Intangible Characteristics Research Articles

Cultural Heritage Conservation from the Sense of Place with Phenomenon

The interaction between activities of human beings, space and its culture of history, is co-dependent and furthermore tangible and intangible characteristics. From the Athens Charter to the Xi'an Declaration, it is quite obvious that most of charters and other doctrinal texts pay more attention on tangible properties to conserve the historic site and its setting. The Québec Declaration appealed the importance to integrate tangible and intangible heritage on a historic site and the preservation of the spirit of place. Even though the cultural heritage preservation act has been amended and promulgated for several times, it is still necessary to make more efforts to preserve the spirit of place of historic sites from new thinking directions. From the point of the sense of place with phenomenon, disregarding the method of investigation, the paper focus on qualitative discussion to examine and propose the practicable aspect from the experience of the cultural heritage conservation.

Knowledge management as a key stone of sustainable welfare in the Italian rural areas

Sustainable well-being in the rural areas directly depends on their sustainable development. However, sustainable management in contemporary agriculture does not come easy for farmers due to different challenges and quality standards. To meet these challenges and to achieve sustainable development, the agricultural enterprises need an informational support. Therefore this article offers knowledge management as a tool for facilitating agricultural performance and enhancing quality of rural life. Practical application of knowledge management is quite complicated due to its intangible characteristics. Hence, the paper is targeted at developing sustainable organizational model of knowledge management affordable for small and medium enterprises. This model was created after contentanalysis of the literature and was verified through an executed survey. The Italian agriculture was considered as a context for this study.

التميز کأداة للتحکم في جودة الحياة لأنماط الإسکان بالحالة المصرية Branding as a Tool to Control the Quality of Life of Housing Patterns in Egypt

تهدف الورقة إلى صياغة الفکر العام لعملية التميز بالمدينة وعلاقتها بمستويات الإسکان، ونماذج واستراتيجيات تطبيقها وتقييمها ومدى تأثيرها على تحسين أنماط الإسکان بالمدينة اجتماعيا واقتصاديا وبيئيا وعمرانيا للمساهمة فى تحسين جودة الحياة والصورة المميزة للمدينة. وتهدف الورقة البحثية الي رصد العلاقة بين أنماط بمصر وعناصر تحديدها من حيث الدخل ومستوى التعليم والذى ينعکس بصورة أساسية على المظهر والطابع العمرانى والمعمارى لکل فئة وملامح التميز العمراني والتى تختلف بصورة متباينة بين الفئات، وذلک يعد بمثابة الميزة التنافسية التى تجعل المکان متفرد من خلال سماته المادية وغير المادية مع مراعاة تحقيق احتياجات مستخدمي المکان وعمل ترابط بين المستخدمين والمکان لتمييزه عن الأماکن الاخرى. بالإضافة إلى انعکاس ذلک على فکرة جودة الحياة والتى تزايد الاهتمام بمؤشراتها وقضاياها وطرق تقييمها في السنوات الاخيرة من قبل المنظمات العالمية مثل منظمة الأمم المتحدة للتطور الإنساني الإجتماع (The UN’s Human Development Index); ، والمهتمين بالمجال مثل مجلس التنمية الاجتماعية بانتاريو(The Ontario Social Development Council’s ، والمهتمين بالتنمية المستدامة ويمکن ترجمتها بطرق کثيرة مختلفة طبقا لأصحاب المصالح المختلفة سواء سکان المدينة أو رجال الأعمال أو زائري المدينة فقد تعنى للبعض الأمن والأمان، فرص التوظيف، بيئة نظيفة، الحصول على الخدمات، والتماسک الاجتماعي، بالإضافة إلى ان البحث يهدف للوصول لنموذج تطبيقى وعلمى مبنى على اساس التحليلات للتجارب والادبيات للعلاقة بين عملية تميز المدينة بالهوية وصورة المدينة ومؤشرات جودة الحياة لأنماط الإسکان ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت المستمرة للنواحى العمرانية والاقتصادية والتکنولوجية للسکان والمجتمع کمنظومه ديناميکية واخيرا يقدم البحث مجموعه من التوصيات کألية لتنفيذ وتطوير تلک العلاقة الثلاثية. The paper aims to formulate the general concept of city branding and its relation to quality of life indicators of different housing types, their implementation strategies, and some evaluation models for their impact on improving housing patterns socially, economically, environmentally and physically, to contribute to enhancing quality of life and the image of the city. The paper attempts to monitor the relationship between housing patterns in Egypt and their economic and cultural determinants, which is reflected on the architectural and urban character of each category and the features of urban branding, which vary differently among housing categories. This is a competitive advantage that makes the place unique through its physical and intangible features, taking into consideration the needs of users and their connection to the place to distinguish it from other places. In addition to implications on the concept of quality of life, which has recently witnessed an increased interest in its indicators and evaluation methods by international organizations such as the United Nations Human Development Index, and those interested in the field such as the Ontario Social Development Council. In addition, the paper aims at reaching an applied scientific model based on an analysis for experiences and literature on the relationship between the process of city branding and city identity and image, and quality of life indicators of housing patterns within the continuous transformations of the urban, economic and technological aspects of residents and the society as a dynamic system. Finally, the paper outlines a set of recommendations for the implementation and development of this relationship.

