Integral Structure Research Articles

Implementation and proficiency analysis of enhanced graph algorithm for DC microgrid applications

Integrating renewable energy generation with the conventional grid supports reduces carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Despite technical advancements in protection strategies, critical issues concerning renewable integration in microgrid structures require standardized solutions. The essential aspects that need to be concentrated during securing the grids are rapid fault interruption, false tripping and blinding of protection. This study proposes an innovative approach to enhance fault isolation speed through the implementation of a grid monitoring system (GMS) coupled with a fault identification method based on Kosaraju’s algorithm. This algorithm operates on the principles of overvoltage and overcurrent detection. The study assesses the efficacy of this approach by examining its integration with a Z-source circuit breaker and conducting tests on different fault types within a 13-bus system. Real-time simulations using Opal RT software are employed to experimentally validate the proposed methodology, ensuring its efficacy in fault interruption and isolation.

Coupling of radon and microbial analysis for dense non-aqueous-phase liquid tracing and health risk assessment in groundwater under seasonal variations

Dense non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) represent one of the most hazardous contaminants of groundwater, posing health risks to humans. Radon is generally used to trace DNAPLs; however, external factors, such as rainfall or stream water, can influence its efficacy. To overcome these limitations, this study pioneered the integration of radon and microbial community structures to explore DNAPL tracing and natural attenuation in the context of seasonal variations for human health risk assessments. The results showed that a radon tracer can estimate DNAPL saturation in the source zone, especially during the dry season when radon deficiency predominates. However, samples exhibited mixing effects during the wet season because of local precipitation. Moreover, bioremediation and low health risks were observed in the plume boundary zone, indicating that microbial dechlorination was a predominant factor determining these risks. The abnormal patterns of radon observed during the wet season can be elucidated by examining microbiological communities. Consequently, a combined approach employing radon and microbial analysis is advocated for the boundary zone, albeit with a less intensive management strategy, compared with that for the source zone. This novel coupling method offers a theoretical and practical foundation for managing DNAPL-contaminated groundwater.

Method of Directly Writing MPA on Photosensitive Surface of Detector Based on FIB.

The division of focal plane (DoFP) polarization detector has great potential for the development of aerospace polarimeters, but the existing commercial DoFP polarization detector cannot satisfy all the missions due to the diversity of satellite payloads. Here, we propose a method of directly writing a micro-polarizer array (MPA) on the detector surface based on focused ion beams (FIB) and fabricating a push-broom scanning DoFP polarization detector. The feasibility and low crosstalk of the solution were proved through testing, and the reasons for the low extinction ratio caused by oxidation were explained through characterization and numerical calculations. This scheme is not only applicable to DoFP polarization detectors but also provides ideas for the integration of other metasurface structures and detectors.

Attention-Based Multi-Kernelized and Boundary-Aware Network for image semantic segmentation

Recent studies have witnessed the prosperity of image semantic segmentation brought by deep learning technology, including the integration of diverse network structures, attention mechanisms, and even boundary perception. Essentially, the main challenge of semantic segmentation lies in how to incorporate and align more information like contexts and details in the feature representation enabling the network to better distinguish and recognize objects in an image for improved semantic understanding. To this end, we propose a novel end-to-end deep framework termed Attention-Based Multi-Kernelized and Boundary-Aware Network to enhance the semantic segmentation performance. Specifically, the proposed network enables thoroughly exploring and engaging the multi-kernelized contextual information with high-frequency boundary information by applying novel modules of Multi-Kernelized Spatial Attention and Boundary-Aware Hybrid Attention, aiming to enhance the segmentation result with more comprehensive feature representation capability. Extensive experiments further consolidate the superiority of the proposed network with improved segmentation results with the mIoU of 51.1% and 82.9% on ADE20K and Cityscapes datasets, as well as classification results with Top-1 accuracy of 84.0% on ImageNet-1K dataset against competitive baselines.

