Fish Oil Intake Research Articles

Childhood fish oil supplementation modifies associations between traffic related air pollution and allergic sensitisation

BackgroundStudies of potential adverse effects of traffic related air pollution (TRAP) on allergic disease have had mixed findings. Nutritional studies to examine whether fish oil supplementation may protect against development of allergic disease through their anti-inflammatory actions have also had mixed findings. Extremely few studies to date have considered whether air pollution and dietary factors such as fish oil intake may interact, which was the rationale for this study.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) birth cohort, where children were randomised to fish oil supplementation or placebo from early life to age 5 years. We examined interactions between supplementation and TRAP (using weighted road density at place of residence as our measure of traffic related air pollution exposure) with allergic disease and lung function outcomes at age 5 and 8 years.ResultsOutcome information was available on approximately 400 children (~ 70% of the original birth cohort). Statistically significant interactions between fish oil supplementation and TRAP were seen for house dust mite (HDM), inhalant and all-allergen skin prick tests (SPTs) and for HDM-specific interleukin-5 response at age 5. Adjusting for relevant confounders, relative risks (RRs) for positive HDM SPT were RR 1.74 (95% CI 1.22–2.48) per 100 m local road or 33.3 m of motorway within 50 m of the home for those randomised to the control group and 1.03 (0.76–1.41) for those randomised to receive the fish oil supplement. The risk differential was highest in an analysis restricted to those who did not change address between ages 5 and 8 years. In this sub-group, supplementation also protected against the effect of traffic exposure on pre-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio.ConclusionsResults suggest that fish oil supplementation may protect against pro-allergic sensitisation effects of TRAP exposure. Strengths of this analysis are that supplementation was randomised and independent of TRAP exposure, however, findings need to be confirmed in a larger experimental study with the interaction investigated as a primary hypothesis, potentially also exploring epigenetic mechanisms. More generally, studies of adverse health effects of air pollution may benefit from considering potential effect modification by diet and other factors.Trial registrationAustralia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry. www.anzctr.org.au Registration: ACTRN12605000042640, Date: 26th July 2005. Retrospectively registered, trial commenced prior to registry availability.

High fish oil diet promotes liver inflammation and activates the complement system.

Diets rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) fish oil (FO) have beneficial effects in obesity‑associated metabolic disease. However, contradictory roles in inflammatory disease intervention have been reported. Our previous work revealed that a high‑FO diet promoted myeloid cell differentiation by modifying the bone marrow microenvironment; however, its effects on liver inflammation and complement system activation remain unknown. By performing ELISA, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry and histology on mice fed with high‑FO and low‑fat diets, the present study demonstrated that a 4‑week high‑FO diet promoted liver inflammation in mice without affecting body or liver weight. The livers of high‑FO diet mice exhibited increased infiltration of T cells and CD11b+ Gr‑1+ myeloid cells. Additionally, a higher level of IL‑1β and MCP‑1 mRNA expression was detected, suggesting that the high‑FO diet promoted liver inflammation. Further experiments indicated that the high‑FO diet increased the total hemolytic complement activity (CH50), promoted the production of the membrane attack complex and increased the levels of various complement proteins invivo, including complement components C3, C4b, C1qb and factor B. Furthermore, higher concentrations of triglyceride were detected in the peripheral blood of high‑FO diet mice, indicating the potential protective roles of n‑3 PUFAs in FO against lipotoxicity in hyperlipidemia. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that high FO intake induced inflammation and activated the complement system in the liver. However, further study is required to determine the exact mechanisms.

Diets containing salmon fillet delay development of high blood pressure and hyperfusion damage in kidneys in obese Zucker fa/fa rats

Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular and chronic renal diseases, affecting more than 1 billion people. Fish intake is inversely correlated with the prevalence of hypertension in several, but not all, studies, and intake of fish oil and fish proteins has shown promising potential to delay development of high blood pressure in rats. The effects of baked and raw salmon fillet intake on blood pressure and renal function were investigated in obese Zucker fa/fa rats, which spontaneously develop hypertension with proteinuria and renal failure. Rats were fed diets containing baked or raw salmon fillet in an amount corresponding to 25% of total protein from salmon and 75% of protein from casein, or casein as the sole protein source (control group) for 4 weeks. Results show lower blood pressure and lower urine concentrations of albumin and cystatin C (relative to creatinine) in salmon diet groups when compared to control group. Morphological examinations revealed less prominent hyperfusion damage in podocytes from rats fed diets containing baked or raw salmon when compared to control rats. In conclusion, diets containing baked or raw salmon fillet delayed the development of hypertension and protected against podocyte damage in obese Zucker fa/fa rats.

