over 100 cycles in a 500 mg L−1 NaCl solution. This innovative approach provides a noval perspective for developing heterojunction electrodes with high redox activity and efficient desalination performance.

Multimaterial additive manufacturing of poly-L-lactic acid– hydroxylapatite/graphene oxide scaffold fabricated via vat photopolymerization: experimental investigation, analysis and cell study

PurposeThis study aims to design and implement a multimaterial system for printing multifunctional specimens suitable for various sectors, with a particular focus on biomedical applications such as addressing mandibular bone loss.Design/methodology/approachTo enhance both the mechanical and biological properties of scaffolds, an automatic multimaterial setup using vat photopolymerization was developed. This setup features a linear system with two resin vats and one ultrasonic cleaning tank, facilitating the integration of diverse materials and structures to optimize scaffold composition. Such versatility allows for the simultaneous achievement of various characteristics in scaffold design.FindingsThe printed multimaterial scaffolds, featuring 20 Wt.% hydroxylapatite (HA) on the interior and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) with 1 Wt.% graphene oxide (GO) on the exterior, exhibited favorable mechanical and biological properties at the optimum postcuring and heat-treatment time. Using an edited triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structure further enhanced these properties. Various multimaterial specimens were successfully printed and evaluated, showcasing the capability of the setup to ensure functionality, cleanliness and adequate interface bonding. Additionally, a novel Gyroid TPMS scaffold with a nominal porosity of 50% was developed and experimentally validated.Originality/valueThis study demonstrates the successful fabrication of multimaterial components with minimal contaminations and suitable mechanical and biological properties. By combining PLLA-HA and PLLA-GO, this innovative technique holds significant promise for enhancing the effectiveness of regenerative procedures, particularly in the realm of dentistry.

Regional Security, Problems and Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Albania

The new national, regional and global security environment and its trends are expressed in a synthesized way in the National Security Strategy. Our region is increasingly characterized, on the one hand, by overcoming the old mindsets of confrontation between states and the perceptible reduction of traditional threats, by the promotion of a new spirit of cooperation and the values of integration in the collective security structures and on the other hand, it is facing a new nature of challenges, dangers and threats with non-traditional, asymmetric forms and contents, on terrorist, ethnic or other grounds, initiated by nationalist-extremist elements and groups. Receiving the long-awaited invitation to the Bucharest Summit in April 2008, as well as the final moment for NATO accession at the NATO Summit in Stratsburg and Kehl, marks a qualitative stage in the complete process of Albania in the Euro-Atlantic structures. In this new perspective, the security and defense of our country will suffer qualitative effects; from the concept of individual security and protection, it will finally be passed "de jure" to the concept of collective security and protection, accompanied by all the relevant benefits and contributions. Likewise, the new states of Kosovo and Montenegro have given our region a new favorable panorama of regional security. Going forward, our assessments of the security environment, expected risks and threats, and the spectrum of FARSH combat and non-combat missions will be significantly influenced by the collective security assessments articulated in the Alliance's Strategic Concept (CSC), Policy of European Security and Defense (ESDP) and the Charter of the United Nations. In this new perspective, in full accordance with the constitutional obligations, FARSH to adopt a new defense planning system, in harmony with the standards and planning processes of the Euro-Atlantic Alliance. Keywords: Influencing factors, Regional security, NATO, National security

Innovative Professional Learning Communities and Sustainable Education Practices through Digital Transformation

Education is the most important part of sustainable society development. Traditional approaches to permanent lifelong educator training often fail to produce lasting changes in teaching practices (UN, Goal 4). This paper examines how educator involvement in a professional learning community (PLC) ensures equitable quality education and promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all and a sustainable digital transformation of the teaching and learning process. Participation in PLC and the use of contemporary learning environments positively impact the quality of educators’ work, thereby enhancing the overall educational process. This study utilised a quantitative methodology, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse the data. Results indicate that a balanced integration of formal PLC structures and guidance, combined with elements of a non-formal, broader PLC and external incentives and support (such as projects), can surpass mere exchanges of best practices, foster innovation, and support the sustainable digital transformation of educators. This approach leads to a sustainable shift in pedagogical paradigms. The PLC_IP model (focused on including digital technologies and effective teaching strategies) enhances collective educator efficacy, contributing to improved teaching quality. For PLCs to achieve sustainability, they must be dynamic entities that adapt to the evolving educational landscape, ensuring their continued relevance and impact with rising completion rates over time. Our findings underscore the importance of innovative PLCs in driving sustainable educational development and improvement and provide a framework for future research and practical applications in educational settings. In addition, PLCs can strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development (UN, Goal 17).