Innovative Materials Research Articles

Investigation of Microhardness, Microstructural, Tribological, and Thermal Properties of Al7075/TiO2/Kaoline Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Powder Metallurgy Process

The shift from traditional, single‐component metals and alloys continues, and researchers are currently investigating alternative materials. This evolution has led to the creation of innovative materials, including hybrid metal‐matrix composites. The present study aims to investigate the microstructural, surface morphological, and thermal properties of a novel Al7075/TiO2/Kaoline hybrid metal‐matrix composite prepared using high‐energy ball milling and sintering methods. In this study, phases related to the composite components are formed depending on the milling time, no undesirable phase is formed, but the peak intensities decreas as the milling time increases. Particle size increases from 63 to 215 μm with increasing milling time. Increasing the kaoline reinforcement ratio and sintering temperature increases the microhardness from 62.27 ± 2 to 75.83 ± 2 HV, and reduces the friction coefficient from 0.82 ± 0.01 to 0.62 ± 0.01. The wear rate of the composite without kaoline addition is 2.1 (mm3 m−1) × 10−3, while with 6 wt% kaoline addition, it decreases to 1.5 (mm3 m−1) × 10−3. There are no cracks in the composite other than plastic deformation due to sintering and wear. Peaks indicating endothermic and exothermic reactions during continuous heating occurr in the 635–750 °C temperature range.

Development of e-Booklets making nata de pina as a learning resource for Biology Technology Innovation material in the Merdeka Phase E curriculum in high school

Research Development of e-Booklet Making Nata De Pina Research-Based Research as a Learning Source of Biological Technology Innovation Material in the Merdeka Phase E Curriculum in High School aims to analyze the influence of the concentration of sprouts extract on the quality of thickness and weight of nata de pina, as well as analyzing the validity, feasibility, and readability of E-Booklet Making Nata De Pina Developed. The development research design uses the Addie model, which consists of 5 stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. In this study the implementation stage was not implemented. The results of this study were the provision of sprouts in the process of making nata de pina had a significant effect on the thickness of thickness and weight of nata de pina. The best results of the five treatments for the concentration of sprouts extract tested are trial in the K4 treatment with a concentration of sprouts of 100 ml for 500ml of media. The e-Booklet of making Nata de Pina is considered very valid with the acquisition of material validation scores of 90.90% and the validation score of media experts of 93.53%. The e-Booklet making Nata de Pina was declared very feasible with the acquisition of the teacher response score of 96.66% and the student response was 89.52%. As well as the results of the e-Booklet readability test making Nata de Pina is considered high with the acquisition of the Rumpang test score of 98.38%.

Vapor Absorption and Liquefication Triggered Dynamic Color Changes and Pattern Conversions on Photonic Crystal Films for Anticounterfeiting.

The widespread use of counterfeit goods caused significant damage to economy, personal data security, and public health. There is an urgent need to develop innovative anticounterfeiting materials to enhance their performance. Anticounterfeiting labels based on responsive photonic crystals have been widely researched for the inherent difficulty in replicating the delicate structures and structure colors. By integrating various distinct nanoparticles (NPs), it is expected to produce photonic crystal patterns that offer more intricate color effects and improved anticounterfeiting capabilities. In this work, we reported a photonic crystal anticounterfeiting label with dynamic color variations in solvent vapors and pattern conversions upon vapor liquefication by utilizing three different nanoparticles including d-SiO2, h-SiO2, and m-SiO2 NPs as building blocks. This anticounterfeiting label exhibits a wealth of dynamic color changes associated with the absorption time, absorption rate, absorption medium, and microstructure of the nanoparticles, offering diverse visual effects and showcasing interesting anticounterfeiting performances. The dynamic color change or pattern conversion effect of this photonic crystal (PC) pattern is realized through refractive index changes induced by vapor absorption or solvent filling, which involves no volume changes and shows exceptional durability for repeated applications. This label shows promising broad applications in anticounterfeiting areas.