Intake of Fish Oil Specifically Modulates Colonic Muc2 Expression in Middle-Aged Rats by Suppressing the Glycosylation Process.

ScopeDietary fats have been shown to affect gut microbiota composition and aging gene expression of middle‐aged rats at a normal dose, but little is known about such an effect on gut barrier. In this study, the changes in colonic Muc2 expression are investigated and the underlying mechanism is also proposed.Methods and results36 middle‐aged Sprague–Dawley rats are assigned to one of the diets containing soybean oil, lard, or fish oil (4%). The rats are fed for 5 weeks and then goblet cells, Muc2 expression, and inflammatory cytokines in the colon are measured. Proteome analysis is performed. Compared with the lard and soybean oil diet groups, intake of fish oil decreases the number of goblet cells, and inhibits Muc2 and TLRs expression in the colon of middle‐aged rats, which would impair mucus barrier. Several key enzymes involved in glycosylation process, including Agr2, Gale, Gne, Pmm2, Pdxdc1, Plch1, Pfkp, Cmpk1, and Rexo2, show the lowest abundance in the fish oil diet group.ConclusionIntake of fish oil at a normal dose downregulates colonic Muc2 expression. This negative effect of fish oil may involve the suppression of mucin glycosylation process.

Dietary Patterns and Fractures Risk in the Elderly.

Although the role of dietary factors in the prevention of bone loss and fractures has been investigated in many studies, few studies have examined the association between dietary patterns and total body bone density. Our aim was to determine the relations between dietary patterns and whole-body bone mineral density (WB-BMD) and the association between dietary patterns, fractures, and multiple fractures in the elderly. This cross-sectional study included 177 individuals aged ≥65 years. A dual X-ray absorptiometry scan was performed to measure BMD. Dietary patterns were ascertained by a combination of dietary intake assessment and principal components analysis. Only three dietary patterns correlated with whole-body bone density. The multivariate-adjusted mean bone density across tertiles of these dietary patterns showed that the highest tertile of both the patterns 1 and 2 had a significantly higher bone density than the lowest tertile (pattern 1: 1.021 ± 0.01 and 1.070 ± 0.01 g/cm2 for T1 and T3, respectively; p = 0.043; pattern 2: 1.023 ± 0.01, and 1.081 ± 0.01 g/cm2 for T1 and T3, respectively; p = 0.003). We also find significant gender difference in these results. The highest adherence to the dietary pattern 5 was associated with decreased odds of having fractures (OR = 0.20, p = 0.009), and adherence to the pattern 1 was negatively associated with multiple fractures. A high adherence to the dietary pattern 1 (high intake of grains, fish and olive oil) was associated with a high BMD and a low number of fractures. The highest adherence to the dietary pattern 5 (legumes and wine) was associated with decreased odds of having fractures. Our finding would suggest a potential bone-preserving properties of specific dietary patterns in the elderly.

Periconceptional maternal 'high fish and olive oil, low meat' dietary pattern is associated with increased embryonic growth: The Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort (Predict) Study.

