Injection Of Anterior Pituitary Extract Research Articles

SKIN TESTS FOR PREGNANCY

Since the advent of the Aschheim-Zondek test for pregnancy numerous attempts have been made to simplify it. The various skin tests for pregnancy represent such an attempt. Porges and Pollatschek (1) were the first to suggest the intercutaneous injection of anterior pituitary extract. Erythema was noted in non-pregnant women at the site of injection. Deutsch (2) and Strauss (3) repeated these tests, and concluded that they were neither definite nor reliable. Gilfillen and Gregg (4) suggested that if a pregnant woman had APL substance in her system, she might not be sensitive to its intradermal application, while a non-pregnant woman might give a reaction. For the test, 2 minims of fresh antuitrin-S is injected intradermally in the ventral surface of the forearm. The reaction is read after ½ hour, or after 1 hour if the reaction is slight.

Adenocarcinoma in the Uterus of a Rat following Trauma and Extensive Hormonal Stimulation

Adenocarcinoma of the uterus of the rat, whether spontaneous or experimental, occurs so rarely that an exceptionally malignant and widely metastasizing neoplasm appearing after traumatization of the uterus and the administration of large amounts of anterior pituitary extracts is of particular interest. Bullock and Curtis (1) report but 4 cases of spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the uterus in over thirty thousand rats used primarily in their Cysticercus experiments. Only one of these metastasized. Thus far the writer has been unable to find in the literature the record of any successful attempt to produce adenocarcinoma in the uterus of the white rat, though there are many records as to the production of various forms of hyperplasia or of inflammatory lesions, frequently referred to as tumors. Loeb (2–4) was the first to attempt the experimental production of uterine tumors. “Transient deciduomas” following trauma occurred when the ovary was in the luteal phase. Similar experiments have been reported by Frank (5), Hammond (6), Corner and Warren (7), Long and Evans (8), Teel (9), Parkes (10), and others. Selye, Harlow and McKeown (11) produced a socalled “endometrial mole” (referred to as a tumor) in the rat by traumatizing the uterus and administering oestrone.1 Hofbauer (12) obtained precancerous lesions in the uterus of the guinea-pig by the subcutaneous transplantation of whole anterior pituitary glands and by injection of anterior pituitary extracts. Burrows (13) reports an “angioblastic hemangioma” in the uterus of a mouse whose skin was painted with oestrone. An “adenomatous hyperplasia” was produced by Nelson (14) in the guinea-pig uterus following the administration of oestrin for many months.

THE EFFECT OF THYROTROPIC HORMONE, ALONE AND WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES, ON THE IN VITRO O2CONSUMPTION OF THYROID AND LIVER

The fact that the injection of thyrotropic hormone results in an increased metabolism of intact animals has been thoroughly established by many researches (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Similar results have been obtained in human beings. There is also ample evidence that the injection of the hormone causes hyperplasia of the thyroid, with reduction and vacuolization of the colloid. While the increased total metabolism of the animal naturally depends upon the increased metabolism of individual tissues, it is of course possible that the latter effect might be dependent upon the integrity of the animal, and might not be manifest when the tissues are isolated. Only Paal (6) has investigated this. He observed that after 3 days’ injection of anterior pituitary extract into guinea pigs, the O2 consumption of thyroid tissue taken from such animals was 3 to 4 times as great as that of normal guinea pig thyroid tissue, and that this effect was also to be seen to a lesser extent in other tissues. A few experiments have also been ...

Influence of Hypophysis and Thyroid Glands on the Liver of the Duck

It has been shown previously that the removal of the thyroid glands induces a very marked hypertrophy of the liver in both male and female ducks, mostly through an increase of the lipids, and that the injection of anterior pituitary extract enhances this hypertrophy.1Other experiments were made on 38 ducks (with 33 controls) in order to study the weight of the liver under different experimental conditions:∗ thyroidectomy, injections of different pituitary extracts, of urinary extract, and of benzogynoestryl2 with varying degrees of illumination. The size of the testes, which depends upon the intensity of the illumination2 was shown to be related to the size of the liver.Table I shows that thyroidectomy is followed by a marked increase in the weight of the liver. On the other hand, this operation delays the testicular growth induced by illumination, as has been shown in another paper.4 When in the thyroidectomized animals the testes have grown to some extent, the increase of the liver is less marked. Such ...

