Integer Wavelet Transform Research Articles

Application of Zero-Watermarking for Medical Image in Intelligent Sensor Network Security

The field of healthcare is considered to be the most promising application of intelligent sensor networks. However, the security and privacy protection of medical images collected by intelligent sensor networks is a hot problem that has attracted more and more attention. Fortunately, digital watermarking provides an effective method to solve this problem. In order to improve the robustness of the medical image watermarking scheme, in this paper, we propose a novel zero-watermarking algorithm with the integer wavelet transform (IWT), Schur decomposition and image block energy. Specifically, we first use IWT to extract low-frequency information and divide them into non-overlapping blocks, then we decompose the sub-blocks by Schur decomposition. After that, the feature matrix is constructed according to the relationship between the image block energy and the whole image energy. At the same time, we encrypt watermarking with the logistic chaotic position scrambling. Finally, the zero-watermarking is obtained by XOR operation with the encrypted watermarking. Three indexes of peak signal-to-noise ratio, normalization coefficient (NC) and the bit error rate (BER) are used to evaluate the robustness of the algorithm. According to the experimental results, most of the NC values are around 0.9 under various attacks, while the BER values are very close to 0. These experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more robust than the existing zero-watermarking methods, which indicates it is more suitable for medical image privacy and security protection.

IWT and RSA based asymmetric image encryption algorithm

An asymmetric image encryption algorithm based on integer wavelet transformation (IWT) and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm is proposed. Firstly, two plain characteristic parameters (PCP) of the plain image are extracted and two random numbers are chosen. Then, a new parameter transformation model (PTM) is constructed to do nonlinear processing for them, and three cipher characteristic parameters (CCP) are got. After applying RSA operation for CCP (seen as plain messages), three cipher messages are obtained. Secondly, a new initial value obtaining model (IOM) for all plain messages and cipher messages is established, by which initial values of 3D chaotic system are produced. Then, three chaotic sequences can be generated. Thirdly, chaotic sequences are used to confuse the plain image by a way of row-column cycle. Then, IWT operation is carried out and the above chaotic sequences are employed to confuse again the wavelet coefficients. Thereafter, inverse IWT is applied to get the confused image, realizing double confusion operations on both spatial domain and frequency domain. Finally, the confused image is diffused as a whole to get the cipher image. Experiment results explain that the proposed algorithm can realize the encryption in short time, and resist effectively against brute-force attack and noise attack.

Hybrid image embedding technique using Steganographic Signcryption and IWT-GWO methods

Image Steganography is the process of hiding information, which can be text, image or video inside a cover image. Recent steganography research hasn't addressed the problem of loss of secret information during extraction. Hence, to reduce information loss, the Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) is used in this paper, and encryption algorithms are used to secure the secret image. The cover image is first converted into frequency domain using IWT, and then the best pixel positions of the cover image are selected using the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to embed the secret image. The secret image is encrypted using the signcryption algorithm before being embedded into the cover image, which generates the stego image. In order to extract the secret image from the stego image, the inverse of IWT and unsigncryption methods were used. This method is implemented in the MATLAB working platform, and the results are analysed to demonstrate the system's effectiveness. From the results, one can infer that the proposed technique improved the PSNR by 2.5%, and error has been reduced by greater extent as compared to the existing methods.

Framework for Video Steganography Using Integer Wavelet Transform and JPEG Compression

In today’s world of computers everyone is communicating their personal information through the web. So, the security of personal information is the main concern from the research point of view. Steganography can be used for the security purpose of personal information. Storing and forwarding of embedded personal information specifically in public places is gaining more attention day by day. In this research work, the Integer Wavelet Transform technique along with JPEG (Joint Photograph Expert Group) compression is proposed to overcome some of the issues associated with steganography techniques. Video cover files and JPEG compression improve concealing capacity because of their intrinsic properties. Integer Wavelet Transform is used to improve the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed technique. The Imperceptibility of the proposed work is analyzed through evaluation parameters such as PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), MSE (Mean Square Error), SSIM (Structure Similarity Metric), and CC (Correlation Coefficient). Robustness is validated through some image processing attacks. Complexity is calculated in terms of concealing and retrieval time along with the amount of secret information hidden.