To investigate the association between periconceptional maternal dietary pattern and first-trimester embryonic growth. This was a prospective cohort study of 228 women with a singleton ongoing pregnancy, of which 135 were strictly dated spontaneous pregnancies and 93 were pregnancies achieved after in-vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). All women underwent serial transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US) examinations from 6 + 0 to 13 + 0 weeks' gestation. Crown-rump length (CRL) and embryonic volume (EV) measurements were performed using a virtual reality system. Information on periconceptional maternal dietary intake was collected via food frequency questionnaires. Principal component analysis was performed to identify dietary patterns. Associations between dietary patterns and CRL and EV trajectories were investigated using linear mixed models adjusted for potential confounders. A median of five (range, one to seven) 3D-US scans per pregnancy were performed. Of 1162 datasets, quality was sufficient to perform CRL measurements in 991 (85.3%) and EV measurements in 899 (77.4%). A dietary pattern comprising high intake of fish and olive oil and a very low intake of meat was identified as beneficial for embryonic growth. In strictly dated spontaneous pregnancies, strong adherence to the 'high fish and olive oil, low meat' dietary pattern was associated with a 1.9 mm (95% CI, 0.1-3.63 mm) increase in CRL (+14.6%) at 7 weeks and a 3.4 mm (95% CI, 0.2-7.81 mm) increase (+6.9%) at 11 weeks, whereas EV increased by 0.06 cm3 (95% CI, 0.01-0.13 cm3 ) (+20.4%) at 7 weeks and 1.43 cm3 (95% CI, 0.99-1.87 cm3 ) (+14.4%) at 11 weeks. No significant association was observed in the total study population or in the IVF/ICSI subgroup. Periconceptional maternal adherence to a high fish and olive oil, low meat dietary pattern is positively associated with embryonic growth in spontaneously conceived pregnancies. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Adherence to the Western, Prudent and Mediterranean dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: MCC-Spain study

ObjectiveTo externally validate the previously identified effect on breast cancer risk of the Western, Prudent and Mediterranean dietary patterns. Study designMCC-Spain is a multicase-control study that collected epidemiological information on 1181 incident cases of female breast cancer and 1682 healthy controls from 10 Spanish provinces. Three dietary patterns derived in another Spanish case-control study were analysed in the MCC-Spain study. These patterns were termed Western (high intakes of fatty and sugary products and red and processed meat), Prudent (high intakes of low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruits, whole grains and juices) and Mediterranean (high intake of fish, vegetables, legumes, boiled potatoes, fruits, olives, and vegetable oil, and a low intake of juices). Their association with breast cancer was assessed using logistic regression models with random province-specific intercepts considering an interaction with menopausal status. Risk according to tumour subtypes – based on oestrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) receptors (ER+/PR+ & HER2−; HER2+; ER−/PR− & HER2−) – was evaluated with multinomial regression models. Main outcome measuresBreast cancer and histological subtype. ResultsOur results confirm most of the associations found in the previous case-control study. A high adherence to the Western dietary pattern seems to increase breast cancer risk in both premenopausal women (OR4thvs.1stquartile (95% CI):1.68 (1.02;2.79); OR1SD-increase (95% CI):1.19 (1.02;1.40)) and postmenopausal women (OR4thvs.1stquartile(95% CI):1.48(1.07;2.05); OR1SD-increase(95% CI): 1.14 (1.01;1.29)). While high adherence to the Prudent pattern did not show any effect on breast cancer, the Mediterranean dietary pattern seemed to be protective, but only among postmenopausal women (OR4thvs.1stquartile (95% CI): 0.72 (95% CI 0.53;0.98); p-int=0.075). There were no significant differences by tumour subtype. ConclusionDietary recommendations based on a departure from the Western dietary pattern in favour of the Mediterranean diet could reduce breast cancer risk in the general population.

Fish Oil Supplementation Reduces Heart Levels of Interleukin-6 in Rats with Chronic Inflammation due to Epilepsy

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a major cause of premature death related to epilepsy. The causes of SUDEP remain unknown, but cardiac arrhythmias and asphyxia have been suggested as a major mechanism of this event. Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both epilepsy and ventricular arrhythmia, with interleukin-6 (IL-6) being recognized as a crucial orchestrator of inflammatory states. Our group previously reported that levels of IL-6 were increased in the hearts of epileptic rats. In this scenario, anti-inflammatory actions are among the beneficial effects of fish oil dietary supplementation. This investigation revealed that elevated levels of IL-6 in the heart were markedly reduced in epileptic rats that were treated in the long-term with fish oil, suggesting protective anti-inflammatory actions against dangerously high levels of IL-6. Based on these findings, our results suggest beneficial effects of long-term intake of fish oil in reducing the inflammation associated with chronic epilepsy.