Vertical Response of Stress Transmission Through Sand–Tire Mixture Under Impact

This study evaluates the vertical stress transmission through a sand–tire mixture layer under impact, focusing on this innovative blended material that can impact underground structures such as tunnels or pipelines. By conducting consolidated undrained triaxial tests, the friction angle (φ) of the sand–tire mixture was determined, ranging from 29° for pure tire to 41° for pure sand. The vertical stress factor (α), representing the ratio of response load to applied load, was found to decrease significantly with increased tire content, with a reduction of up to 50% for mixtures containing 20% tire. Additionally, the vertical stress response decreased from 35 kPa for pure sand to as low as 15 kPa for mixtures with a high tire content under a consistent applied load of 65 kPa. This study not only presents a methodological advancement in analyzing sand–tire mixtures under dynamic loads but also suggests a sustainable approach to utilizing waste tire material in civil engineering projects, thereby contributing to environmental conservation and improved material performance in geotechnical applications.

XElemNet: towards explainable AI for deep neural networks in materials science

Recent progress in deep learning has significantly impacted materials science, leading to accelerated material discovery and innovation. ElemNet, a deep neural network model that predicts formation energy from elemental compositions, exemplifies the application of deep learning techniques in this field. However, the “black-box” nature of deep learning models often raises concerns about their interpretability and reliability. In this study, we propose XElemNet to explore the interpretability of ElemNet by applying a series of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques, focusing on post-hoc analysis and model transparency. The experiments with artificial binary datasets reveal ElemNet’s effectiveness in predicting convex hulls of element-pair systems across periodic table groups, indicating its capability to effectively discern elemental interactions in most cases. Additionally, feature importance analysis within ElemNet highlights alignment with chemical properties of elements such as reactivity and electronegativity. XElemNet provides insights into the strengths and limitations of ElemNet and offers a potential pathway for explaining other deep learning models in materials science.

Advancing Solar Power Efficiency: Innovations in Material Science and System Optimization for Enhanced Solar Energy Conversion

This study aims to advance solar power efficiency through innovations in material science, surface engineering, and system optimization. The research integrates experimental testing and computational modeling to assess improvements in energy conversion efficiency. The methodology includes testing photovoltaic materials such as perovskite and multi-junction cells, anti-reflective coatings, self-cleaning surfaces, and optimizing panel orientation, cooling systems, and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms. Perovskite cells demonstrated a 22% increase in efficiency, while multi-junction cells achieved up to 35% efficiency. Anti-reflective coatings and self-cleaning surfaces improved energy capture by 4% and 7%, respectively. System optimization, including dual-axis trackers and AI-enhanced MPPT algorithms, provided additional efficiency gains of up to 25% and 10%, respectively. These findings demonstrate significant advancements in solar panel performance, providing a clear path for enhancing scalability and commercial viability in diverse environmental conditions. The integration of innovative materials and system optimizations presents a promising solution for making solar energy more sustainable and cost-effective. Future research should focus on improving the durability and reducing the costs of these technologies for widespread adoption.

Spiral-Concave Prussian Blue Crystals with Rich Steps: Growth Mechanism and Coordination Regulation.

Investigating the formation and transformation mechanisms of spiral-concave crystals holds significant potential for advancing innovative material design and comprehension. We examined the kinetics-controlled nucleation and growth mechanisms of Prussian Blue crystals with spiral concave structures, and constructed a detailed crystal growth phase diagram. The spiral-concave hexacyanoferrate (SC-HCF) crystals, characterized by high-density surface steps and a low stress-strain architecture, exhibit enhanced activity due to their facile interaction with reactants. Notably, the coordination environment of SC-HCF can be precisely modulated by the introduction of diverse metals. Utilizing X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and in situ ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, we elucidated the formation mechanism of SC-HCF to Co-HCF facilitated by oriented adsorption-ion exchange (OA-IE) process. Both experimental data, and density functional theory confirm that Co-HCF possesses an optimized energy band structure, capable of adjusting the local electronic environment and enhancing the performance of the oxygen evolution reaction. This work not only elucidates the formation mechanism and coordination regulation for rich steps HCF, but also offers a novel perspective for constructing nanocrystals with intricate spiral-concave structures.