Endocrine obesity in children: Clinical and laboratory studies and results of treatment

Endocrine obesity in children: Clinical and laboratory studies and results of treatment

MENSTRUAL EDEMA

Thomas1has reported two cases in which edema occurred regularly and only during menstruation. One of these patients was given hypodermic injections of anterior pituitary extract and later the gonadotropic substance of pregnancy urine. With the latter therapy he was able to prevent the edema. Sweeney2reported observations on the body weight of forty-two normal healthy young women. Thirty per cent showed a gain of 3 or more pounds sometime during the menstrualcycle, usually just before the menstrual flow was established. Some had a true pitting edema. Okey and Stewart3have also followed the weight of twenty women students and found an increase in weight of from 1 to 3 pounds (453 to 1,360 Gm.) in one fourth of their subjects. Almost all the students who showed the gain in weight gave histories of menstrual headaches or discomfort. Eufinger and Spiegler4observed a tendency to

Effects of Cattle Anterior Pituitary Extracts and KI on Liver Glycogen in Guinea Pigs.

Conclusions1. KI given per os previously to and simultaneously with intraperitoneal injections of anterior pituitary extracts of cattle fails to modify the effect of the extracts on the liver glycogen. 2. Oral administration of KI alone may cause a moderate reduction in liver glycogen.

Pituitary Hormones and the Blood Sugar Level

It has been reported from several sources1, 2, 3 that glycosuria was obtained after the injection of anterior pituitary extract. Houssay4 reports that daily injections of the extract into dogs cause hyperglycemia, glycosuria and ketonuria. Evans, et al.,5 observed glycosuria in 2 dogs treated with growth hormone. Barnes, Regan, Nelson6 found that Amniotin injections reduced glycosuria in depancreatized dogs. Houssay and Biasotti7 injected rats with the Evans and Simpson extract for growth. Five to 7 injections were given, intraperitoneally, once a day in doses of 10 cc. per rat. Glycosuria and glycemia occurred 2 to 3 days after the cessation of the injections.In view of these researches it was thought worth while to try the effect of the various pituitary hormones upon the blood sugar level of the rat. Growth hormone (Squibb); pregnancy urine extract, Antuitrin S (Parke-Davis); theelin (Parke-Davis) and Antuitrin G (Parke-Davis Growth Hormone) were used. All the determinations were made by the Somogyi Mi...

Luteinization of Ovary of Sexually Immature Monkey.

We reported the effects of aqueous pyridine extracts of sheep anterior pituitary on the ovaries of sexually immature Macacus rhesus monkeys.1 We were able to produce marked follicular development in such ovaries, but in no case did definite luteinization occur. This was in agreement with the findings of E. Allen,2 Hartman,3 Courrier,4 Saiki,5 and Engle.6Nevertheless, intraperitoneal injections of anterior pituitary extracts into adult rats produce a greater degree of luteinization than comparable subcutaneous treatment. Similarly, Friedman7 showed, in the rabbit, that the type of ovarian response to the urine of pregnant women varies with the method of its administration; ovulation resulted from intravenous injections, whereas intraperitoneal treatment produced only the luteinization of the resulting corpora haemorrhagica. These observations suggested the possibility of altering the ovarian response of sexually immature monkeys by varying the injection procedure. We had previously found that a single intr...