Fish oil effects on quality of life, body weight and free fat mass change in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A triple blind, randomized clinical trial

The effects of fish oil supplementation for nine weeks on quality of life, body weight and muscle mass change in gastrointestinal cancer patients during chemotherapy was investigated. Forty-five patients with colorectal or gastric cancer initiating chemotherapy treatment were studied in a triple-blind, placebo controlled trial. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 3.6g/day of fish oil (1.55g EPA+DHA; n=22) or placebo (n=23). Body weight, body composition and quality of life were assessed at baseline and at week 9. Pooled analysis did not show statistical significance between the two groups for weight and free-fat mass change. However, subgroup analyses demonstrated that fish oil prevented loss of muscle mass. Patients that took fish oil had lower scores for nausea/vomiting and appetite loss after the first nine weeks of chemotherapy, but had higher constipation scores. Thus, the results indicate that certain groups of patients with gastrointestinal cancer may benefit from fish oil intake concomitant with chemotherapy.

Supplementations of Low Doses of Fish Oil Effects on Clinic and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Levels in Treated Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women Sex Hormones Influence

In the present study, we evaluate the changes that fish oil intake has (as a treatment’s coadjutant) over women’s blood pressure (BP) levels and the possible changes in their sexual hormones. For this reason, two groups were constituted: one group took fish oil during 6 months (SG), and the other group did not (CG). Anthropometric, dietetic, blood pressure and sex hormones controls, including β-estradiol, total testosterone, free testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), were carried out by RIA techniques at the third and sixth month of starting or not the intake of fish oil, and 3 months after the end of the supplementation. Our study shows improvements in blood pressure only in the group that effectuated the supplementation. In these women, an increase of the total weight was noticed, accompanied by a decrease in the skinfolds. In regard to the hormones, it calls our attention the high DHEA levels in both groups. But the fish oil intake generated a very significant fall in it. Total testosterone also decreased significantly its concentrations. Therefore, we can conclude that the intake of low doses of fish oil produces a decrease in BP, and that the decline in androgenic hormones (DHEA and total testosterone) can play an important role in this decrease.

Fish Oil with Higher DHA Content and Voluntary Exercise Decreases Postmenopausal Bone Loss

There is increasing evidence suggesting that fish oil (FO) decreases bone resorption by reducing osteoclastogenesis and regular exercise (EX) increases bone mass. EX is associated with increasing bone formation. Therefore, the combined effects of FO intake and EX may have additive effects by both increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption. To demonstrate this, we studied the effects of FO and EX on the bone of mice after an ovariectomyinduced bone loss. Twelve months old C57BL/6 female mice were either sham operated or ovariectomized, divided into different dietary and EX group and maintained for 3 months before sacrifice. The distal femoral metaphysis (DFM) showed significantly higher total BMC in both the FO sham sedentary groups. 30/20 ovariectomized sedentary mice had higher total bone mineral content (BMC). EX significantly increased BMC in the control and one of the FO ovariectomized (18/12) groups. The total bone mineral density (BMD) was higher in both the FO ovariectomized mice. EX significantly increased BMD in the control and combination with 18/12 ovariectomized groups. Cortical BMC increased after EX with both FO diets. The DFM showed no significant changes in the trabecular thickness. However, the trabecular number increased in mice fed both FO diet and on EX. Trabecular separation was decreased in the control and 30/20 FO-fed animals but increased in the 18/12 FO-fed mice. In conclusion, in the distal femoral metaphysis, FO-fed mice showed increased BMD. In combination with EX, the 30/20 FO-fed mice showed higher trabecular number and cortical bone mass as well as decreased trabecular separation.

Fish Oil Intake during Pregnancy and Lactation in Rats Has Different Long-Term Effects on Glucose-Insulin Relationships in Male Pups Depending on Their Age

During pregnancy, polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for fetal development. The fetus is unable to synthesize them and they have to come from the mother. Fish oil supplements (rich in docosahexaenoic acid) are often recommended during the perinatal stage and may contribute to programming future events. The study presented here compared the long-term effects of supplementing the maternal diet of rats with either fish oil or olive oil during pregnancy and lactation on the glucose-insulin axis in the male offspring at different ages.

Serum metabolomics profiles in response to n-3 fatty acids in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomised controlled trial.