Spiral‐Concave Prussian Blue Crystals with Rich Steps: Growth Mechanism and Coordination Regulation

AbstractInvestigating the formation and transformation mechanisms of spiral‐concave crystals holds significant potential for advancing innovative material design and comprehension. We examined the kinetics‐controlled nucleation and growth mechanisms of Prussian Blue crystals with spiral concave structures, and constructed a detailed crystal growth phase diagram. The spiral‐concave hexacyanoferrate (SC‐HCF) crystals, characterized by high‐density surface steps and a low stress‐strain architecture, exhibit enhanced activity due to their facile interaction with reactants. Notably, the coordination environment of SC‐HCF can be precisely modulated by the introduction of diverse metals. Utilizing X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and in situ ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, we elucidated the formation mechanism of SC‐HCF to Co‐HCF facilitated by oriented adsorption‐ion exchange (OA‐IE) process. Both experimental data, and density functional theory confirm that Co‐HCF possesses an optimized energy band structure, capable of adjusting the local electronic environment and enhancing the performance of the oxygen evolution reaction. This work not only elucidates the formation mechanism and coordination regulation for rich steps HCF, but also offers a novel perspective for constructing nanocrystals with intricate spiral‐concave structures.

Multiscale insights into polyamide membrane fouling during reverse osmosis of rare earth wastewater

The rare earth elements (REEs) industrial wastewater is characterized by high ammonium nitrogen and low-strength organic compounds. Reverse osmosis (RO) process is effective for the REEs wastewater treatment. However, membrane fouling deteriorated the RO process. In this work, the fouling mechanism during RO process of REEs wastewater was elucidated via multiscale methods. A series of bench-scale fouling tests with simulated REEs wastewater containing high NH4+–N and different concentrations of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-(2-ethylhexyl) ester (P507) were performed with a commercial RO membrane to evaluate the fouling extent of the RO process. A critical P507 concentration (0.25 mg L−1) was observed where the fouling pattern changed qualitatively. When the P507 concentration was lower than 0.25 mg L−1, the relative flux increased and the membrane surface became more hydrophilic. When P507 reached this critical point, severe fouling occurred accompanied with a more hydrophobic membrane surface. Multiscale simulations [i.e., molecular dynamics (MD) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD)] revealed that the fouling layer network varied with P507 concentration. This work provides in-depth insights into membrane fouling mechanism in the REEs wastewater, and has enlightening significance for fouling control strategies and the innovation of anti-fouling membrane materials.

Systematic analysis to evaluate the impact of hydration on electrolytes [emim][BF4] and [cho][gly] in supercapacitors formed by graphene or graphyne electrodes

This study systematically analyzes the structural properties of the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([emim][BF4]) and choline-glycine ([cho][gly]) to evaluate hydration effects on their electrical properties in supercapacitors with graphene or graphyne electrodes. The research examines how hydration impacts the electric window, total capacitance and gravimetric energy density of the devices. The goal is to enhance energy storage performance through innovative materials, focusing on sustainable, eco-friendly technologies. Results show that hydration influences the structure of the Electric Double Layer (EDL), with water molecules affecting ion mass density on the surface of the electrodes. Positive ion concentration is higher in graphene electrodes compared to graphyne. The study projects gravimetric energy density and energy efficiency based on potential difference and hydration level, highlighting the critical role of hydration in optimizing supercapacitor electrical properties and industrial application opportunities.

