Initial Momentum Research Articles

Purchase Now and Pay Later: Consumer Preferences Towards No Cost EMI’s in India

India’s still-nascent e-commerce market is growing at lightning speed. While deep discounts lured the first online shoppers and fueled e-tailers’ initial momentum, the space’s rapid evolution is giving rise to consumers who expect more than just low prices. One of the next generation payment methods being introduced in the Indian market is the card less EMI (equated monthly installment) option. The study aims to understand the consumer usage behavior and preferences towards no cost EMI for online purchases.The study uses a mix method approach by conducting qualitative interviews with executives of one of the leading payment gateway company in India followed by an online survey to identify the characteristics of consumers using cardless EMI’s and how it can be the future of payments in India.

Lepton pair production through two photon process in heavy ion collisions

This paper investigates the electromagnetic production of lepton pairs with low transverse momentum in relativistic heavy ion collisions. We estimate the initial photons' transverse momentum contributions by employing models where the average transverse momentum squared of the incoming photon can be calculated in the equivalent photon approximation. We further derive an all order QED resummation for the soft photon radiation, which gives an excellent description of the ATLAS data in ultra-peripheral collisions at the LHC. For peripheral and central collisions, additional $p_T$-broadening effects from multiple interaction with the medium and the magnetic field contributions from the quark-gluon plasma are also discussed.

Observable Signatures of Initial State Momentum Anisotropies in Nuclear Collisions.

We show that the correlation between the elliptic momentum anisotropy v_{2} and the average transverse momentum [p_{T}] at fixed multiplicity in small system nuclear collisions carries information on the origin of the observed momentum anisotropy. A calculation using a hybrid IP-Glasma+music+UrQMD model that includes contributions from final state response to the initial geometry as well as initial state momentum anisotropies of the color glass condensate predicts a characteristic sign change of the correlator ρ[over ^](v_{2}^{2},[p_{T}]) as a function of charged particle multiplicity in p+Au and d+Au collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV, and p+Pb collisions at sqrt[s]=5.02 TeV. This sign change is absent in calculations without initial state momentum anisotropies. The model further predicts a qualitative difference between the centrality dependence of ρ[over ^](v_{2}^{2},[p_{T}]) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s]=5.02 TeV, with only the latter showing a sign change in peripheral events. Predictions for O+O collisions at different collision energy show a similar behavior. Experimental observation of these distinct qualitative features of ρ[over ^](v_{2}^{2},[p_{T}]) in small and large systems would constitute strong evidence for the presence and importance of initial state momentum anisotropies predicted by the color glass condensate effective theory.

Orbital and asymptotic stability of a train of peakons for the Novikov equation

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>The Novikov equation is an integrable Camassa-Holm type equation with cubic nonlinearity. One of the most important features of this equation is the existence of peakon and multi-peakon solutions, i.e. peaked traveling waves behaving as solitons. This paper aims to prove both, the orbital and asymptotic stability of peakon trains solutions, i.e. multi-peakon solutions such that their initial configuration is increasingly ordered. Furthermore, we give an improvement of the orbital stability of a single peakon so that we can drop the non-negativity hypothesis on the momentum density. The same result also holds for the orbital stability for peakon trains, i.e. in this latter case we can also avoid assuming non-negativity of the initial momentum density. Finally, as a corollary of these results together with some asymptotic formulas for the position and momenta vectors for multi-peakon solutions, we obtain the orbital and asymptotic stability for initially not well-ordered multipeakons.

Accelerating to Success: The Impact of Florida's Developmental Education Reform on Credit Accumulation

Background/ContextUnderprepared students at community colleges are often assigned to a sequence of developmental education courses that can substantially delay, or even halt, their progress to degree completion. In 2014, Florida implemented a comprehensive reform under Senate Bill (SB) 1720 that allowed the majority of incoming students to enroll directly into college-level courses, while remaining developmental education courses were offered in new instructional modalities that were designed to be completed more quickly than traditional semester-long courses. Colleges provided extensive advising and academic support services intended to help students succeed while progressing at a more accelerated pace.Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of StudyIn this study, we examined the impact of Florida's developmental education reform on early momentum. More specifically, we defined early momentum as student success in early outcomes (such as the number of credits attempted and earned), which may set students on a promising long-term trajectory on subsequent postsecondary outcomes.Population/Participants/SubjectsOur sample included all first-time-in-college students enrolled in all 28 public state colleges. We included three cohorts of students before the reform and up to three cohorts of students after the reform. Each cohort consisted of approximately 70,000 students.Research DesignWe used an interrupted time series design to compare student outcomes three years before the reform with those up to three years after the reform. Our outcome variables, measured one and three years following initial college enrollment, represented continuous indicators for the number of college-level credits attempted and the number of college-level credits earned. We also examined whether the data revealed heterogeneity in the reform's impacts by race/ethnicity, family income status, and level of high school academic preparation.Findings/ResultsWe found small positive effects on all outcomes, indicating that the reform accelerated student success in both the short term and longer term. The impacts of the reform were even greater for Black, Hispanic, Indigenous, low-income, and underprepared students (particularly in the first year), thus reducing existing achievement gaps.Conclusions/RecommendationsFlorida's SB 1720 consisted of a complementary set of reform efforts that may together have a larger impact than any single component alone. The results suggest that initial momentum gains in the first year may have set some students on a more successful long-term trajectory, particularly those most likely to be assigned to developmental education before the reform. Colleges should continue to provide comprehensive student support services to help students succeed while progressing at a more accelerated pace.