We aimed to investigate the change of serum metabolomics in response to n-3 fatty acid supplements in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a double-blind parallel randomised controlled trial, 59 Chinese T2D patients were randomised to receive either fish oil (FO), flaxseed oil (FSO) or corn oil capsules (CO, served as a control group) and followed up for 180 days. An additional 17 healthy non-T2D participants were recruited at baseline for cross-sectional comparison between cases and non-cases. A total of 296 serum metabolites were measured among healthy controls and T2D patients before and after the intervention. Serum 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate (CMPF) (P-interaction = 1.8 × 10−7) was the most significant metabolite identified by repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by eicosapentaenoate (P-interaction = 4.6 × 10−6), 1-eicosapentaenoylglycerophosphocholine (P-interaction = 3.4 × 10−4), docosahexaenoate (P-interaction = 0.001), linolenate (n-3 or n-6, P-interaction = 0.005) and docosapentaenoate (n-3, P-interaction = 0.021). CMPF level was lower in T2D patients than in the healthy controls (P = 0.014) and it was significantly increased in the FO compared with CO group (P = 1.17 × 10−7). Furthermore, change of CMPF during the intervention was negatively correlated with change of serum triglycerides (P = 0.016). In conclusion, furan fatty acid metabolite CMPF was the strongest biomarker of fish oil intake. The association of CMPF with metabolic markers warrants further investigation.

Effects of alternate feeding with different lipid sources on fatty acid composition and bioconversion in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of alternate feeding schedules, in which diets with different lipid sources were alternated, on fatty acid profile, accumulation of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 LC-PUFA) and expression of selected fatty acid bioconversion genes in European sea bass juveniles. Five treatments were administered to fish; fish oil treatment (FO; continuously fed a fish oil (FO)-diet), canola oil treatment (CO; continuously fed a canola oil (CO)-diet), blend oil treatment (BLD; continuously fed with a diet containing both FO and CO), alternate schedule treatment (AST; fish fed for 3weeks with CO and the following 3weeks with BLD), and finishing schedule treatment (FST; fish fed for 9weeks with CO and the following 3weeks with FO) for 12weeks. Significantly higher SGR and lower FCR were detected in fish fed the FO, BLD and FST diets compared to those fed with CO and AST diets. As expected, the n−3 LC-PUFA accumulation (mainly EPA and DHA) was generally decreased in the whole body, flesh and liver in the CO fish compared to FO fish. Although the FST and AST fish consumed the same quantity of fish oil and canola oil throughout the experimental period, the proportion of n−3 LC-PUFA in the flesh of the FST fish was significantly higher than in the AST fish, confirming the major effect of the fish oil intake at the final stages (3weeks) of the experiment. Moreover, no significant effects were detected at the molecular level for hepatic transcriptional factors involved in the regulation of the fatty acid bioconversion metabolic pathway (peroxisome proliferator activated receptors-α; PPARα and sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1; SREBP1), or in the key enzymes involved in fatty acid bioconversion (D6-desaturase enzyme; D6D and fatty acid elongases; ELOVLs) across all treatments, suggesting that the n−3 LC-PUFA level in sea bass cannot be modified through increased fatty acid bioconversion capacities in the liver (at least a molecular level). In conclusion, a nutritional modulation of n−3 LC-PUFA content in flesh was observed in relation to the feeding schedules independently to modifications of the fatty acid bioconversion capacities. Statement of relevanceWe previously shown an increasing LCPUFA activity in freshwater fish fed with alternate feeding regimes. Thus, this promoted us to find more information on possible mechanisms involved in this effect in marine species that needs further clarification related with genes involved in bioconversion of fatty acids. In the present study, even though the analysis of gene expression showed that there was a huge individual difference in response to alternative feeding, especially PPAR-α and SREBP1, there are some potential effects underlying these feeding regimes. However, there is still a need for further nutritional studies to confirm the absence of effects of alternate feeding on genes involved in fatty acid synthesis in fish, hence possible innovative feeding strategies towards more efficient use of dietary fish oil should be identified.