Nanocellulose‐polypropylene composites with novel antimicrobial complex salt

AbstractPolypropylene composites with different contents of zinc‐ammonium salts (3, 5 and 7 wt%) and nanocellulose (1 wt%) after enzymatic bioconversion were characterized by structural, dispersion‐morphological, thermal, antimicrobial and mechanical analysis. It was shown that the use of a newly synthesized salt significantly affected the formation of the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix and increased the nucleation activity, thermostability and flexibility of the composite materials. Moreover, the addition of the inorganic filler allowed to obtain composites with very good antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. An interesting relationship between the degree of filler dispersion in the polymer matrix and the formation of polymorphic varieties was elucidated in the study, which contributes to the improvement of final performance characteristics of composite materials. It is noteworthy that a hybrid filler in the form of nanometric cellulose and a biocidal additive containing zinc‐ammonium complex salt was used for the first time. Research has shown that such polymer composites can find application during the manufacture of smart packaging materials with enhanced barrier properties against oxygen and water vapor as well as improved biocidal characteristics, which will notably extend food storage time. At the same time, the presented process of obtaining the innovative composite materials is an excellent example of sustainable technologies for the design of antimicrobial treatments, while guaranteeing the possibility of further processing of these composite materials through material recycling.Highlights Zinc‐ammonium complex with antimicrobial properties was obtained The strength properties and thermal stability of the composites were improved Degree of filler dispersion in polymer affects formation of polymorphic varieties The composites can be applied in the production of smart packaging materials

Metal-organic framework-derived in situ-grown Cu2Sb@NC octahedra for high-performance stable lithium/sodium storage

Intermetallic compounds are considered a special class of alloy-type anode materials that show great potential for use in lithium/sodium-ion batteries due to their inherent advantages, such as high specific capacity and enhanced safety features. However, their practical application is often impeded by the substantial volume changes that occur during the insertion and extraction of Li+/Na+ ions, leading to capacity decay and reduced service life. To address this challenge, we developed a novel composite material comprising Cu2Sb nanoparticles encapsulated within a N-doped octahedral carbon matrix (Cu2Sb@N-C). This composite structure features a heteroatom-doped conductive network, a three-dimensional carbon framework, and finely dispersed Cu2Sb nanoparticles. Benefiting from the heteroatom-doped conductive network, three-dimensional carbon framework and ultrafine Cu2Sb nanoparticles, they not only provide a penetrating network for the fast transfer of charge carriers and improve the accessibility of ions, but also alleviate the agglomeration and volume expansion of Cu2Sb during cycling. For LIBs, the material exhibited a reversible capacity of 1001.0 mAh/g after 330 cycles at 0.2 A/g, while maintaining a substantial capacity of 565.5 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A/g. In the case of SIBs, the material exhibited a capacity of 375.6 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.2 A/g. Post-cycling electrode analyses revealed that the Cu2Sb@N-C anode material retained its structural integrity, demonstrating its ability to withstand the continuous insertion and extraction of Li+/Na+ ions. This research contributes insights into the effective design of innovative high-capacity alloy-based anode materials for advanced secondary batteries.

Engineering the Atomic Interface of Refractory‐Metal‐Reinforced Copper Matrix Using Direct Ink 3D Printing

Herein, 3D printing involving metallic materials with substantially distinct melting temperatures and their immiscibility presents a formidable challenge. Nevertheless, it may be possible to overcome this challenge using the direct ink writing (DIW) method within such immiscible systems. In this article, a successful fabrication of Cu‐based composites utilizing the additive manufacturing process that is DIW technique, followed by a post‐sintering process, is presented. The secondary addition to the Cu–matrix includes tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), and niobium (Nb). The rheological properties of the composite inks are also analyzed for the DIW technique. The underlying reasons behind the increased mechanical, wear, and thermal properties are assessed through experimental and molecular dynamics simulations. Microstructural analysis is conducted using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Mechanical, electrical, thermal, and wear properties are evaluated at ambient temperature, and comparisons are established with DIW‐processed pure Cu. Elemental mapping through energy‐dispersive spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy confirm the distribution of W, Ta, and Nb particles within the composite. The 3D printing of immiscible alloy components opens new avenues for exploring novel material properties, mixtures, and composite materials, thus fostering the development of innovative materials.