Hiding Secrets in Electrocardiogram Based on Integer Wavelet Transform with Coefficient Adjustment and LSB Substitution

In this paper, we present an efficient data hiding for electrocardiogram (ECG) hosts to solve the issues of existing ECG steganographic methods, which have less hiding capacity and insufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)/ peak SNR (PSNR). Based on the integer wavelet transform (IWT), private (or sensitive) data such as patients’ diagnosis and personal information can be embedded in an ECG host via the IWT coefficient adjustment and the least significant bit (LSB) technique. Simulations indicated that the SNR (or PSNR), and payload of the proposed method outperform those of existing techniques. In addition, the proposed method is capable of resisting attacks, such as cropping, Gaussian noise-addition inversion, scaling, translation, and truncation attacks from third parties (or adversaries). Since the proposed method has low computational complexity, our method can be employed in portable biometric devices or wearable electronics.

Image Compression and Encryption Based on Integer Wavelet Transform and Hybrid Hyperchaotic System

This paper address the issue of image compression and encryption is to minimize the amount of data required to represent the images and to provide better privacy and security to the users. A joint lossless algorithm: Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) with hybrid hyperchaotic system is proposed to enhance the security of data transmission. IWT is used to compress the images and then the encryption is performed by hybrid hyper chaotic system. A hybrid hyperchaotic system: Fractional Order Hyperchaotic Cellular Neural Network (FOHCNN) and Fractional Order Four Dimensional Modified Chua’s Circuit (FOFDMCC) is used to generate the pseudorandom sequences. The pixel substitution and scrambling is realized by Global Bit Scrambling (GBS) that improves the cipher unpredictability. In this study, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequence is adopted instead of binary operation that resists the cipher images from crop attack, differential attack and salt and pepper noise. In the experimental phase, the proposed algorithm showed good performance in encryption compared to existing algorithms.

An adaptive image steganography method based on integer wavelet transform using genetic algorithm

Steganography is the science and art of concealing the existence of communication. The idea proposed in this paper is that the coefficients of the high-frequency subbands are more suitable for embedding, as they are surrounded by larger coefficients and represent the image's edge areas. In this method, the appropriate embedding coefficients are selected using an edge intensity criterion based on a local neighborhood analysis. The proposed method begins by blocking the image and then applying a wavelet transform to each block. Several coefficients in each high-frequency subband are identified, and then, using a genetic algorithm, the coefficients are selected so that the generated stego image has the highest PSNR value. The proposed method is more successful when the Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) is used rather than the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed method produces a higher-quality stego image than existing methods, and it is secure against steganalysis attacks.

A Hybrid Domain Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Improved Henon Map.

A hybrid domain image encryption algorithm is developed by integrating with improved Henon map, integer wavelet transform (IWT), bit-plane decomposition, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence operations. First, we improve the classical two-dimensional Henon map. The improved Henon map is called 2D-ICHM, and its chaotic performance is analyzed. Compared with some existing chaotic maps, 2D-ICHM has larger parameter space, continuous chaotic range, and more complex dynamic behavior. Second, an image encryption structure based on diffusion–scrambling–diffusion and spatial domain–frequency domain–spatial domain is proposed, which we call the double sandwich structure. In the encryption process, the diffusion and scrambling operations are performed in the spatial and frequency domains, respectively. In addition, initial values and system parameters of the 2D-ICHM are obtained by the secure hash algorithm-512 (SHA-512) hash value of the plain image and the given parameters. Consequently, the proposed algorithm is highly sensitive to plain images. Finally, simulation experiments and security analysis show that the proposed algorithm has a high level of security and strong robustness to various cryptanalytic attacks.

Visually asymmetric image encryption algorithm based on SHA-3 and compressive sensing by embedding encrypted image

This paper presents a new asymmetric image encryption and hiding algorithm based on SHA-3 and compressive sensing. First, to resist the chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) and the known-plaintext attack (KPA), SHA-3 is employed to calculate the hash values of the plain image, and they are transformed into the initial values of the chaotic map. Second, the plain image is divided into blocks which are processed by sparse transform, scrambling, compressive measurement, and merged. Then they are quantized and scrambled again to get an encrypted image. Third, the encrypted image is filled with zeros to the same size as the plain image. Then three numbers from the hundreds digit, tens digit, and single digit of each pixel are extracted respectively. Finally, the carrier image is transformed by integer wavelet transform (IWT) to get four coefficients, and then the above three numbers are embedded into low-frequency coefficients respectively. By inverse IWT, the carrier image containing secrets (CICS) can be obtained. The experimental results show that the algorithm has strong imperceptibility and key sensitivity. Especially, when the embedding coefficient is set to 1.0, the NC value between the carrier image (CI) and the CICS can reach 0.9999, and the PSNR value can reach about 43 dB.