The fuzzy cognitive pairwise comparisons for ranking and grade clustering to build a recommender system: An application of smartphone recommendation

In a competitive high-end product market, many enterprises offer a variety of products to compete the market shares in different segments. Due to rich information of plenty of competitive product alternatives, consumers face the challenges to compare and choose the most suitable products. Whilst a product comprises different tangible and intangible features, consumers tend to buy the features rather than a product itself. A successful product has most features meeting the consumer needs. Perception values of product features from consumers are complex to be measured and predicted. To reduce information overload for searching their preferred products, this paper proposes the Fuzzy Cognitive Pairwise Comparison for Ranking and Grading Clustering (FCPC-RGC) to build a recommender system. The fuzzy number enables rating flexibility for the users to handle rating uncertainty. The Fuzzy Cognitive Pairwise Comparison (FCPC) is used to evaluate consumer preferences for multiple features of a product by pairwise comparison ratings. The Fuzzy Grade Clustering (FGC) is used to group the product alternatives into different consumer preference grades. To verify the validity and applicability of FCPC-RGC, a smartphone recommender system using the proposal approach is demonstrated how the system is able to help the consumers to recommend the suitable products according to the customers’ individual preference.

Place management of a creative city: the case of Izmir

This study investigates how place management is used to render a creative city through the combination of soft factors as intangible characteristics and hard factors as tangible characteristics of the built environment. The study focuses on Izmir, Turkey; exploring its potential as an emerging creative city. The methodology is a descriptive analysis of recent urban design and planning activities of creative cities, reviews projects and strategies in Izmir. Findings provide a framework for place management tools and their strategic use for integration of art, design, creativity and knowledge in creative cities. Place management is used as a tool for image building and identity enhancement, and for quality of place to attract creative and knowledge workers. In the case of Izmir, hard factors triggered the formation process whereas soft factors have taken strengthen the initiative. However, both of them are yet not strong enough to creative public awareness and critical mass.

Place management of a creative city: the case of Izmir

This study investigates how place management is used to render a creative city through the combination of soft factors as intangible characteristics and hard factors as tangible characteristics of the built environment. The study focuses on Izmir, Turkey; exploring its potential as an emerging creative city. The methodology is a descriptive analysis of recent urban design and planning activities of creative cities, reviews projects and strategies in Izmir. Findings provide a framework for place management tools and their strategic use for integration of art, design, creativity and knowledge in creative cities. Place management is used as a tool for image building and identity enhancement, and for quality of place to attract creative and knowledge workers. In the case of Izmir, hard factors triggered the formation process whereas soft factors have taken strengthen the initiative. However, both of them are yet not strong enough to creative public awareness and critical mass.