Experimental and numerical evaluation of sustainable application of steel slag as an alternative to gravel in compaction piles

The study investigates the application of steel slag as an innovative material for compaction piles in the stabilization of soft soils, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional gravel compaction piles (GCPs). Through a comprehensive series of laboratory tests, field experiments, and numerical simulations, this study evaluated the performance, environmental impact, and long-term behavior of steel slag compaction piles (SSCPs). The key findings revealed that steel slag not only provides immediate soil improvement comparable to gravel but also exhibits significant time-dependent increases in strength and stiffness. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) N-ratios (N1/N0, where N1 = N value after improvement and N0 = N value before improvement) were similar for soils reinforced with SSCPs and GCPs after 0 months, but were about 30 % higher in SSCP-reinforced soils after 3 months. This increase was attributed to the cementation of steel slags, suggesting that the compaction pile with increased stiffness due to cementation acts as a compaction pile with an increased area replacement ratio (α). Environmental assessments confirmed that steel slag meets regulatory standards for soil contamination, positioning it as a sustainable option. Settlement analysis after embankment construction showed reduced and more uniform settlements with SSCPs, suggesting superior load distribution capabilities. Finite element analysis compared the behavior of SSCP-reinforced soils at varying α and stiffness of compaction piles, confirming that the cementation of steel slag produces an effect equivalent to increasing α in uncemented piles, thus enhancing the reinforcement effect.

Nano Material Innovation in Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Offshore Structures

Offshore structures are constantly exposed to the corrosive marine environment, causing significant material degradation and potentially jeopardizing structural integrity. This research explores recent innovations in nanomaterial technology to improve the corrosion resistance of offshore structures. The main focus is given to the development of nano-composite coatings incorporating metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. An electrophoretic deposition method was used to apply the coatings on steel substrates, followed by characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed a significant improvement in corrosion resistance, with the nano-composite coatings exhibiting a reduction in corrosion rate of up to 85% compared to conventional coatings. In addition, these coatings exhibited superior adhesion and abrasion resistance in simulated extreme marine conditions. These findings highlight the great potential of nanomaterials in extending the service life and improving the reliability of offshore structures, with important implications for the oil and gas and offshore renewable energy industries.

Capacitive lithium capture system using a mixed LiMn2O4 and LiAlO2 material

The increasing demand for lithium (Li), a crucial material in various industries, requires efficient recovery methods and a shift toward a circular economy. This study investigates a fast, eco-friendly technique for selective Li recovery, emphasizing the use of innovative materials from spent Li-ion batteries (SLiBs), particularly LiMn2O4(LMO)/LiAlO2(LAO)-based materials, to enhance Li's circular economy. Conventional Li recovery methods typically involve prolonged processes with chemical additives and environmental concerns, whereas electrochemical systems like membrane-based capacitive deionization (MCDI) offer promising high removal capacities, regeneration ability, and scalability. However, no commercial electrochemical Li recovery system underscores the need for continued research to improve their performance. This study employs MCDI for selective Li recovery, examining various electrode materials, including commercial activated carbon, LMO-based electrodes, and modified LMO/LAO-based electrodes. The mixed LiMn2O4/LiAlO2 cathode exhibited high selectivity for Li+ extraction with a recovery efficiency of 83.1 %, achieving a deionization capacity of 38.15 mg/g at 1.0 V under an initial feed concentration of 5 mM LiCl. The Li+ adsorption reached 900 μmol/g, with a separation factor (αMg2+Li+) of 3.77 (CMg2+/CLi+ = 1), setting a robust foundation for a comprehensive Li recovery framework that meets the increasing Li demand while minimizing environmental impact.

Cellulose-Templated Nanomaterials for Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Sensors.

Energy crisis inspires the development of renewable and clean energy sources, along with related applications such as nanogenerators and self-powered devices. Balancing high performance and environmental sustainability in advanced material innovation is a challenging task. Addressing the global challenges of sustainable development and carbon neutrality lead to increasedinterest in biopolymer research. Nanocellulose materials, derived from biopolymers, demonstrate potential as template candidates for advanced materials, due to their unique properties, including high strength, high surface area, controllable pore structures and high-water retention. In recent years, cellulose-templated nanomaterials enable delicate nano-/microscale structural construction, thus promoting developments in the field of nanogenerators and self-powered sensors. However, there is still a limited number of reviews focused on cellulose-templated nanomaterials for applications in nanogenerators and self-powered sensors. This review aims to fill this research gap by introducing various cellulose-templated nanomaterials and providing a detailed analysis of their fashionable applications in nanogenerators and self-powered sensors. The goal is to present cellulose-templated nanomaterials as highly promising template and guest materials for templating technologies, offering sustainable nano-/microscale control over advanced materials for the foreseeable future. This potential is promising for new applications in the fields of nanogenerators and self-powered sensors.