An Image Steganography Algorithm Based on PSO and IWT for Underwater Acoustic Communication

To achieve fast and secure information steganography in underwater acoustic channel scenarios, this paper proposes a PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) and IWT (integer wavelet transform) based image steganography algorithm for underwater acoustic communication. Firstly, the underwater image to be embedded is interleaved and packed to generate the secret information code-stream to improve the detection and recovery performance of transmission errors. Secondly, the cover image is divided into non-overlapping blocks and IWT is applied to each block, which can save PSO search space and improve the optimal solution performance. Thirdly, the embedding position matrix of the high frequency sub-band coefficients is chaotic scrambled, and PSO is used to select the optimal key to obtain the optimal matching position for the secret information to produce the best stego-image quality. Finally, transmission error detection and recovery measures are applied to the extracted secret information to improve the reconstruction quality in underwater acoustic channel scenarios. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing approaches in terms of information embedding capacity and steganographic visual quality, meeting the requirements of safety and real-time performance of underwater communication. Moreover, it also has the ability of error detection and recovery for harsh underwater acoustic channel.

Image compression and encryption based on integer wavelet transform and hybrid hyperchaotic system

Compression and encryption of images are emerging as recent topics in the area of research to improve the performance of data security. A joint lossless image compression and encryption algorithm based on Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and the Hybrid Hyperchaotic system is proposed to enhance the security of data transmission. Initially, IWT is used to compress the digital images and then the encryption is accomplished using the Hybrid Hyperchaotic system. A Hybrid Hyperchaotic system; Fractional Order Hyperchaotic Cellular Neural Network (FOHCNN) and Fractional Order Four-Dimensional Modified Chua’s Circuit (FOFDMCC) is used to generate the pseudorandom sequences. The pixel substitution and scrambling are realized simultaneously using Global Bit Scrambling (GBS) that improves the cipher unpredictability and efficiency. In this study, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequence is adopted instead of a binary operation, which provides high resistance to the cipher image against crop attack and salt-and-pepper noise. It was observed from the simulation outcome that the proposed Hybrid Hyperchaotic system with IWT demonstrated more effective performance in image compression and encryption compared with the existing models in terms of parameters such as unified averaged changed intensity, a number of changing pixels rate, and correlation coefficient.

Cloud based secure watermarking using IWT-Schur-RSVD with fuzzy inference system for smart healthcare applications

The healthcare records include personal and sensitive information about the patient. These records are easily distributed via different platform for clinical diagnosis purpose. Presently, large volumes of medical data are stored on cloud platform. However, outsourcing medical data to these popular platforms may introduce security issues. Thus, a secure watermarking algorithm based on integer wavelet transform (IWT)-Schur-Randomized Singular Value Decomposition (RSVD) is put forward for medical records sharing in the cloud environment. To ensure high level of authentication, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based embedding is conducted to achieve dual watermarking by concealing system MAC address in the logo image. Prior to this, the system address is encoded via turbo code to reduce /eliminate the channel noise, if any. Further, both invisibility and robustness are achieved by fuzzy inference system (FIS), and the marked image is encrypted using chaotic encryption scheme to further improve the security. Furthermore, experimental results is reported and compared with the existing works which demonstrated promising outcomes, indicating its potential towards realization of a value-added tool for smart healthcare applications.