Confirmatory factoral validity of public housing satisfaction constructs

Validation of housing satisfaction constructs using different perspectives is necessary with increasing relevance of Modelling in post occupancy evaluation (POE). This paper used building components theory to identify tangible and intangible building features and assess the factorial validity of the constructs, with the intention to create substantial and reliable measurement models which can efficiently measure occupants’ satisfaction constructs in public housing evaluation. A total of 300 questionnaires were administered in Gombe metropolis, Nigeria. Some 246 were collected, and 212 were used for final analysis after data screening. Tangible and intangible building satisfaction constructs were produced as independent latent constructs while building component satisfaction as the dependent latent construct. The validity of the constructs was confirmed by AMOS software. Results demonstrated the factorability of occupants’ satisfaction using building components, tangible and intangible features, and provided a standard for a holistic understanding of building satisfaction components. Hence, this supports the use of building component theory in POE studies. Future studies can identify the relationship between dependent and independent building satisfaction construct. Findings are useful for performance evaluation in public housing studies, Users’ satisfaction analyses and formulation of policies to achieve public housing satisfaction.

Towards a critical sport heritage: implications for sport tourism

ABSTRACTThis paper reflects upon the development and increased acceptance for heritage becoming a key component of sport tourism research. The original sport heritage typology, as posited by Ramshaw and Gammon [2005, More than just Nostalgia? Exploring the heritage/sport tourism nexus. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 10(4), 229–241], is re-examined through a more critical lens, revealing additional dimensions that help augment its key components. More specifically, it is argued that future studies should consider the more intangible features of sport heritage, as well as acknowledging the expanding global nature of sport and its impact upon fandom. Also, the case is made for research to explore the dissonance inherent in much of sports heritage, as well as determining where the power lies in allocating and championing current sport heritages. Lastly, the more general implications to the field of sport tourism are offered with particular regard to motivation, place, and consumption.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON BURIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HARINGEN

The archaeological remains discovered in a site reflect past human behavior attemptingto adjust oneself with ones surrounding environment. Thus, there should have been a closerelationship between choosing a prospective activity location and humans strategy to fulfill onesbasic needs. Among the sites in the central region of Kalimantan, which indicate the potency todepict the occurrence of a persisting religious-based-tradition of past civilization, is Haringen. Untilnow, one of the traditions which still show the continuity of old culture is burial. In regard to thisresearch, the effort to identify the characteristics of Haringen burial was carried out by using ethnoarchaeologicalapproach. Based on analogical analysis on ethnographic data of the Maanyancommunities who reside in Haringen today, the discussion was foussed on past human behavior inHaringen concerning death management, both involving tangible and intangible features. Therefore,I assume the Haringen burial characteristic is an implementation of the concept of Kaharinganbelief, which is principally, founded from religious concepts occurred in prehistoric period; a periodwhen the concept of ancestor worship was initially developed and elaborated with the concept ofaxis mundi, which is materialized in form of terraced structures.

Creating Distinct Strategies for Marketing Campaigns Enterprise Dadevarzan Virtual Corp

Objectives: As a service-based economy emerging phenomenon in the business world, an important contribution of the service sector in the economy and considering the improvement of the quality of services.Methods/Statistical Analysis: Nowadays, organizations are obliged to survive the quality of their products and services so that they can consider their current customers happy and attracting new customers and revenue sources to ensure and increase. Findings: Since the marketing services dedicated to the important issue of marketing and with regard to the intangible characteristics of the services and the role of the proper relationship any more attention to the quality of communication with customers by service providers as an undeniable fact considered. Concepts of service companies, especially banks and financial institutions require that in order to create a positive relationship with your customers and take steps. In this article we create distinctive strategies for marketing campaigns Parsian Virtual Dadevarzan. Application/Improvement: In this paper, analysis of competitors and compare them with the company and assessment of opportunities and threats, as well as by examining the strengths and weaknesses of the strategy for have found it.Keywords: Creating Distinct Strategies, Parsian Virtual Dadevarzan