The Frictions of IP and the Schism in Turkey’s Collective Management of Music Copyright

Despite the increasing international integration of intellectual property (IP), national laws and structures for implementing rights in music continue to vary, for better or for worse, in ways that matter to musicians and other copyright stakeholders. This article draws on oral history and archival data to examine one such variation. Where most countries have only one copyright collecting society for musical authors, there are two in Turkey (MESAM and MSG). IP experts and administrators blame competition or lack of coordination between the two societies for a host of problems, including complicating the processes of performing rights licensing and royalty distribution. Analyzing the origin story of the second collecting society through the lens of Anna Tsing’s influential concept of “friction,” I highlight the social and cultural dynamics that complicate the ongoing global integration of IP and the general development of structures for enforcing IP rights in music.

Empowering the Relationship Between the Government Functional Departments and Local Government Integration: An Integrated Study Based on Urban Digital Governance Platforms

Within the context of modernising government governance, the "platform" in the construction of digital government has become key in driving the efficiency of government services and management. This paper, based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework and combined with theories of holistic governance and collaborative governance, delves into the crucial role of information technology and emerging governance models in eliminating barriers between government departments, optimising departmental structures, and fostering mechanisms for inter-departmental collaboration and sharing. Throughout the research, emphasis is placed on the importance of emerging technologies such as cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence in promoting efficient collaboration and resource sharing between government departments. By integrating and optimising governmental internal and inter-departmental data resources and service processes, it is possible to effectively advance the enhancement and integration of the relationship between the government functional departments and local government relations, adapt to the rapid changes in societal demands, and provide more precise and convenient public services. The core objective of this study is to establish a unified government big data platform, promoting the optimisation and integration of departmental structures, constructing an efficient mechanism for departmental collaboration and sharing, achieving data sharing and flow, and establishing a tight governance network. This aims to comprehensively enhance government governance capabilities and service quality, provide assurance for achieving more efficient and equitable governance objectives.

Empowering the Relationship Between the Government Functional Departments and Local Government Integration: An Integrated Study Based on Urban Digital Governance Platforms

Within the context of modernising government governance, the "platform" in the construction of digital government has become key in driving the efficiency of government services and management. This paper, based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework and combined with theories of holistic governance and collaborative governance, delves into the crucial role of information technology and emerging governance models in eliminating barriers between government departments, optimising departmental structures, and fostering mechanisms for inter-departmental collaboration and sharing. Throughout the research, emphasis is placed on the importance of emerging technologies such as cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence in promoting efficient collaboration and resource sharing between government departments. By integrating and optimising governmental internal and inter-departmental data resources and service processes, it is possible to effectively advance the enhancement and integration of the relationship between the government functional departments and local government relations, adapt to the rapid changes in societal demands, and provide more precise and convenient public services. The core objective of this study is to establish a unified government big data platform, promoting the optimisation and integration of departmental structures, constructing an efficient mechanism for departmental collaboration and sharing, achieving data sharing and flow, and establishing a tight governance network. This aims to comprehensively enhance government governance capabilities and service quality, provide assurance for achieving more efficient and equitable governance objectives.

Facile Fabrication of Large-Area CuO Flakes for Sodium-Ion Energy Storage Applications.

CuO is recognized as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its impressive theoretical capacity of 674 mAh g-1, derived from its multiple electron transfer capabilities. However, its practical application is hindered by slow reaction kinetics and rapid capacity loss caused by side reactions during discharge/charge cycles. In this work, we introduce an innovative approach to fabricating large-area CuO and CuO@Al2O3 flakes through a combination of magnetron sputtering, thermal oxidation, and atomic layer deposition techniques. The resultant 2D CuO flakes demonstrate excellent electrochemical properties with a high initial reversible specific capacity of 487 mAh g-1 and good cycling stability, which are attributable to their unique architectures and superior structural durability. Furthermore, when these CuO flakes are coated with an ultrathin Al2O3 layer, the integration of the 2D structures with outer nanocoating leads to significantly enhanced electrochemical properties. Notably, even after 70 rate testing cycles, the CuO@Al2O3 materials maintain a high capacity of 525 mAh g-1 at a current density of 50 mA g-1. Remarkably, at a higher current density of 2000 mA g-1, these materials still achieve a capacity of 220 mAh g-1. Moreover, after 200 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g-1, a high charge capacity of 319 mAh g-1 is sustained. In addition, a full cell consisting of a CuO@Al2O3 anode and a NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode is investigated, showcasing remarkable cycling performance. Our findings underscore the potential of these innovative flake-like architectures as electrode materials in high-performance sodium-ion batteries, paving the way for advancements in energy storage technologies.