Image Watermarking Based on IWT and Parity Bit Checking

Various document types play an influential role in a lot of our lives activities today; hence preserving their integrity is an important matter. Such documents have various forms, including texts, videos, sounds, and images. The latter types' authentication will be our concern here in this paper. Images can be handled spatially by doing the proper modification directly on their pixel values or spectrally through conducting some adjustments to some of the addressed coefficients. Due to spectral (frequency) domain flexibility in handling data, the domain coefficients are utilized for the watermark embedding purpose. The integer wavelet transform (IWT), which is a wavelet transform based on the lifting scheme, is adopted in this paper in order to provide a direct way for converting image pixels' integer values to integer coefficient values rather than floating point coefficients that could be produced by the traditional wavelet transform. This direct relation can enhance the processed image quality due to avoiding the rounding operations on the floating point coefficients. The well-known parity bit approach is also utilized in this paper as an authentication mechanism, where 3 secret parity bits are used for each block in an image which is divided into non-overlapped blocks in order to enforce a form of fragile watermark approach. Thus, any alteration in the block pixels could cause the adopted (even) parity to be violated. The fragile watermarking is achieved through the modification of least significant bits ((LSBs) of certain frequency coefficients' according to the even parity condition. In spite of this image watermarking operation, the proposed method is efficient. In order to prove the efficiency of our proposed method, it was tested against standard images using measurements like peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM). Experiments showed promising results; the method preserves high image quality (PSNR≈ 44.4367dB, SSIM≈ 0.9956) and good tamper detection capability.

An efficient data hiding for ECG signals based on the integer wavelet transform and block standard deviation

Herein, we present an improved electrocardiogram (ECG) steganography for the protection of patients’ sensitive data, such as blood pressure, glucose level, lipid profile, and other personal health information. Based on the integer wavelet transform (IWT), we concealed secret bits in an ECG host using the standard deviation (SD) block, coefficient alignment technique, and least significant bit replacement. By computing the SD of a host block before bit embedding, data bits can be effectively embedded in the IWT coefficients. Simulations revealed that the payload of the proposed method is superior to that of existing techniques when the payload size is larger than 15.5 Kb, and our signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is also better than theirs. In addition, our method is superior to other ECG steganographic methods in terms of the peak SNR and hiding capability. The proposed method not only provides good perceived quality but also protection against attacks. With its short implementation time, our proposed method can be applied in portable biometric devices or wearable electronics.

High capacity steganography based on IWT using eight-way CVD and [formula omitted]-LSB ensuring secure communication

The state-of-the-art integer wavelet transform (IWT) based steganographic techniques suffer from low embedding capacity. To overcome this limitation, an IWT based secure high capacity steganographic technique is proposed. The aim of this work is to develop and evaluate new technique to offer performance improvements over the existing approaches. The vertical and horizontal subbands are utilized by eight-way coefficient value differencing (CVD) technique. These subbands are fragmented into non-overlapping 3 × 3 blocks. The n-LSB method (n is the number of bits) is used in the diagonal subband. The distortion due to n-LSB method is reduced using 2n correction technique. The proposed technique accomplishes an average embedding capacity of 2.63 bpp which is better than the recent state-of-the-art works. To enhance the security of the system, secret data are embedded in a non-sequential manner in the horizontal and vertical subbands. The proposed technique withstands the steganalysis test. It also resists the series of tests provided by StirMark Benchmark 4.0.

Privacy Preserving On Remote Sensing Data Using Reversible Data Hiding

The method of steganography covers message in the cover file and forms a stego file. Imagery needs a method that will boost protection, minimise distortion in the stego file and recover data without failure. There is a need for reducing transmitting time in the age of multimedia and the Internet. The main purpose of this project is to create safe contact between the sender and the recipient through emails and other modes of communication. A reversible data hiding algorithm was proposed in the integer wavelet transformation (IWT) domain to resolve the image distortion problem. This strategy aims to incorporate data into IWT coefficients of higher frequencies. After wavelet coefficients are collected by converting the integer wavelet data into high-frequency subbands HL, LH and HH, the human eyes would have fewer recognisable objects. After data is incorporated in such IWT coefficients, reverse integral wavelet transformation can occur following application. The stegno image was further encrypted by using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). The process of encryption enhances the image security during data transmission. In our proposed work inverse wavelet transformation (IWT) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithms are effectively utilized to achieve highly secure communication.