Glycosuria in Rabbits Following Injections of Saline Extract of Anterior Pituitary

A relation of the anterior pituitary to carbohydrate metabolism has often been suspected on the basis of the frequent occurrence of hyperglycemia and glycosuria in acromegaly, and of anatomical changes in the anterior pituitary in diabetes mellitus, but such a connection was not indicated experimentally until Houssay and Biasotti1 showed that pancreatic diabetes could be prevented in toads by removal of the anterior pituitary. Subcutaneous implantation of anterior pituitary in such depancreatized toads re-established the diabetes. They were unable to show a similar relation in mammals either by gland implantation or by injections of anterior pituitary extracts, although depancreatized and hypophysectomized dogs survived longer and showed milder diabetes than did depancreatized controls2. Evans, Meyer, Simpson, and Reichert3 reported observations in which they produced glycosuria and polyuria in 2 of 4 dogs by daily injections of the growth hormone fraction of anterior pituitary extracts for 8 or 9 months....

Hyperplasia of Thyroid and Exophthalmos from Treatment with Anterior Pituitary in Young Duck.

It has been definitely shown that the normal structure of the thyroid gland is dependent upon an autacoid present in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. In amphibians its release at the time of metamorphosis stimulates the thyroid to excrete its content and induces the increased cellular activity characteristic of this period. In mammals Loeb and his coworkers, and Aron, showed that the injection of anterior pituitary extracts and emulsions produced also some characteristic changes in the thyroid suggestive of a higher activity. The follicular epithelium became higher, mitoses were present and colloid was excreted. The glands increased in size from 2 to 4 times and became more vascular. The metabolism of treated guinea pigs, as shown by Siebert and Smith was markedly increased. As previous observations had shown that young ducks were very sensitive to pituitary extracts and emulsions, it seemed worth while to investigate the possibility of inducing in this species functional and structural changes indicative of hyperthyroidism.

Long Continued Injections of Acid Extract of Anterior Pituitary on Thyroid Gland and Sex Organs.

In former experiments on the effects of the injection of acid extract of cattle anterior pituitary on the thyroid gland of guinea pigs, we had found indications that these effects did not increase with continued injections. To determine the effects of long continued administration, a considerable number of young guinea pigs were given daily injections of anterior pituitary extract over a long period of time. Excluding those animals which were examined within the first 6 weeks after the beginning of the experiment, 10 guinea pigs received injections during a period of time varying between 47 and 74 days. The individual amounts injected daily varied between 1 cc. and 3 cc. of the extract. In some cases a few initial doses of 1/2 cc. were given. The total amounts injected ranged between 47 and 135 cc. The initial weights of the individual guinea pigs were between 185 and 205 gm. except one animal weighing 230 gm. There was a great difference between the weights reached at the end of the experiment. Some animals had gained considerably, while others remained unchanged. The microscopic examination of the organs showed that the severity of the effects of extract did not correspond to the amount injected. The animals evidently varied greatly in resistance. The resistant animals showed the least changes in their organs and these gained most rapidly in weight, while the most susceptible ones showed the greatest changes in their thyroid and sex organs, and did not gain as much or as rapidly in weight as the others. The former group became most readily adapted even to increasing doses of the extract. Thus those animals receiving the largest daily doses gained most in weight and their thyroid and sex organs showed the least change from normal or no change at all.

An Experimental Study of the Factors Concerned in Mammary Growth and in Milk Secretion.

Greuter1 has recently reported that the injection of anterior pituitary extracts into lactating cows and goats increases the flow of milk. Corner2 in a recent demonstration has shown that it is possible to initiate the milk flow in oophorectomized adult virgin rabbits by injecting an anterior lobe extract.At the time of these reports the present authors were engaged in a study of the factors concerned in mammary growth and milk secretion. The animals employed were normal and castrated immature male and spayed immature female guinea pigs. The animals were given a preliminary treatment consisting of daily subcutaneous injections of a lipid extract of sows' corpora lutea. This treatment produced a very marked hypertrophy of the glands and nipples as was demonstrated both macroscopically and by histological study. In no instance (12 animals) was milk secreted although in some cases injection was continued for a month. If, however, the growth treatment was followed by injection of anterior pituitary substance,...