Injection Of Sodium Bicarbonate Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY AND METABOLIC ALKALOSIS ON CARDIAC OUTPUT AND PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE

SUMMARY 1. Experiments were performed in animals to determine the effect of acutely induced respiratory and metabolic alkalosis on cardiac output, and peripheral resistance. 2. Acute respiratory alkalosis produced no change in cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or arterial blood pressure. 3. Acute metabolic alkalosis induced by injection of either hypertonic or isotonic sodium bicarbonate produced a marked increase in cardiac output with an accompanying fall in peripheral resistance but no change in arterial pressure or pulse rate. 4. Control experiments with injection of similar amounts of hypertonic or isotonic sodium chloride solution produced increases in cardiac output similar to those induced by sodium bicarbonate. 5. The elevation in cardiac output induced by intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate solution appears to be largely explainable on the basis of increased blood volume and no specific effect of acute metabolic alkalosis on cardiac output was demonstrated.

Changes in tissue pH after circulatory arrest.

The circulation of dogs was stopped by fibrillation of the heart, and needle pH electrodes were placed in various tissues of dogs. The pH electrodes were connected to a continuous recording pH meter and the pH of the tissues was measured for a period of 1 hour following circulatory arrest. A few incidental studies on metabolic inhibitors, hypothermia and alkalinizing agents were made in addition to studies on the normal animals. It was found that the initial pH in the normal animals was 7.2–7.3, but within a short period of time decreased to values lethal to an animal with a normal circulation. The cerebral cortex showed the most rapid decrease in pH following circulatory arrest. The injection of sodium bicarbonate before circulatory arrest was of little value in preventing the development of acidity. Oxythiamine was effective in preventing the development of severe acidity but appears of little practical use. Hypothermia to 25°C proved effective in retarding the development of severe acidity in the two animals studied.

亜硫酸ガス中毒に関する臨床的ならびに実験的研究 : 第V編 急性亜硫酸ガス中毒家兎の重曹を注射したさいの血清中Cl, Na, K, Caについて

Immediately after subjection to a 20-minute inhalation of sulfur dioxide of 1, 500 to 2, 000 ppm, rabbits were injected through an auricular vein with 7 cc of a 7% sodium bicarbonate solution and a tracing was made of the amounts of serum chlorine, sodium, potassium and calcium as well as variations of urinary pH. The following results were obtained. 1) No notable changes were perceived in the serum chlorine amount, nor there was the decrease already reported in Part IV in a group exposed to sulfur dioxide of high concentration. With reference to the sodium amount, the time of appearance the lowest value was by 90 minutes later than in the group mentioned in Part IV, but no striking difference was observed in the subsequent course. Potassium amount revealed a low value for about 24 hours after the exposure, but returned to normal thereafter. Calcium amount showed no conspicuous changes. Urinary pH inclined toward acidity after the exposure, but it remained within a comparatively slight range until 120 minutes later and became strikingly acidic for the subsequent 24 hours. After this it returned to the per-exposure value. 2) Aside from the above experiment, study was made of the effects on a group of rabbits injected with sodium bicarbonate alone without being subjected to the inhalation of sulfur dioxide, but presence of a conspicuous increase in the sodium amount and do on were not noticed. 3) In the instance of acute sulfur dioxide poisoning, the process in which the liver, etc. temporarily retained acidic substances produced and gradually liberated those into the blood in response to the excretory function was observed in the variation of the sodium amount and urinary pH. 4) Injection of sodium bicarbonate in the case of acute sulfur dioxide poisoning is of use for alleviating the attack directly after inhalation of sulfur dioxide, but much can not be expected of the effectiveness. Summary of Parts I-V Variations in the amounts of chlorine, sodium, potassium and calcium in the sera of humans as well as of rabbits at that time of inhalation of sulfur dioxide are in conformity with the general trends of the alarm reaction period, resistance period and lassitude period which were described by H.Selye. And, these changes are considered to be related to the adrenal reaction centering around the sodium reabsorbing mechanism in the kidney. Moreover, the administration of sodium bicarbonate which has hitherto been used by choice does more harm than good in chronic poisoning, and at the time of acute poisoning, much will not be expected of the drug even though there is a slight effectiveness.