Privacy-preserving reversible data hiding based on quad-tree block encoding and integer wavelet transform

Applications on the cloud server have matured, and protecting the privacy of the content owner has attracted more attention. Privacy-Preserving Reversible data hiding (PP-RDH) is an efficient technique for embedding additional data into an encrypted image. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving reversible data hiding scheme using the quad-tree partition and Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) techniques. Our scheme focuses on improving the embedding rate and quality of the recovered image when a 2 × 2-sized, block-based image encryption method is applied to ensure relative higher security. On this basis, the IWT technique transforms the encrypted image, and coefficients in three high frequency subbands are converted into 8-bit binary system. Then, the quad-tree partition technique encodes each 8 × 8-sized coefficient block, since there are many zeroes in the front bit planes. The experimental results indicated that our proposed scheme significantly improved the embedding rate, and guaranteed lossless image recovery and data extraction.

Medical Image Watermarking Based on Secret Sharing and Integer Wavelet Transform

In telemedicine, the medical data are shared and distributed between the whole world with different specialists and for many purposes through an unsafe medium. So protecting the medical data during the transmissions becomes an important issue. Many image secret sharing schemes with steganography have been proposed. Unfortunately, each of these schemes has one or more drawbacks. First, the large size of a stego images. Second, the visual quality of the stego images evaluated by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is degraded too much. To overcome such drawbacks, a new scheme based on secret sharing and IWT is proposed in this paper. The new scheme can optimize both the size of the stego images and its quality. The proposal scheme involves a dispersion of medical image into shadow images using Lin and Thien’s technique. The size of each shadow size is reduces to 1/k from the overall of the secret image size and k is the number of shadows. After that, the shadows are embedded in a host image by using Integer wavelet transform (IWT) technique. In the reconstruction the secret medical image is reconstruct by pooling at least k shadows The experimental results of the proposed algorithm are shown for many medical images the effectiveness of analyzed with the help of the peak signal-to-noise ratio and normalized correlation.

Chaotic Reversible Watermarking Method Based on IWT with Tamper Detection for Transferring Electronic Health Record

Health IoT deals with sensitive medical information of patients, therefore security concerns need to be addressed. Confidentiality of Electronic Health Record (EHR) and privacy are two important security requirements for IoT based healthcare systems. Recently, watermarking algorithms as an efficient response to these requirements is in the spotlight. Further, as smart city-based applications have to react to real-time situations, efficient computation is a demand for them. In this paper, a secure, lightweight, reversible, and high capacity watermarking algorithm with tamper detection capability is proposed for IoT based healthcare systems. The scheme has applied Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and chaotic map for efficiency and increasing security. EHR is encrypted and then embedded into the Least Significant Bits (LSB) of wavelet coefficients of medical images. The proposed method has been extensively tested for various color and grayscale commonly used medical and general images. Investigations on experimental results and criterions such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Bit Error Ratio (BER) above 45.41 dB and 0.04, respectively, for payload of 432,538 bits indicate that the proposed method, besides providing security, being reversible, tamper detection capability, and high embedding capacity, has high imperceptibility and adequate resistance against different types of attacks.

ROI-based medical image watermarking for accurate tamper detection, localisation and recovery.

Smart healthcare systems play a vital role in the current era of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS); i.e. Industry 4.0. Medical data security has become the integral part of smart hospital applications to ensure data privacy and patient data security. Usually, patient medical reports and diagnostic images are transferred to the specialist physician in other hospitals for effective diagnostics. Therefore, the transmission of medical data over the internet has attained significant interest among many researchers. The three main challenges associated with the e-healthcare systems are the following: (1) ensuring authentication of medical information; (2) transmission of medical image and patient health record (PHR) should not cause data mismatch/detachment; and (3) medical image should not be modified accidentally or intentionally as they are transmitted over the insecure medium. Thus, it is highly essential to ensure the integrity of the medical image, especially the region of interest (ROI) before taking any diagnostic decisions. Watermarking is a well-known technique used to overcome these challenges. The current research work has developed a watermarking algorithm to ensure integrity and authentication of the medical data and image. In this paper, a novel watermarking algorithm is designed based on Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT), combined chaotic map, recovery bit generation and SHA-256 to address the objective as mentioned earlier. The paper's significant contribution is divided into four phases, namely, watermark generation and data embedding phase, authentication phase, tamper detection phase and localisation and lossless recovery phase. Experiments are carried out to prove that the developed IWT-based data embedding scheme offers high robustness to the data embedded in region of non-interest (RONI), detects and localises the tampered blocks inside ROI with 100% accuracy and recovers the tampered segments of ROI with zero MSE. Further, a comparison is made with the state-of-art schemes to verify the sternness of the developed system.