Injection Of Anterior Pituitary Extract Research Articles

Fertilizing competency of multiple ovulated eggs in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)

Fertilizing competency of multiple ovulated eggs in the domestic fowl was examined by fertilization in vitro and early development in culture. Normal laying hens (White Leghorn) were treated with 75 IU of PMSG for 7 days followed by injection of anterior pituitary extracts from chickens (CAPE). Ovulation began to occur 7.5 h after injection of CAPE. These hens ovulated 1-7 ova but some premature ovulation of GV stage ova were observed. In vitro fertilization of the multiple ovulated ova was examined by inseminating 10(6)-10(7) sperm onto the germinal disks in m-Ringer's solution. The gamete or zygote nuclei were detected by DNA specific fluorescence using DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) in the histological section prepared from the germinal disk. Process of fertilization was examined in the eggs incubated for 4 h after insemination in DMEM + liquid albumen at 41 degrees C under the atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Fertilization rate of the total multiple ovulated eggs was 55% (11/20), in which 90% (9/10) and 10% (1/10) in the eggs recovered 7.5-8.5 h and 9.0-9.5 h after CAPE injection were obtained, respectively. Normal pronuclei were formed in five eggs of those recovered 7.5-8.5 h after CAPE injection. Early development after fertilization in vitro was also examined by incubation for 12 h in DMEM + liquid albumen at 41 degrees C under the atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Although development in vitro was delayed compared to that in utero condition, normal development was observed in naturally and multiple ovulated eggs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Induction of a pale, soft, exudative-like myopathy and sudden death in pigs by injection of anterior pituitary extract.

Yorkshire pigs, 60 days old, were used to determine whether pale, soft, exudative (PSE) muscle and the porcine stress syndrome (PSS) could be induced by prolonged injections of desiccated porcine pituitary powder (PP). Three barrows and three ovariectomized gilts, negative for PSS by the halothane and CPK test, were assigned to each of the following groups: (1) control saline; (2) 50 mg of PP and (3) 100 mg of PP in saline. Injections were given intramuscularly in split doses, daily for 8 weeks. At 4 weeks, the level of PP was doubled. At 4 weeks, one pig of group 3 died, and by 8 weeks one pig of group 2 and two other pigs of group 3 died after displaying typical signs of PSS. Animals were anesthesized before exsanguination, and carcasses were held at room temperature. At time 0 postmortem PP-injected pigs had lower (P<.05) longissimus muscle pH, higher (P<.05) carcass temperature, lower (P<.01) muscle glycogen, higher (P<.001) muscle lactate and lower (P<.001) muscle creatine phosphate than saline-injected (control) pigs; whereas, muscle G-6-P tended to be higher (P<.1) in the PP-injected animals than in the control pigs, and muscle adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels were similar in all treatments. PP-injection increased the rate of longissimus muscle postmortem glycolysis as shown by more rapid pH decline and ATP depletion and more rapid lactate accumulation. Hunter L and transmission value (sarcoplasmic protein solubility) of longissimus muscle indicated that the PP-injected pigs also displayed poorer quality muscle than the control pigs. Blood levels of glucose and lactate throughout the treatment period indicated that PP increased the general metabolic rate. Blood creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was also elevated by PP between 4 and 6 weeks of treatment. On the basis of visual appraisal of the longissimus muscle, none of six pigs in group 1, three of five pigs in group 2 and one of three pigs in group 3 displayed PSE musculature. The results indicate that prolonged injections of pituitary extract induced a PSE-like myopathy and sudden death, preceded by symptoms of PSS.

The growth-stimulating effects produced by mandibular joint injections of anterior pituitary extract: By John Arnold DesEnfants, D.D.S., M.S., Washington University School of Dentistry, St. Louis, Mo

To investigate danazol’s effect in vitro and in vivo on the ability of peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) from women with endometriosis to stimulate endometrial cell proliferation.Uterine endometrial cells from untreated or danazol-treated patients with endometriosis were cultured with or without autologous or heterologous PBM in the presence of different concentrations of danazol for 72 hours before assessment of endometrial cell proliferation by thymidine incorporation.Not for profit clinical research institute and academic cell culture laboratory.Women of reproductive age undergoing laparoscopy for endometriosis, 19 untreated patients and 17 danazol-treated patients.Peripheral blood monocytes and endometrial biopsies obtained at laparoscopy. Danazol (800 mg/d) administered for 2 to 6 months (treated group) or added to cell cultures in concentrations of 10−6, 10−7, or 10−9 M.Endometrial cell proliferation was enhanced by autologous or heterologous PBM from untreated patients with endometriosis but was unaffected or suppressed by PBM from danazol-treated patients. Danazol in vitro reduced PBM-enhanced endometrial cell proliferation. Endometrial cell proliferation from danazol-treated patients was not enhanced by PBM from untreated patients with endometriosis.Danazol treatment in vitro or in vivo suppresses PBM-mediated enhancement of endometrial cell proliferation. The effects are against both PBM and endometrial cells, suggesting that danazol affects monocyte-derived growth-stimulating factors and endometrial cell response to growth-stimulating factors.