亜硫酸ガス中毒に関する臨床的ならびに実験的研究 : 第III編 慢性亜硫酸ガス中毒家兎に重曹を注射したさいの血清中Cl, Na, K, Caについて

After 2-hour exposure to sulfur dioxide of 100 ppm, 7 male rabbits of body weight of 2, 500 to 3, 000 grams were injected through an auricular vein each with 7cc of a 7% sodium bicarbonate solution caily, and a 6-month tracing of the variations in the amounts of serum chlorine, sodium, potassium and calcium was made. The following results were obtained. 1) As mentioned in Part II, marked alterations were recognized in the amounts of serum sodium and potassium whereas none were in the amounts of chlorine and calcium. Sodium amount exhibited a decrease on the 7th day of the experiment down to 78.9% of the value prior to experiment, but thereafter an increase with a peak on the 35th day up to 130.2% of the preexperiment value was noted. From that time on comparatively high values were shown until the 49th day, but there was a subsequent decline in the values in the remaining experimental period, values becoming in some measure lower than those prior to experiment. Potassium amount decreased to 77.4% of the preexperiment value on the 7th day of the experiment, and this condition continued almost throughout the subsequent period. So far, the results are similar to those stated in Part II. 2) In the present case, however, with a view to knowing the effects of sodium bicarbonate, next, 4 rabbits were injected with 7cc of a 7% sodium bicarbonate solution alone without the inhalation of sulfur dioxide. In this group noparticular change wa srecognized in the amounts of chlorine, sodium, potassium and calcium in the serum. 3) Then in another group of rabbits receiving the injection of sodium bicarbonate after the inhalation of sulfur dioxide, the increase in sodium got delayed and the peak of the increase made its appearance about two weeks later, and even the period showing a comparatively high value was a little longer than that in the formor group. However, sodium amount in the present group was less than that in the former by 10% or so in the late stage. 4) On the basis of the above findings, it was considered that injection of sodium bicarbonate in the case of chronic sulfur dioxide poisoning would delay the appearance of resistance and hasten the time of losing the resistance acquired. Accordingly, the administration of sodium bicarbonate is thought to be rather injurious without production any effectiveness in chronic sulfur dioxide poisoning.

Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Alveolar Carbon Dioxide During Electroencephalography

In a previous communication11the results of a study of electroencephalographic (EEG) activation in 37 normal subjects by the use of inhalation of a mixture of 7% oxygen and 93% nitrogen were presented. In this paper the results of the test in 26 subjects suffering from various types of epilepsy will be reported. In all subjects the arterial oxygen saturation and alveolar carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) were continuously recorded with the EEG, and the effects of hypoxia were compared with other activation procedures, such as hyperventilation, breath holding, and, in some subjects, ocular compression.3The effects of breathing 7% CO2and oxygen mixtures, of breathing 100% oxygen, and of intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate on induced seizure discharges were also evaluated. Before we proceed with a detailed account of the methods and results of the present study, the history of the use of hyperventilation and

INFLUENCE OF SOUND STIMULATION ON ADRENALIN SECRETION

Un-anaesthetized healthy dogs and anaesthetized dogs with Isozol were exposed to momentary explosion and 125 phon pure tone at 500cps, 2000cps and 4000cps for 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Then blood samples were collected by modified Cava-Pocket technique and adrenalin level was deter- mined by Bloor's method. The result obtained were as follows: 1) Adrenalin level of the blood did not change in dogs treated by the injection of Isozol or sodium bicarbonate being relatively constant. 2) In un-anaesthetized healthy dogs exposed to acoustic stimuli, elevation of the adrenalin level was always observed without exception, reaching to its maximum in 10 minutes after the stimulation. 3) The dogs received the injection of sodium bicarbonate (7% solution, 2cc/kg) prior to the acoustic stimulation, the Adrenalin level of the blood showed almost no change being a little higher than normal. These observations suggest that the elevation of Adrenalin concentration after the exposure to acoustic stimuli is due to sympatheticotonic reaction. It is especially pointed out that the injection of sodium bicarbonate solution prevents such a change.