A New Organic Laser Material Design Toward Ultra-Low Amplified Spontaneous Red Emission and Ultra-Bright Electroluminescence.

Significant efforts are dedicated to developing new classes of organic semiconductor materials to achieve electrically pumped lasing. However, further advancements are necessary to understand the relationship between the structure and property for the creation of innovative laser materials with high stability, low triplet yield, ultra-low lasing threshold, and low-efficiency roll-off at ultra-bright electroluminescence. Here, a new design principle is validated for organic semiconductor laser materials, demonstrating simultaneous enhancement in the key figures of merit of low amplified spontaneous emission thresholds (Eth), efficient electroluminescence, and low triplet yields. By applying the Einstein stimulated emission rate equation and Strickler-Berg approximation, Two red-emitting laser dimers of Cibalackrot with different linkers are constructed, leading to giant enhancement (≈250%) in oscillator strengths, and stimulated emission cross-sections. When blended in poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole), the new dimers achieve an ultra-low Eth (4.5±0.3µJcm-2) in the deep red region (λASE=655nm), among the lowest reported for deep-red emitters. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) utilizing the dimer blend exhibit low-efficiency roll-off under DC mode. Under pulse operation, the OLEDs achieve high current densities (90Am-2) and ultrahigh brightness (≈710000cdm-2). These findings highlight the dimerization design as an excellent platform to advance organic semiconductor laser materials.

Crystallographic and Optical Spectroscopic Study of Metal–Organic 2D Polymeric Crystals of Silver(I)– and Zinc(II)–Squarates

Metal–organic framework materials, as innovative functional materials for nonlinear optical technologies, feature linear and nonlinear optical responses, such as a laser damage threshold, outstanding mechanical properties, thermal stability, and optical transparency. Their non-centrosymmetric crystal structure induces a higher-order nonlinear optical response, which guarantees technological applications. ZnII– and AgI–squarate complexes are attractive templates for these purposes due to their good crystal growth, optical transparency, high thermal stability, etc. However, the space group type of the catena-((μ2-squarato)-tetra-aqua-zinc(II)) complex ([Zn(C4O4)(H2O)4]) is debatable, (1) showing centro- and non-centrosymmetric monoclinic C2/c and Cc phases. The same is valid for the catena-((μ3-squarato)-(μ2-aqua)-silver(I)) complex (Ag2C4O4), (2) exhibiting, so far, only a C2/c phase. This study is the first to report new crystallographic data on (1) and (2) re-determined at different temperatures (293(2) and 300(2)K) and the non-centrosymmetric Cc phase of (2), having different numbers of molecules per unit cell compared with the C2/c phase. There are high-resolution crystallographic measurements of single crystals, experimental electronic absorption, and vibrational spectroscopic data, together with ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometric ones. The experimental results are supported for theoretical optical and nonlinear optical properties obtained via high-accuracy static computational methods and molecular dynamics, using density functional theory as well as chemometrics.

Preparation and characterization of fumed silica added PMMA denture base materials

This study was carried out to investigate the chemical, mechanical, and structural properties of increasing amounts of fumed silica added to PMMA denture base material. The effect of adding fumed silica at three different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2% by weight) to PMMA was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), density, flexural strength, hardness, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the highest flexural strength values (105.64 MPa) and hardness (20.07 microvickers) were obtained with 1% wt. of fumed silica material. According to DMA results, fumed silica samples containing 1% wt. had the highest energy storage (3.24 GPa at 30 °C) and glass transition temperature. As a result, fumed silica in PMMA denture base material reached its maximum saturation limit at 1% wt. A more brittle behavior was observed in samples containing 2% fumed silica, which accumulated on the surface, as confirmed by AFM. The molecular bonds at the resin-fumed silica interface weaken due to the agglomeration of fumed silica. Consequently, the flexural strength and hardness decrease, along with the glass transition temperature and storage modulus. The potential applications of this research are vast, inspiring further exploration and innovation in denture-based materials.