Authenticity as a sustainable value of holistic conservation: The case of Turkey’s world heritage sites

The discussions on ‘authenticity’ have always been central in conservation studies. Nowadays, in recent years, the discussions also continued within the debates on the conservation of intangible cultural heritage. This paper brings a new standpoint about ‘authenticity’, considering it as a value for conservation. Its subjective nature need to be minimized by the clear definition of its constitutive aspects including both tangible and intangible features. To make it more concretized, it needs to understand the decision makers on authenticity and to define it in current conditions of historic environments comparatively. Before the Nara Document on Authenticity, defining the concept of authenticity as “the essential qualifying factor concerning values”, it had generally been explained as a quality regarding physical characteristics. The document determined the sources of information to be linked with authenticity including “form and design, materials and substance, use of function, traditions and techniques, location and setting, and spirit and feeling, and other internal and external factors”. After this document, the relations between intangible values and authenticity have been tried to be defined more clearly. This study puts forward that the sustainability of the originality of integrity of both intangible and tangible values is significant for the accuracy of the holistic conservation of built heritage. The study mainly investigates two of Turkey’s sites in the world heritage list (WHL), Archeological Site of Troy and City of Safranbolu, considering their outstanding universal value and the related criteria which they satisfied; and, the tangible and intangible aspects of their specific conditions of authenticity as outlined in the Nara Document on Authenticity comparatively. (abstract on the paper in english and turkish)

FOR SALE… BUT FOR HOW LONG? A METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL FOR ESTIMATING TIME-ON-THE-MARKET

Residential real estate assumes crucial importance in a country's socioeconomic development. It is an important field of study, and much work has gone into better understanding the sector and the factors determining sales within it, such as time-on-the-market (TOM). TOM can be influenced by a variety of elements; a fact that in effect raises a lot of issues, because these determinants are often interpreted in an ambiguous or unstructured way. This study aims to bring greater accuracy and structure to our understanding of these factors, by showing that the integrated use of cognitive mapping with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can give rise to a conceptually coherent and empirically valid framework to calculate TOM indices in the residential real estate market. Because it takes into account both tangible and intangible characteristics of a house, this measurement framework also boosts strategic planning support and allows for more informed business planning, which we believe can be a real contribution to the development of the real estate market. The practical implications and limitations of this evaluation system are also discussed.

A GIS-Based Cultural Heritage Study Framework on Continuous Scales: A Case Study on 19th Century Military Industrial Heritage

Abstract. This paper presents a framework of introducing GIS technology to record and analyse cultural heritages in continuous spatial scales. The research team is developing a systematic approach to support heritage conservation research and practice on historical buildings, courtyards, historical towns, and archaeological sites ad landscapes. These studies are conducted not only from the property or site scales, but also investigated from their contexts in setting as well as regional scales. From these continues scales, authenticity and integrity of a heritage can be interpreted from a broader spatial and temporal context, in which GIS would contribute through database, spatial analysis, and visualization. The case study is the construction of a information indexing framework of Dagu Dock industrial heritage to integrate physical buildings, courtyards, natural settings as well as their intangible characteristics which are affiliated to the physical heritage properties and presented through historical, social and culture semantics. The paper illustrates methodology and content of recording physical and social/cultural semantics of culture heritages on different scales as well as connection between different levels of database.