Unveiling New IoT Antenna Developments: Planar Multibeam Metasurface Half-Maxwell Fish-Eye Lens with Wavelength Etching

This study introduces a groundbreaking antenna system, the directive Metasurface Half-Maxwell Fish-Eye (MHMF) lens antenna, tailored specifically for Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. Designed to operate at 60 GHz, this antenna ingeniously integrates a dipole antenna within a parallel-plate waveguide to illuminate a Half-Maxwell Fish-Eye (HMFE) lens. The HMFE lens serves as a focal point, enabling a crucial high gain for IoT operations. The integration of metasurface structures facilitates the attainment of the gradient refractive index essential for the lens surface. By employing commercial Ansys HFSS software, extensive numerical simulations were conducted to meticulously refine the design, focusing particularly on optimizing the dimensions of unit cells, notably the modified H-shaped cells within the parallel waveguides housing the beam launchers. A functional prototype of the antenna was constructed using a standard PCB manufacturing process. Rigorous testing in an anechoic chamber confirmed the functionality of these manufactured devices, with the experimental results closely aligning with the simulated findings. Far-field measurements have further confirmed the effectiveness of the antenna, establishing it as a high-gain antenna solution suitable for IoT applications. Specifically, it operates effectively within the 60 GHz range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is crucial for ensuring reliable communication in IoT devices. The directive HMFE lens antenna represents a significant advancement in enhancing IoT connectivity and capabilities. Leveraging innovative design concepts and metasurface technology, it heralds a new era of adaptable and efficient IoT systems.

On the Durability Performance of Two Adhesives to Be Used in Bonded Secondary Structures for Offshore Wind Installations.

The development of offshore wind farms requires robust bonding solutions that can withstand harsh marine conditions for the easy integration of secondary structures. This paper investigates the durability performance of two adhesives: Sikadur 30 epoxy resin and Loctite UK 1351 B25 urethane-based adhesive for use in offshore wind environments. Tensile tests on adhesive samples and accelerated aging tests were carried out under a variety of temperatures and environmental conditions, including both dry and wet conditions. The long-term effects of aging on adhesive integrity are investigated by simulating the operational life of offshore installations. The evolution of mechanical properties, studied under accelerated aging conditions, provides an important indication of the longevity of structures under normal conditions. The results show significant differences in performance between the two adhesives, highlighting their suitability for specific operating parameters. It should also be noted that for both adhesives, their exposure to different environments (seawater, distilled water, humid climate) over a prolonged period showed that (i) Loctite adhesive has a slightly faster initial uptake than Sikadur adhesive, but the latter reaches an asymptotic plateau with a lower maximum absorption rate than Loctite adhesive; and (ii) a progressive deterioration in the tensile properties occurred following an exponential function. Therefore, aging behavior results showed a clear correlation with the Arrhenius law, providing a predictive tool for the aging process and the aging process of the two adhesives followed Arrhenius kinetics. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from this study is intended to inform best practice in the use of adhesives, thereby improving the reliability and sustainability of the offshore renewable energy infrastructure.

Mechanical responses and damage characteristics of the high-velocity impact of ice projectiles on foam sandwich structure

The integration of composite sandwich structures in aircraft design necessitates consideration of hail impacts within aerospace applications. This investigates the dynamic response and damage characteristics of a carbon fibre/PMI foam sandwich structure under hail impact through both experimental and numerical simulation methods. These methods analyse the impact velocity, fibre panel thickness, and angle of incidence of the ice projectiles. The study establishes relationships among various parameters such as ice projectile impact force, foam absorption energy, and target plate deformation in relation to the impact velocity and angle of incidence. The damage sustained by the carbon fibre/PMI foam sandwich (CPS) structure due to ice projectile impact was systematically categorized and examined. Additionally, the effects of normal and tangential impact velocities on the target plate's dynamic response during oblique impacts were investigated. This research serves as a valuable reference for understanding the dynamic response and damage characteristics of composite foam sandwich structures subjected to ice projectile impacts, With a focus on the carbon fibre/PMI foam sandwich structure.