INFLUENCE OF SOUND STIMULATION ON ADRENO-CORTICAL HORMONES

Un-anaesthetized healthy dogs and anaesthetized dogs with Isozol were exposed to momen- tary explosion and 125 phon pure tone at 500 cps, 2000 cps and 4000 cps for 15, 30, and 60 minu- tes. Blood samples were collected by modified Cava-pocket technique and plasma corticoids level (17 OH corticoids) was determined by Silber-porter and Kumagaya's method. The result were as follows: 1) Plasma corticoids level of the blood did not change by the administration of Isozol injection of sodium bicarbonate sollution or collection of blood samples being relatively constant. 2) Concentration of plasmacorticoids in un-anaesthetized healthy dogs exposed to acoustic stimuli in creased without exception, reaching to its maximum in 10 minutes after the stimulation. This reaction was most remarkable in the 60-minutes group, followed by 15-minutes group and then 30-minutes group. 3) The dogs who received the injection of sodium bicarbonate (7% solution 2cc/kg) prior to acoustic stimulation, the plasma corticoids level showed almost no change being very slightly in creased than normal. From the results of the experiments, the change of the plasma corticoids level by the expo- sure to acoustic stimulation, is considered to be due to through sympatheticotonic reaction. It is especially pointed out that the injection of sodium bicarbonate solution prevents such a change.

THE INFLUENCE OF ACCELERATED ROTATION ON HEMOGRAM

The influence of labyrinthine stimulation by accelerated rotation on the hemogram was observed in the dogs by means of Prof. Hasegawa's accelerating rotation apparatus, and the effect of sodium bicarbonate solution was also observed.The results were as follows:1) In the normal dogs, after subjected to uontinuous stimulation for 15, 30 and 60 minutes, no change in the blood cell count was noted, but the chang in the differentiol leucocyte count was noted; relative lymphocytosis was noted temporarily, neutrophils were rather decreased, and there was no change in eosinophil and monocyte count.2) Bilaterally labyrinthectomized dogs showed almost no change in hemogram, irrespective to the length of the stimulation..3) Normal dogs previoosly trea.el with 2cc/kg of 7% sodium bicarbonate solution also remained unaffected, notwithstanding continuous subjection to the rotatory acceleration.4) In this experiment, the change in differential leiucocyle count, as the result of the accelerating stmuli, was interpreted as a phenomenon of sympatheticotonic reaction through the labyrinth.It was especially pointed out that this effect of the labyrinthine stimulation could be prevented by the injection of sodium bicarbonate.

Short-term carbon dioxide fixation in mouse liver.

IN a previous report1, there were presented findings which were unexpected if the entire polycarboxylic acid cycle were involved in carbon dioxide fixation by animals. At 5 and 15 min. after the injection of radioactive sodium bicarbonate (NaH14CO3) (obtained as Ba14CO3 from the Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee) there appeared to be a more direct path of carbon to succinate than that previously postulated. In addition, the labelling in such acids as α-ketoglutarate, citrate and aconitate was not measurable. It was thought desirable to examine the path of carbon dioxide employing paper chromatography, because by this technique compounds retained by the silica gel (used in previous studies) which escaped examination would become detectable.

Prevention of motion sickness by intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate.

THE TERM "motion sickness" is here meant to include the conditions produced by accelerated motion of trains, ships, planes or other vehicles. Rosenbach called this condition<i>"Kinetosen,"</i>and Starkenstein termed it<i>"Bewegungskrankheit,"</i>which means sickness caused by undulation. This motion sickness, or "acceleration disease," is produced by rectilinear acceleration acting on the otoliths in the labyrinth. The experiments made by my associates and myself on animals and man indicate that intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate dissolves the otoliths and prevents the symptoms usually produced by motion sickness. These experiments were conducted by exposing rabbits to the up and down motion produced by an apparatus making sixty-three "up and down" trips per minute for a distance of 43 cm. During this process, various changes in the rabbit were recorded. There was a decided increase in respiration and a noticeable inspiratory quickening. Gastric and intestinal action were quickly suppressed and soon ceased.

Peripheral and Central Chemical Control of Pulmonary Ventilation.