DHA supplementation during pregnancy does not reduce BMI or body fat mass in children: follow-up of the DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome randomized controlled trial

The omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has proven effective at reducing fat storage in animal studies. However, a systematic review of human trials showed a lack of quality data to support or refute this hypothesis. We sought to determine whether maternal DHA supplementation during the second half of pregnancy results in a lower body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat in children. We conducted a follow-up at 3 and 5 y of age of children who were born to mothers enrolled in the DOMInO (DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome) double-blind, randomized controlled trial, in which women with a singleton pregnancy were provided with DHA-rich fish-oil capsules (800 mg DHA/d) or vegetable-oil capsules (control group) in the second half of pregnancy. Primary outcomes were the BMI z score and percentage of body fat at 3 and 5 y of age. Potential interactions between prenatal DHA and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) genotype as a measure of the genetic predisposition to obesity were investigated. A total of 1614 children were eligible for the follow-up. Parent or caregiver consent was obtained for 1531 children (95%), and these children were included in the analysis. BMI z scores and percentages of body fat of children in the DHA group did not differ from those of children in the control group at either 3 y of age [BMI z score adjusted mean difference: 0.03 (95% CI: -0.07, 0.13; P = 0.61); percentage of body fat adjusted mean difference: -0.26 (95% CI: -0.99, 0.46; P = 0.47)] or 5 y of age [BMI z score adjusted mean difference: 0.02 (95% CI: -0.08, 0.12; P = 0.66); percentage of body fat adjusted mean difference: 0.11 (95% CI: -0.60, 0.82; P = 0.75)]. No treatment effects were modified by the PPARγ genotype of the child. Independent of a genetic predisposition to obesity, maternal intake of DHA-rich fish oil during the second half of pregnancy does not affect the growth or body composition of children at 3 or 5 y of age. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN1260500056906 and ACTRN12611001127998.

The PBMC transcriptome profile after intake of oxidized versus high-quality fish oil: an explorative study in healthy subjects.

BackgroundMarine long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation, generating a range of different oxidation products with suggested negative health effects. The aim of the present study was to utilize sensitive high-throughput transcriptome analyses to investigate potential unfavorable effects of oxidized fish oil (PV: 18 meq/kg; AV: 9) compared to high-quality fish oil (PV: 4 meq/kg; AV: 3).Methods In a double-blinded randomized controlled study for seven weeks, 35 healthy subjects were assigned to 8 g of either oxidized fish oil or high quality fish oil. The daily dose of EPA+DHA was 1.6 g. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at baseline and after 7 weeks and transcriptome analyses were performed with the illuminaHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip.ResultsNo gene transcripts, biological processes, pathway or network were significantly changed in the oxidized fish oil group compared to the fish oil group. Furthermore, gene sets related to oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease were not differently regulated between the groups. Within group analyses revealed a more prominent effect after intake of high quality fish oil as 11 gene transcripts were significantly (FDR < 0.1) changed from baseline versus three within the oxidized fish oil group.ConclusionThe suggested concern linking lipid oxidation products to short-term unfavorable health effects may therefore not be evident at a molecular level in this explorative study.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01034423Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-016-0530-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND METABOLIC RESPONSE OF RED STRIPED SNAPPER Lutjanus erythropterus FED DIET WITH ASTAXANTHIN AND/OR OXIDIZED OIL

This study evaluated the effects of astaxanthin (AX) on antioxidant capacity, metabolic response, and liver AX concentration of red striped snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus) (20.05 ± 1.65 g) fed with a diet with or without high dosage of oxidized oil (OX). The commercial diet served as control (C). Fish were fed with a diet containing 240 mg/kg AX, 100 ml/kg OX, or combination of 240 mg/kg AX and 100 ml/kg OX (AX ＋ OX) for a day. Antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and metabolic response (glucose, triglycerides, and lactate) were monitored at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h while liver AX concentration was analyzed at 72 h after feeding. AX- and AX ＋ OX-fish had more improved antioxidant capacity and metabolic response than C- and OX-fish at 6 and 12 h. Moreover, OX-fish had higher glutathione reductase, glucose, triglycerides, and lactate concentrations than AX-fish at 6 and 12 h. Treatments that received AX showed higher liver AX concentration as expected. Overall, this study demonstrated that supplementation of AX in the diet significantly stabilizes both antioxidant capacity and metabolic responses of L. erythropterus under a prooxidant circumstance associated with oxidized fish oil intake.