4D printing of fiber-reinforced auxetic structures: the building blocks: A review

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing has recently received much attention in the field of smart materials. It concerns using additive manufacturing to obtain geometries that can change shape under the effect of different stimuli. Such a technique enables the fabrication of 3D printed parts with the additional functionality of scalable, programmable, and controllable part shapes over time. 
This review provides a comprehensive examination of advances in the field of 4D printing, emphasizing the integration of fiber reinforcement and auxetic structures as crucial building blocks. 
The incorporation of fibers enhances structural integrity, while auxetic design principles contribute unique mechanical properties, such as negative Poisson's ratio and great potential for energy absorption due to their specific deformation mechanisms. Therefore, they present potential applications in aerospace, drones, and robotics.
The objective of this review article is first to describe the distinctive properties of shape memory polymers (SMPs), auxetic structures, and composite (fiber-reinforced) materials. A review of applications that use combinations of such materials is also presented when appropriate. The goal is to get a grip on the delicate balance between the different properties achievable in each case. The paper concludes by describing recent advances in 4D printing of fiber-reinforced auxetic structures.

Review—Recent Advancements in Molybdenum Carbides for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

The quest for economical and sustainable electrocatalysts to facilitate the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is paramount in addressing the pressing challenges associated with carbon dioxide emissions. Molybdenum carbide-based nanomaterials have emerged as highly promising electrocatalysts for HER due to their Pt-like catalytic proficiency, exceptional stability, and the versatility of their crystal phases. Within this comprehensive review, we explore the diverse methodologies for synthesizing molybdenum carbides, including solid-gas, solid-solid, and solid-liquid phase reactions. In addition, a thorough elucidation of the hydrogen generation process through water electrolysis is provided. Furthermore, a spectrum of innovative strategies aimed at augmenting the performance of molybdenum carbides in the HER milieu is introduced, encompassing cutting-edge techniques such as phase-transition engineering, the construction of heterostructures, hetero-atom doping, the integration of hybrid structures with carbon materials, defect engineering, and meticulous surface modification. The review culminates by underscoring the current challenges and the promising prospects in the advancement of electrocatalysts for hydrogen production, with a dedicated focus on molybdenum carbide-based catalysts.

Hybrid coaxial 3D printing with nested-screw mechanism: Optimizing material integration and structural performance for coaxial designs

The emergence of multi-material extrusion systems has opened up new possibilities for 3D printing, spurring research on the combination of diverse materials and structures to enhance part quality and performance. In this work, a nested-screw coaxial co-extrusion 3D printing mechanism was designed for hybrid coaxial structures to address the viscosity matching limitation that is present in traditional coaxial extrusion. The high-viscosity shell material, with 3 wt% added carbon fiber, can be extruded and printed at room temperature. This suggests that the nested-screw can be used to adjust the high viscosity difference between the core and shell materials for co-extrusion. A model for coaxial extrusion was developed to establish appropriate printing parameters for the hybrid integration of materials and structures in coaxial designs. The resulting model for determining the printing parameters of the C-S structure improves dimensional stability and print repeatability. The coaxial printing was also employed to validate the bionic coaxial structure of antlers. The influence of the core-shell material and structure combinations on strength and toughness was thoroughly examined, enabling the optimization of structures with superior strength-toughness combinations. The comparative truss structure tests demonstrated that the core-shell structure enhanced damage absorption by 30.1 % compared to a single-structure design. This confirms the adjustability of mechanical properties in printed systems through a combination of hybrid materials and structure.

The Impact of Digital Transformation on Public organizations Effectiveness: Challenges and Post-Pandemic Recovery Strategies

This examine investigates the impact of virtual transformation on public administration effectiveness within government organizations. A mixed-strategies approach, which include quantitative analyses including descriptive records, paired-samples t-assessments, regression analyses, ANCOVA, and Pearson correlational analyses, become employed to research records from a stratified random sample of presidency entities. Findings indicate a tremendous development in management effectiveness post-implementation of virtual tasks, with sturdy high quality relationships located between virtual transformation variables (use of digital gear, virtual talents training, integration of virtual structures) and administration consequences. ANCOVA effects highlight the have an effect on of virtual transformation adulthood levels on administration effectiveness. Pearson correlational analyses screen robust fine correlations between digital literacy degrees, use of virtual tools, and management effectiveness .