Endocrine regulation of the blood sugar.

Article1 February 1953ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD SUGARJEROME W. CONN, M.D., F.A.C.P.JEROME W. CONN, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-38-2-179 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptOf all of the presently recognized metabolic disturbances which arise in man as the result of deranged endocrine function, diabetes mellitus is the most common. As a clinical entity it has been known, studied and treated by physicians for many years. Because of the tremendous impact upon medical science of the isolation of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921, the historical details of the disease itself are known to virtually all whose interests fall into the general realm of biology. Much of our present knowledge in the fields of nutrition, metabolism and modern endocrinology stems from basic facts derived...Bibliography1. DruryWickMacKay DRANEM: Formation of glucose by the kidney, Am. J. Physiol. 163: 655, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. ColowickCoriSlein SPGTMW: The effect of adrenal cortex and anterior pituitary extracts and insulin on the hexokinase reaction, J. Biol. Chem. 168: 583, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Sutherland EW: The effect of hyperglycemic factor of the pancreas and of epinephrine on glycogenosis, Recent Progress in Hormone Research 5: 441, 1950. Google Scholar4. BornsteinReidYoung JEFG: The hyperglycaemic action of blood from animals treated with growth hormone, Nature, London 168: 903, 1951. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Young FG: Permanent experimental diabetes produced by pituitary (anterior lobe) injections, Lancet 2: 372, 1937. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6. RichardsonYoung KCFG: Histology of diabetes induced in dogs by injection of anterior-pituitary extracts, Lancet 1: 1098, 1938. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. CampbellLeiDavidson JHPIW: Production of diabetes and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate by purified growth hormone, Endocrinology 49: 635, 1951. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. EngleViauCogginsLynn FLAWWS: Diabetogenic effect of growth hormone in the intact force-fed adrenocorticotrophin treated rat, Endocrinology 50: 100, 1952. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Ingle DW: The production of glycosuria in the normal rat by means of 17-hydroxy-11-dihydrocorticosterone, Endocrinology 29: 649, 1942. Google Scholar10. IngleLiEvans DWCHHM: The effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on the urinary excretion of sodium chloride, potassium, nitrogen, and glucose in normal rats, Endocrinology 39: 32, 1946. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. ConnLouisJohnston JWLHMW: Studies upon mechanisms involved in the induction with adrenocorticotropic hormone of temporary diabetes mellitus in man, Proc. Am. Diabetes A. 8: 213, 1948. Google Scholar12. GershbergFryBrobeckLong HEGJRCN: The rôle of epinephrine in the secretion of the adrenal cortex, Yale J. Biol. and Med. 23: 32, 1950. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Ann Arbor, Michigan*From the Symposium on Diabetes, presented at the Thirty-third Annual Session of the American College of Physicians, Cleveland, Ohio, April 25, 1952. Nextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byGlycosuria�ber die Bestimmung von Insulin im Blute am epididymalen Fettanhang der Ratte mit Hilfe markierter GlucoseDas PankreasGlucagon: Physiologic and Clinical ConsiderationsSurgery of the Diabetic Patient: Changing ConceptsTHE PARADOXICAL EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS HYDROCORTISONE UPON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISMInsulin-Resistant Diabetes after Total Pancreatectomy 1 February 1953Volume 38, Issue 2Page: 179-187KeywordsBlood sugarDiabetes mellitusEndocrinologyFallsInsulinNutrition ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1953 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright, 1953, by The American College of PhysiciansPDF downloadLoading ...

A substance in animal tissues which stimulates ketone-body excretion.