Until the recent work of Heymans there has been little evidence for reflex chemical control of pulmonary ventilation. The demonstration of increased respiratory movements from perfusion of the carotid sinus with carbonated and deoxygenated blood calls for a study of the relative values of peripheral and central chemical control.1 Several procedures were used.The effects of injection of sodium cyanide, sodium sulphide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate into the carotid arteries after occlusion of the vertebral and external carotid arteries and denervation of one carotid sinus were noted. Injection of sodium cyanide on the side on which the innervation of the carotid sinus was intact invariably produced increased ventilation. Injection on the denervated side produced relatively small or no increase in ventilation followed by depression. In general the effects of intraarterial injection of sodium sulphide were similar to those produced by cyanide. Painting the innervated sinus with sodium cyanide or su...

REGULATION OF RESPIRATION. —THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM CARBONATE, SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND SODIUM SULPHATE

In the dog salivary secretion, elicited by continuous administration of pilocarpine, is decreased by intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate, of sodium carbonate, or of sodium hydroxide. The decrease in secretion produced by sodium bicarbonate is greater the larger the dose, and is obtained in like degree whether the bicarbonate is injected in isotonic or in hypertonic solution. The effect of sodium carbonate upon secretion is greater than that of sodium bicarbonate, and the effect of sodium hydroxide greater than that of either of the other two substances.Intravenously administered sodium bicarbonate prevents almost completely the augmenting effect upon salivary secretion of a ten minute period of re‐breathing, though carbon dioxide accumulated in the re‐breathing tank to the same extent as in a similar period of re‐breathing without sodium bicarbonate administration.Each of the three alkaline agents increases submaxillary blood‐volume flow as a rule.Sodium chloride or sodium sulphate intravenously administered in isotonic solution increases submaxillary secretion and blood‐volume flow. Both agents administered in hypertonic solution decrease salivary secretion but increase more markedly submaxillary blood‐volume flow. The effect upon secretion of isotonic and hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate appears to be due to the increase in blood‐flow and to their influence upon the fluid available to the gland cells by withdrawal of water from the tissues.The described effects of the alkaline substances and neutral salts were obtained with the chorda tympani cut, and were not affected by cutting also the vago‐sympathetic.It is suggested that the effects upon salivary secretion of intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide are due mainly to changes in acid base equilibrium, in which the hydrogen‐ion concentration of the interior of the cell may be a major factor.A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide, of sodium bicarbonate, and of sodium carbonate on pulmonary ventilation, mean blood‐pressure, and salivary secretion is made.

Carbon dioxide and the HCO3 ion as specific respiratory stimulants

It has been noted by Howell, Collip, Dale and Evans, the author and others that the intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate may act as either a respiratory or circulatory stimulant, eliciting h...

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF GALL-BLADDER INFECTIONS IN TYPHOID, CHOLERA, AND DYSENTERY

1. The theory of the production of gall-bladder lesions in typhoid, by descending infection of the bile from the liver receives support from investigations with the common duct fistula method in the rabbit. More bacilli appear in the bile with increased doses and more gall-bladder infections are obtained by increased doses. More bacilli appear in the bile after mesenteric vein injection than after ear vein injection and more lesions result under the first condition. More bacilli appear in the bile after injection of the same dose in immunized animals than in normal animals and more lesions also result in immunized animals. In cholera and dysentery the same mechanism is suggested with the additional factor of a portal system septicemia. 2. After the appearance of microorganisms in rabbit bile, their fate is apparently largely determined by the antiseptic properties of the bile. 100 per cent infections cannot be secured by intravenous doses large enough to insure the presence of microorganisms in the bile. Rabbit bile in vitro may be antiseptic to the microorganisms considered. The antiseptic action is largely due to its alkalinity. It is apparently possible to protect the rabbit to some degree against gall-bladder infection by a previous injection of sodium bicarbonate. 3. Alkaline therapy is suggested in the prevention and cure of gall-bladder carriers.

Further Work on the Reduction of the Alkalinity of the Blood in Cholera; and Sodium Bicarbonate Injections in the Prevention of Uraemia. Note on the Technique of the Estimations of the Alkalinity of the Blood

(1916). Further Work on the Reduction of the Alkalinity of the Blood in Cholera; and Sodium Bicarbonate Injections in the Prevention of Uraemia. Note on the Technique of the Estimations of the Alkalinity of the Blood. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 139-152.