Benchmarking by Item Response Theory (BIRTH)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new method for benchmarking, which allows the construction of scales of competitiveness for the comparison of products using Item Response Theory (IRT). Design/methodology/approach – Theoretically, the method combines classic benchmarking process steps with IRT steps and demonstrates through mathematical models how this technique can measure the competitiveness of products by means of a latent trait. Findings – The IRT method uses the theories of psychometrics to measure the competitiveness of products through qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the tangible and intangible characteristics of those products. To demonstrate the application of the developed method, the items were constructed for teaching staff. Research limitations/implications – The application of the developed method will increase the accuracy of assessments of the competitiveness of a product because this method uses a mathematical model of the IRT to evaluate the characteristics product that reflect market competitiveness. Items must be selected based on theories relevant to the product and/or expert opinion or customers. Practical implications – The applicability of the method results in the construction of a scale in which items identify good practice with greater difficulty because they are represented in the same units that index competitiveness. Thus, managers of companies obtain knowledge about their products and the market, which allows them to assess their performance against their competitors and to make decisions regarding the continuous improvement of their production process and expansion of product characteristics. Originality/value – This work presents a new method for benchmarking using a quantitative technique that enables measurement of the latent trait of “competitiveness” through robust mathematical models.

Residents’ changed perceptions of sport event impacts: the case of the 2012 Tour de Taiwan

The study explores subgroups within host residents based on perceptions of the impacts of the 2012 Tour de Taiwan before and after the event. Theoretical perspectives of event impact studies considering Confucian traditions, social exchange theory and a sense of ‘feel-good’ or ‘communitas’ help to provide fresh insights. Data were collected from host residents in three competition stages, before and after the event. Twenty-two impact items divided into four factors generated subgroups of ‘neutral’ and ‘moderately positive’ (pre-event), and ‘neutral’ and ‘positive’ (post-event). The results show significant differences among the subgroups at the pre- and post-event stages in terms of gender, income, engagement in cycling exercises, levels of support and interest in the event, television watching, and event attendance. General benefits, negative impacts, the level of interest in the event and attendance were significant predictors of event support. The findings suggest that event feel-good can help the intangible characteristics of sporting events (do not entail construction and maintenance of permanent structures) to lever tangible and direct benefits for host communities.

Arkeolojik Alan Yönetiminde Sürdürülebilir Yaklaşımlar: Aspat (Strobilos) Yönetim Planı Çalışmaları

Many examples of archaeological sites possess resemblances between ancient and traditional cultures regarding tangible and intangible features in means of adaptation skills to their environment, building skills, economical production systems, cultural motives and belief systems. In addition to their tangible values, they reflect intangible values with local belief systems, religious rituals, all types of local knowledge and skills regarding enhancement of natural resources or traditional production systems. Generation of ‘sustainable development’ paradigms for the past few decades caused significant changes in conventional management approaches for cultural heritage sites including archaeological areas. Therefore, archaeological site management policies today should consider environmental impacts, social integration and participation of local communities having cultural and economic bonds with that site, and development of an appropriate economic plan to achieve its sustainability as basic components of decision-making process. The purpose of this paper to evaluate relationships between sustainable development principles and archaeological management strategies in Turkey. Significance of sustainability paradigms and need for new approaches in relation with archaeological sites is discussed. For this purpose, results of case-study research project “Archaeological Park Management and Agro-Tourism Planning in Ancient Agricultural Lands of Aspat (Strobilos) and Its Territorium” is evaluated. Aspat project includes multidisciplinary researches in order to explore natural, cultural, anthropological, social values of project site; threats and problems of the area and prepare a sustainable management program and future strategies for the heritage site. This paper focuses on assessment of the outcomes of management studies in means of sustainable development principles. Comparative analysis to assess impacts of management studies on natural and cultural environment, social structure and economical resources are conducted by using SWOT analysis method. Discussions conclude with evaluations on necessity for comprehensive management approaches that will integrate values and potentials of archaeological values with sustainable development principles.