IT has been known for many years that the glycosuria of clinical diabetes can be prevented by feeding a very high fat diet. Petren1 showed that if the fat content of the diet was sufficiently great and if the protein content was restricted, the ketosis of diabetes could likewise be abolished. This observation was confirmed by Marks and Young2 in dogs rendered permanently diabetic by the injection of anterior pituitary extract. They showed not only that a diet consisting entirely of beef suet produced a remission of diabetic glycosuria and ketonuria, but also that the addition of raw horse meat to such a diet caused an exacerbation of ketone body excretion. They were able to extract the factor in the horse meat responsible for the ketonuria and demonstrated that this material was not present in significant quantities in casein. Burn, Lewis and Kelsey3 showed that alloxan-diabetic rats could be maintained without glycosuria on a high fat diet. Born-stein and Nelson4 extended these observations and noted that alloxan-diabetic rats exhibiting ketonuria on moderately high fat diets ceased to excrete ketone bodies when the fat content of the diet exceeded 70 per cent. Lazaris and Brzezhinskaya5 demonstrated that the critical factor in the ketosis of diabetic rats on a high fat diet was the presence or absence of animal protein in the diet. When ‘albumenous’ material was added to the diet, ketosis ensued, whereas other dietary constituents had no ketogenic effect.

Modification of response to prolonged ACTH therapy.

EVANS (1), in 1924, reported that hypertrophy of the adrenals resulted from injections of anterior pituitary extracts. This observation stimulated much work in this direction (2–5), culminating in the successful isolation of a purified corticotrop in (6,7). Browne (8), in 1943, employing minute quantities of ACTH, recorded certain metabolic and hormonal changes in 2 normal human subjects. Thorn el al. (9), in 1947, studied a case of panhypopituitarismin which a “prolonged” course of ACTH had been administered, i.e., 40 mg. per day for six days. In 1948, Mason et al. (10) and Forsham et al. (11) presented their studies on the metabolic and hormonal changes observed in normal subjects and in patients with various pathologic conditions (Addison's disease, chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary, and anorexia nervosa) following extensive use of ACTH. Many important studies soon followed (12–17).” In 1950, Thorn et al. (12) said, “It is possible to stimulate a relatively inactive (adrenal) gland to high levels of...

Factors influencing the male frog test for pregnancy.

In 1937, Hugh observed that the injection of pituitary extract causes the release of spermatozoa from the testis of hibernating frogs. De Robertis and associates later investigated the actual mechanism of the release of sperm in the toad Bufo arenarum Hensel by the injection of anterior pituitary extract of the male toad. Robbins and Parker in 1947 demonstrated the spermatogenic response of the male South African frog to mammalian gonadotropin. On the basis of these previous observations, Galli-Mainini in 1947 introduced a pregnancy test using the male South American toad Bufo arenarum Hensel. Subsequently in 1948, Wiltberger and Miller and Robbins and Parker reported the use of the male North American frog, Rana pipiens, as a test animal. Since the introduction of the male frog test, a number of workers have reported modifications, experiences and observations with the test. Reports 18 on the reliability of the male frog pregnancy test claim 96 to 99 per cent accuracy. Galli-Mainini reported 100 per cent accuracy on several thousand negative control cases. Robbins and Parker obtained 77 correct positives, 44 correct negatives and one false negative in a total of 122 urines tested. Despite the many reports of the accuracy of this simple, rapid and economical test, there have been recent communications on its gross inaccuracies' and difficulties arising from the seasonal changes in the sensitivity of the test animal. ,19 ,24

Prof. F. G. Young, F.R.S

PROF. CHIBNALL will be succeeded in October next by Prof. F.G. Young,who will thus be leaving University College London, after having held the chair of biochemistry there since 1945. During the War the Biochemical Department of University College was evaculated from London, and one of his main tasks on appointment in 1945 was to super-intend its return and to adapt it to post-war needs.This he has done with conspicuous success. Not only have the laboratories been more or less completely re-equipped, but also the teaching provided has been brought up to date by the introduction of a new course leading to the degree of M.Sc. in biochemistry. Prof. Young's research interests are in the sphere of carbohydrate metabolism, and brief mention of his activities to 1945 was made in a previous note (Nature, 156, 471 ; 1945). His outstanding achievement has been the production of permanent experimental diabetes in animals by injection of anterior pituitary extracts, and he has subjected the whole question of pituitary control of the insulin-secreting function of the pancreas to close and skilful experimental analysis. The value of his work was recognized recently by his election to the fellowship of the Royal Society. Under Prof. Young's vigorous leadership, the Biochemical Department at University College has become once again a flourishing centre for teaching and research, and his pending departure will be viewed by his colleagues there with great regret. He goes to Cambridge with an established reputation, and he carries with him the good wishes of his numerous friends at home and abroad.