Preparation and High-Temperature Resistance Properties of Phenolic Resin/Phosphate Hybrid Coatings.

In this study, a novel fabrication method was used to synthesize phenolic resin/phosphate hybrid coatings using aluminum dihydrogen phosphate (Al(H2PO4)3, hereafter denoted as Al), SC101 silica sol (Si) as the primary film-forming agent, and phenolic resin (PF) as the organic matrix. This approach culminated in the formation of Al+Si+PF organo-inorganic hybrid coatings. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the successful integration of hybrid structures within these coatings. The crystalline structure of the coatings post-cured at various temperatures was elucidated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, the surface and cross-sectional morphologies were meticulously analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), offering insights into the microstructural properties of the coatings. The coatings' porosities under diverse thermal and temporal regimes were quantitatively evaluated using advanced image processing techniques, revealing a significant reduction in porosity to a minimum of 5.88% following a thermal oxidation process at 600 °C for 10 h. The antioxidant efficacy of the phosphate coatings was rigorously assessed through cyclic oxidation tests, which revealed their outstanding performance. Specifically, at 300 °C across 300 h of cyclic oxidation, the weight losses recorded for phosphate varnish and the phenolic resin-infused phosphate coatings were 0.15 mg·cm-2 and 0.09 mg·cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, at 600 °C and over an identical period, the weight reduction was noted as 0.21 mg·cm-2 for phosphate varnish and 0.085 mg·cm-2 for the hybrid coatings, thereby substantiating the superior antioxidation capabilities of the phenolic resin hybrid coatings in comparison to the pure phosphate varnish.

Comprehending particulate matter dynamics in transit-oriented developments: Traffic as a generator and design as a captivator

In Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), the close integration of residential structures with community activities and traffic heightens residents' exposure to traffic-related pollutants. Despite traffic being a primary source of particulate matter (PM), the compact design of TODs, together with the impact of urban heat island (UHI), increases the likelihood of trapping emitted PM from traffic, leading to heightened exposure of TOD residents to PM. Although PM originates from two distinct sources in road traffic, exhaust and non-exhaust emissions (NEE), current legislation addressing traffic-related PM from non-exhaust emissions sources remains limited. This paper focuses on two TOD typologies in Manchester City—Manchester Piccadilly and East Didsbury—to understand the roles of TOD traffic as a PM generator and TOD place design as a PM container and trapper. The investigation aims to establish correlations between street design canyon ratios, vehicular Speed, and PM10/PM2.5, providing design guidance and effective traffic management strategies to control PM emissions within TODs. Through mapping the canyon ratio and utilising the Breezometer API for PM monitoring, the paper revealed elevated PM levels in both TOD areas, exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, particularly for PM2.5. Correlation analysis between canyon configuration and PM2.5/PM10 highlighted the importance of considering building heights and avoiding the creation of deep canyons in TOD design to minimise the limited dispersion of PM. Leveraging UK road statistics and the PTV Group API for vehicle speed calculations, the paper studied the average speeds on the TOD roads concerning PM. Contrary to conventional assumption, the correlation analyses have revealed a noteworthy association shift between vehicular speed and PM concentrations. A positive correlation existed between speed increase and PM increases on arterial roads. However, a negative correlation emerged on main, collector, and local streets, indicating that PM levels rise for both PM10 and PM2.5 as Speed decreases. These findings challenge the traditional assumption that higher Speed leads to increased emissions, highlighting the potential impact of NEE on PM concentrations. This paper calls for thorough design considerations and traffic management strategies in TOD, especially in dense areas, considering building height, optimising traffic flow, and enhancing compromised air quality associated with vehicular emissions.