PPPs as strategic alliances: from technocratic to multidimensional risk governance

Purpose– Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are characterised by contracts which are necessarily incomplete due to the complexity of their contractual specifications for the contracted services combined with the long-term legal obligations they create. This creates high transaction costs including sharing (and so bearing) risks. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between risk sharing and governance, providing a new perspective for analysis with less emphasis on transaction costs and more on PPPs as strategic alliances.Design/methodology/approach– Three main issues are analysed. First, the definition of PPP in terms of both the type of arrangements and the actors involved, structures varying from one country to another and between contracts. Second, the definition of strategic alliance, identifying which form(s) of PPP is a strategic partnership. Third, reconsideration of incomplete contract theory to identify the circumstances where a strategic alliance can accommodate high transaction costs.Findings– The paper concludes that establishing PPPs as strategic alliances could rectify problems of incomplete contracts by implementing a multidimensional (rather than technocratic) approach to risk governance.Originality/value– The contribution to knowledge provided by this study is rooted in the conceptualization of PPPs as strategic alliances by distinguishing the tangible characteristics of strategic alliance related to the letter of the contract from the intangible characteristics related to the spirit of the contract with the main purpose being to create both public and private value.

Direct speech reports and the cline of prosodic integration in Dolakha Newar

Direct speech reporting is a rhetorical strategy used frequently in the production of Dolakha Newar narrative. Direct speech reports are syntactically uniform in constituting center-embedded objects of ditransitive verbs. Prosodically, they show a wide range of behaviors. They may be set off from the surrounding quotative frame by intonation-unit boundaries, variations in pitch or loudness, and/or the production of contours typical of conversational speech. They may also be produced across multiple intonation units and may show patterns of macro-level prosodic structuring indicative of internal prosodic coherence and embedding within higher-level structures. On the other hand, they may exhibit none of these prosodic characteristics and be prosodically integrated with respect to the quotative frame. This variable behavior results from competition among a variety of pressures, including speakers’ performative goals, the syntax of complementation, the rhetorical impact of the quoted speech, performance factors, and inter-speaker variation in style, among others. While statistical analyses might fruitfully be applied to objectively quantifiable factors, a purely statistical model will never fully predict prosodic behavior, due to the meaningful nature of prosody and intangible features of individuals in the production of discourse.

Determinants of CSR standards adoption: exploring the case of ISO 26000 and the CSR performance ladder in The Netherlands

Purpose – This article aims to report on original empirical research on the comprehensive corporate social responsibility (CSR) standards International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 26000 and the CSR Performance Ladder and identifies determinants for the adoption of CSR standards. In addition, it reviews and adds to literature on CSR standards adoption. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical data were derived from interviews with CSR experts in The Netherlands. Findings – The findings of our research show that the demands and wishes of customers, the attitude of a company’s management, the market position of the standard-developing organization and several tangible and intangible characteristics of the standard itself are particularly relevant for the adoption of CSR standards. Research limitations/implications – The article aimed at reaching analytical generalization instead of statistical generalization and was focused on The Netherlands. Differences across industries and sectors were not taken into account in this exploratory study. Having said this, we still think the article provides valuable insights. Practical implications – Our research identifies “buttons” for policymakers trying to stimulate business to engage with CSR. It may help predict which CSR standards may surface as dominant and can also be used to inform the design and development of new CSR standards. Finally, it may also serve as input for (marketing) strategies by standardization organizations worldwide and other organizations that have taken CSR standardization initiatives as well as non-governmental organizations and even consultancies to spur the adoption of CSR standards as a means of CSR implementation. Originality/value – The article presents original empirical material on CSR standards adoption and contributes to the literature on this topic with insights on determinants’ CSR standards adoption.

Enhancing online brand experiences: An application of congruity theory

Providing a distinctive brand experience is critical to differentiate each hotel brand from others, due to the intangible characteristics of the hotel industry. Rooted in congruity theory, this study investigated how three congruities (i.e., self-image congruity, online–offline brand image congruity, and value congruity) influenced customers’ online brand experiences and their brand trust. Results from this study indicated both self-image congruity and online–offline brand image congruity significantly influenced both customers’ online brand experiences and their trust toward the hotel's brand. Extending brand experience literature and congruity theory, this study suggested hotels should develop a strategy that could capture these three congruity effects in online and offline channels because these effects should be key determinants for customers’ online brand experiences and their responses.