CLINICAL STUDIES WITH PITUITARY ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN

INTRODUCTION In 1924 Evans (25) reported that the injection of anterior pituitary extract was followed by adrenal hypertrophy. Smith (61, 62) in 1926 demonstrated that hypophysectomy induced atrophy of the adrenal cortex and that implantation of living hypophyseal tissue was followed by restoration of the gland to normal. These classical experiments established without doubt the specific tropic influence of the anterior pituitary on adrenal cortical function. Isolation of the adrenocorticotropic principle from anterior pituitary gland extract was reported by Collip in 1933 (15). In 1940 a somewhat simpler mode of preparation was described by Bates et al. (8). Further purification of the adrenocorticotropic hormone was accomplished by Evans and his group in California and Long and Sayers and their collaborators in New Haven. The former group worked with sheep pituitaries; whereas the latter used hog pitiiitaries. In 1943 Li et al. (41), employing a salt fractionation method, and Sayers et al. (56), using i...

THE EFFECT OF INJECTION OF A SALINE EXTRACT OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY ON THE GLUCOSE TOLERANCE OF RATS

PERMANENT DIABETES has been produced in the dog by means of the injection of suitable extracts of the anterior pituitary by a number of investigators (1–4). However, as yet no one has been able to obtain similar results in the intact rat. Permanent diabetes has been established in this species by the injection of anterior pituitary extracts only after partial pancreatectomy (5). This resistance of the rat to anterior pituitary extract has attracted considerable attention. Anselmino, Herold, and Hoffmann (6) reported that the administration of an aqueous extract of an acetonedried pituitary preparation to normal rats resulted in a substantial increase in the number and size of the islets of Langerhans in a few days. Hoffmann and Anselmino (7) showed that these histological changes were associated with a fall in blood sugar and attributed these effects to a pancreatropic action of the pituitary extract. In 1937 Richardson and Young

Artificial Induction of Lactation in Virgin Animals

THE discovery by Folley and his co–workers that treatment with diethylstilbœstrol alone will induce copious lactation in virgin goats1 and heifers2 has recently been confirmed for the goat by Lewis and Turner3. Since the administration of a crude extract of ox anterior pituitary gland strikingly stimulates the milk production of the cow during the normal decline of lactation4, it was of importance to determine if the production of milk resulting from treatment with diethylstilbœstrol could be further increased by injections of anterior pituitary extract.

Effect of an Ant. Hypophyseal Extract upon Serum Calcium and Phosphorus

SummaryA slight increase in serum inorganic phosphorus without a significant increase in serum calcium after multiple injections of anterior pituitary extract in rats is regarded as insufficient proof of the presence of a parathyreotropic factor in the extract examined.

THE METABOLISM OF DOGS WITH PERMANENT DIABETES PRODUCED BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT

IN A RECENT PUBLICATION (1) we recorded our observations upon the induction,course and pathology of the permanent diabetes that may follow a series of injections of anterior pituitary extract in dogs. In this paper we present the results of studies upon: (a) the relationship of the concentration of the blood sugar and serum fatty acids to the severity of the diabetes, insulin administration and variations in diet, (b) the urinary excretion of glucose, nitrogen and ketone bodies under thesame circumstances and (c) the respiratory metabolism. An effort has been made to present data which supplement thosealready published. Marks and Young (2) have recently summarized their observations upon various aspects of this type of experimental diabetes to which they have given the name pituitary-diabetes.

INDUCTION AND COURSE OF PERMANENT DIABETES PRODUCED BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT

THE OBSERVATION of Young (1) that permanent diabetes could be produced in dogs by the injection of anterior pituitary extract has been followed by numerous investigations. The present literature on this subject is fully cited in a recent paper by Marks and Young (2). Our initial report (3) on the production of diabetes in dogs by this method was based on the early results in 3 animals, and since that time 7 more dogs have been prepared. On the basis of a more adequate experience with these 10 animals further studies are here presented. These include additional observations on the induction of the permanent diabetes, and evidence for the pancreatic nature of the established diabetes based on the response to insulin, the fasting metabolism and the examination of the tissues. Also, the course of the permanent diabetes.has been charted and the possible influence of insulin treatment on its progress has been noted.

THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE KETOSIS PRODUCED IN RATS BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT1

IT WAS FIRST SHOWN by Fry (i) that removal of the adrenal cortex brings about a reduction of the ketonuria which occurs in fasting rats after the injection of anterior pituitary extract. Confirmatory reports have subsequently appeared from other laboratories (2, 3, 4). Several workers, however, who have employed blood acetone measurements to detect ketosis have reported good ketonemic responses in adrenalectomised rats (2–6). Neufeld and Collip, and Mirsky found a slightly higher average ketonemia in groups of injected adrenalectomised rats than in groups of injected control animals. If one assumes that the urinary excretion of acetone bodies is reduced after adrenalectomy, two alternative causative mechanisms can be proposed. Either the blood acetone body response isdiminished, or the renal threshold is elevated. In order to decide between these two alternatives, the present work was undertaken.

A COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ASSAY OF THE LACTOGENIC HORMONE1,2

IN 1928 STRICKER AND GRUTER (1) showed that the injection of anterior pituitary extracts stimulated abundant milk secretion in the rabbit at the end of pseudopregnancy. Since that time numerous investigators have reported that milk secretion can be initiated in laboratory mammals by the injection of various exacts of the pituitary (for review see Turner, 1). For the assay of galactin Gardner and Turner (3) suggested a method based upon the induction of increasing degrees of lactation in pseudopregnant rabbits from mere duct lactation (+), to the type of lactation observed in parturient animals (+ + + +). Riddle and Baucher (4) first showed that pituitary preparations were capable of producing proliferation of the pigeon crop gland. Following this discovery several methods of assay based upon pigeon and dove crop gland responses have been described (see Riddle and Bates, 5, for review).

Inhibiting Effect of Thyroidectomy on Adrenal Cortex Hypertrophy Following Injections of Anterior Pituitary Extract

The role of the thyroid gland in the hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex following administration of anterior pituitary substance has been a subject of considerable investigation with reports that are conflicting. Some experimenters1,2,3 have concluded that this hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex is mediated largely or entirely through the thyroid gland. Others45678 have found that the presence of the thyroid gland is not necessary for this reaction. In view of these conflicting reports we carried out similar experiments on the guinea pig.Twenty-three young guinea pigs of both sexes were used in 2 series of experiments. In the first there were 12 animals (6 males and 6 females) ranging in age at the beginning of injections from 28 to 34 days, and in weight from 213 to 364 g. Four were thyroidectomized, 3 gonadectomized, 3 thyroidectomized and gonadectomized, and 2 unoperated. Gonadectomy was performed 11 days before, and thyroidectomy 7 days after, beginning injections. All animals received daily intraperito...

INTERACTIONS OF ESTRONE AND PROLACTIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF ESTRONE ON THE PIGEON CROP-GLAND RESPONSE

RIDDLE AND BRAUCHER (I)were the first to show that injections of an-terior pituitary extracts would cause enlargement and secretion of the (IDDLE AND BRAUCHER (I)crop-glands of the pigeon. It had been known since the pioneer experiments of Strieker and Grueter (2) that lactation could be initiated, in animals po-sessing mammary glands capable of function, by injections of extracts of anterior lobe, and experiments (3, 4, 5) indicated that the same anterior lobe hormone (called ‘prolactin’ by Riddle) was capable of causing initiation of lactation and growth of the pigeon crop-glands. It may be pointed out that, on the one hand, there is at present no-absolutely conclusive evidence of the identity of the crop-stimulating and lacto-genic factors of the anterior pituitary, while on the other hand there is a certain amount of evidence to the contrary. Thus Nelson (6) reported widely different ratios between the potencies in pigeon units and rabbit units (the latter based on the initiation of lactation in the p...

A NEW INTERPRETATION OF HYPERGLYCEMIA IN OBESE MIDDLEAGED PERSONS

The term mellitus has in the past implied a single cause. Ever since the days of von Mering and Minkowski this disease has been attributed to a pancreatic abnormality. However, within the last few years the work of a number of investigators has made it clear that this conception is far too restricted. Houssay,1for example, has shown that the rapidly fatal produced by pancreatectomy in animals may be strikingly ameliorated by subsequent hypophysectomy. In the same sense Mann2has produced fatal hypoglycemia in depancreatized dogs by hepatectomy. A number of workers have produced hyperglycemia and glycosuria by injection of pituitary extracts, and Young3reported that he obtained permanent diabetes in dogs solely as the result of prolonged injection of anterior pituitary extracts. It is therefore clear that clinical investigators must now attempt to discover the specific cause of the hyperglycemia in all patients who

PRECIPITINS IN ANTIGONADOTROPHIC SERA

Collip and Anderson [1934] first demonstrated the antihormone properties in the serum of rats receiving prolonged courses of injections of anterior pituitary extract. Since then such inhibitory sera to many different pituitary and other hormones have been prepared in a variety of animal species. Opinion is still divided as to the nature of the inhibitory substances. Collip and his co-workers regard them as antagonistic hormones, basing their views mainly on the results of experiments which show that an animal can produce inhibitory substances to pituitary hormones of its own species [Selye, Collip, and Thompson, 1934; Collip, 1937], and believe that such inhibitory substances may be normally present in the serum. Results obtained by other investigators, however, show that continued injection of hormone extracts from a species foreign to that used for the production of antihormones is essential [Katzman, Wade, and Doisy, 1937; Thompson, 1937]. There is much in favour of