High-quality single InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot growth on a silicon substrate for quantum photonic applications

Developing non-classical light sources for use in quantum information technology is a primary goal of quantum nanophotonics. Significant progress has been made in this area using quantum dots grown on III/V semiconductor substrates. However, it is crucial to develop quantum light sources based on silicon wafers to facilitate large-scale integration of electronic circuits and quantum photonic structures. We present a method for the direct heteroepitaxial growth of high-quality InGaAs quantum dots on silicon, which enables the fabrication of scalable and cost-effective quantum photonics devices that are compatible with silicon technology. To achieve high-quality GaAs heterostructures, we apply an intermediate GaP buffer and defect-reducing layers on a silicon substrate. The epitaxially grown quantum dots exhibit optical and quantum-optical properties similar to reference ones based on conventional GaAs substrates. The distributed Bragg reflector used as a backside mirror enables us to achieve bright emission with up to (18 ± 1)% photon extraction efficiency. Additionally, the quantum dots exhibit strong multi-photon suppression with g(2)(τ) = (3.7 ± 0.2) × 10−2 and high photon indistinguishability V = (66 ± 19)% under non-resonant excitation. These results indicate the high potential of our heteroepitaxy approach in the field of silicon-compatible quantum nanophotonics. Our approach can pave the way for future chips that combine electronic and quantum photonic functionality.

High-performance supercapacitor electrodes: Hierarchical integration of bimetallic structures incorporating silver and copper phosphates with a 3D fernlike stellar dendritic architecture

Batteries and supercapacitors remain at the front of research within the field of energy storage technologies. Over the years, the continues evolution of battery and supercapacitor device components has demonstrated remarkable advancement, evolving from simple metal blocks to complex, porous, and engineered structures composed of metal-based active materials. Towards this goal, transition metal phosphates (TM-POs) offer significant role enhancing the properties and architecture of the resulting metal-based active materials. This study introduces a unique electrode material with a dendritic structure of silver copper phosphates, derived from AgPO3 integrated with hexagonal Cu2P2O7. The improved electrochemical performance of silver copper phosphates compared to pristine AgPO3 and Cu2P2O7 is demonstrated by its increased specific capacity, reduced resistivity, higher redox activity, and a more advantageous diffusion-dominated storage mechanism. An assembled solid-state symmetric (SSCs) device, using silver copper phosphate electrodes exhibits a capacitance of 298.5 F g−1 at 15 mA cm−2, and high energy density of 20.3 Wh kg−1 with superior power density, also retains 91.7 % of its capacitance after 7000 cycles. When assembled a solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor (SSACs), as an integrated device using activated carbon and silver copper phosphate electrodes exhibits a high energy density of 30.62 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1334 W kg−1 with retaining its capacity retention of 87.9 % even after 10,000 cycles. The enhanced capacity performance is further evaluated through first-principle investigations, elucidating that the distinct and intact heterostructure of silver copper phosphate exhibits improved metallic characteristics. This research of innovative electrodes holding superior properties holds potential for advancing next-generation electrodes for supercapacitor devices.

Synergistic design of mechanical properties between implantable sensor and concrete based on three-dimensional refined numerical model

With the ongoing advancement in the construction and development of intelligent infrastructures, there has been a significant integration of sensors within structures. Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement, being a predominant form of transportation infrastructures, necessitates comprehensive analysis due to its critical role. Given that flexural strength is a paramount design criterion for PCC pavements, concrete beams are selected as the primary focus for this study. Initially, a sophisticated three-dimensional numerical model is constructed. This model intricately incorporates the concepts of concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) and the cohesive zone model (CZM) to examine the interaction between the sensor and the concrete beam. The veracity of the numerical model is rigorously validated through methodical three-point bending tests, ensuring its reliability and accuracy. Subsequently, an innovative method for the synergistic design and assessment of the mechanical properties of the implantable sensor in conjunction with the concrete component is introduced. This methodology is underpinned by a novel synergistic performance index system. The system is stratified into different layers, with synergy degree as the target layer, and bearing performance, deformation coordination, and damage control as the criterion layer. In the final phase of the research, the study delves into the impacts of various factors such as size parameters, packaging materials, and positioning of the sensor on its synergistic performance with the concrete. The insights derived from this research are poised to offer valuable guidance for the integrated synergistic design of sensors. This is envisioned to facilitate optimal integration, ensuring long-term and precise monitoring of concrete structures, thereby contributing significantly to the field of intelligent infrastructure construction and maintenance.