N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Improve Inflammation via Inhibiting Sphingosine Kinase 1 in a Rat Model of Parenteral Nutrition and CLP-Induced Sepsis.

The sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1)/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway plays a key role in inflammation. Parenteral nutrition containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may regulate inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study is to determine whether n-3 PUFA may improve inflammatory responses by neutralizing SphK1 signaling. Rat models of parenteral nutrition, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis were generated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were operated for CLP on day 2 after venous catheterization. The rats were randomized to receive normal saline (NS; n = 20), parenteral nutrition (PN; n = 20), or PN + fish oil (FO; n = 20) for 5 days. The daily intake of fish oil (1.25-2.82 g EPA and 1.44-3.09 g DHA per 100 ml) in the FO group was approximately 1.8 g/kg body weight/day. Rats in the control group (n = 10) were subjected to sham operation and received a chow diet. Spleen tissues were collected for SphK1 and S1P receptor expression analysis. Our data showed that n-3 PUFA ameliorated the survival rate. SphK1 expression and its enzymatic activity were significantly upregulated in sepsis rats. Furthermore, mRNA and protein levels of S1PR3, but not S1PR1, were also facilitated after CLP. However, PN + FO dramatically decreased SphK1 mRNA level and its enzymatic activity. S1PR3 expression was also attenuated by FO addition. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFA may be linked to the inhibition of the SphK1/S1P pathway in a rat model of parenteral nutrition and CLP-induced sepsis.

Fish oil alleviated high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via regulating hepatic lipids metabolism and metaflammation: a transcriptomic study.

BackgroundIntake of fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is believed to be beneficial against development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was to gain further understanding of the potential mechanisms of the protective effects of fish oil against NAFLD.MethodsTen male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a control diet (CON), a Western style high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (WD), or a WD diet containing fish oil (FOH) for 16 weeks respectively. The development of liver steatosis and fibrosis were verified by histological and biochemical examination. Hepatic transcriptome were extracted for RNA-seq analysis, and particular results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsThe consumption of fish oil significantly ameliorated WD-induced dyslipidemia, transaminase elevation, hepatic steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis. Hepatic RNA-Seq analysis showed that long-term intake of fish oil restored the expression of circadian clock-related genes per2 and per3, which were reduced in WD fed animals. Fish oil consumption also corrected the expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, such as Srebf1, Fasn, Scd1, Insig2, Cd36, Cyp7a1, Abcg5, Abcg8 and Pcsk9. Moreover, the expression levels of pro-inflammation genes Mcp1, Socs2, Sema4a, and Cd44 in the FOH group were lower than that of WD group, implying that fish oil protects the liver against WD-induced hepatic inflammation.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates fish oil protects against WD-induced NALFD via improving lipid metabolism and ameliorating hepatic inflammation. Our findings add to the current understanding on the benefits of n-3 PUFAs against NAFLD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0190-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evaluation of the effects of different supplementation on oxidative status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Reactive oxygen species have been considered as aggravating factors for autoimmune diseases. Fatty acids had been linked in reduction of various diseases by augment of their antioxidant potential and antiinflammatory mechanisms. The aim of this study was to assess the oxidative status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who used concentrated fish oil only or concentrated fish oil in combination with evening primrose oil in a period of 3months. Subjects were divided into three groups. The group I consists of patients who had been taking only their regular rheumatologic therapy; group II, patients who had been taking concentrated fish oil; and group III, patients who had been taking concentrated fish oil and evening primrose oil. Peripheral blood samples were used for all the assays. We assessed the following oxidative stress markers: index of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion radical (O2 (-)), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), and glutathione levels (GSH) in erythrocytes. There were no statistically significant changes for any of the oxidative stress parameters in group I. In group II, levels of TBARS, NO2 (-), and GSH were increased, while levels of H2O2 decreased. Increased values of TBARS, NO2 (-), and SOD were found in group III. Our findings indicate that intakes of fish oil and evening primrose oil may be of importance in mitigation of inflammation, disease activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers, through increased activities of antioxidant enzymes.