Time-dependent harmonic potentials for momentum or position scaling

Cooling methods and particle slowers as well as accelerators are basic tools for fundamental research and applications in different fields and systems. We put forward a generic mechanism to scale the momentum of a particle, regardless of its initial position and momentum, by means of a transient harmonic potential. The design of the time-dependent frequency makes use of a linear invariant and inverse techniques drawn from ''shortcuts to adiabaticity''. The timing of the process may be decided beforehand and its influence on the system evolution and final features is analyzed. We address quantum systems but the protocols found are also valid for classical particles. Similar processes are possible as well for position scaling.

Comparison of recoil polarization in the [formula omitted] process for protons extracted from s and p shells

We present the first measurements of the double ratio of the polarization-transfer components (Px′/Pz′)p/(Px′/Pz′)s for knock-out protons from the s and p shells in C12 measured by the C12(e→,e′p→) reaction in quasi-elastic kinematics. The data are compared to theoretical predictions in the relativistic distorted-wave impulse approximation. Our results show that the differences between s- and p-shell protons, observed when compared at the same initial momentum (missing momentum), largely disappear when the comparison is done at the same proton virtuality. We observe no difference in medium modifications between protons from the s and p shells with the same virtuality in spite of the large differences in the respective nuclear densities.

Resonant Production of an Ultrarelativistic Electron–Positron Pair at the Gamma Quantum Scattering by a Field of the X-ray Pulsar

The process of a resonant production of an ultrarelativistic electron–positron pair in the process of gamma-quantum scattering in the X-ray field of a pulsar is theoretically studied. This process has two reaction channels. Under resonant conditions, an intermediate electron (for a channel A) or a positron (for a channel B) enters the mass shell. As a result, the initial second-order process of the fine-structure constant in the X-ray field effectively splits into two first-order processes: the X-ray field-stimulated Breit–Wheeler process and the the X-ray field-stimulated Compton effect on an intermediate electron or a positron. The resonant kinematics of the process is studied in detail. It is shown that for the initial gamma quantum there is a threshold energy, which for the X-ray photon energy (1–102) keV has the order of magnitude (103–10) MeV. In this case, all the final particles (electron, positron, and final gamma quantum) fly in a narrow cone along the direction of the initial gamma quantum momentum. It is important to note that the energies of the electron–positron pair and the final gamma quantum depend significantly on their outgoing angles. The obtained resonant probability significantly exceeds the non-resonant one. The obtained results can be used to explain the spectrum of positrons near pulsars.

Limitations of paraxial approximation to model elec-tron acceleration by a laser pulse in vacuum in the presence of an axial magnetic field

We model electron acceleration using paraxial approximation (PA) and seventh order correction description (O7) of a laser field in vacuum in the presence of an axial magnetic field. The effect of initial momentum, laser intensity, spot size, and initial position of electron on optimum value of magnetic field and electron energy for linearly and circularly polarized laser pulse has been investigated. We show that PA fails to obtain correct values of optimum magnetic field and electron energy. The amplitude of oscillations of the electron increases with time in the presence of axial magnetic field and PA fails to correctly take into account focusing and defocusing of laser and obtain correct results.

Strong solution for Korteweg system in bmo−1(RN) with initial density in L∞

In this paper we investigate the question of the existence of strong solution in finite time for the Korteweg system for small initial data provided that the initial momentum ρ 0 u 0 belongs to bmo −1 T (R N) for T > 0 and the initial density ρ 0 is in L ∞ (R N) with N ≥ 1 and far away from the vacuum. This result extends the so called Koch-Tataru theorem for the Korteweg system. It is also interesting to observe that any initial shock on the density is instantaneously regularized inasmuch as the density becomes Lipschitz for any ρ(t, ·) with t > 0. We also prove the existence of global strong solution for initial data (ρ 0 − 1, ρ 0 u 0) ∈ (B N 2 −1 2,∞ (R N) ∩ B N 2 2,∞ (R N)∩L ∞ (R N))×(B N 2 −1 2,∞ (R N)) N. This result allows in particular to extend the notion of Oseen solution (corresponding to particular solution of the incompressible Navier Stokes system in dimension N = 2) to the Korteweg system provided that the vorticity of the momentum ρ 0 u 0 is a Dirac mass αδ 0 with α sufficiently small. IHowever unlike the Navier Stokes equations the property of self similarity is not conserved for the Korteweg system since there is no invariance by scaling because the term of pressure.

Ecocriticism in Turkey

Ecocriticism has gained visibility in Turkish academia in the early 2000s. This essay offers a brief analysis of the status of the field in Turkey and sheds light on the growing interest in ecology in both academic and non-academic circles. I first overview the academic conventions and publications that provided the initial momentum for the birth of Turkish ecocriticism. I examine past and current trends in ecocritical studies by surveying the latest academic publications, literary works and traditions that lend themselves to ecocritical analyses, and specific ecological questions pertinent to Turkey’s geography. I then address future directions for research in the field and investigate the expanding interest in ecology across different disciplines such as film, visual arts and media. I conclude the essay by highlighting the interdisciplinary platforms that bring together researchers and practitioners to enable new forms of environmental criticism and activism at a time of immense neoliberal growth.

Resonant Ultrarelativistic Electron–Positron Pair Production by High-Energy Electrons in the Field of an X-ray Pulsar

The process of resonant high-energy electron–positron pair production by an ultrarelativistic electron colliding with the field of an X-ray pulsar is theoretically investigated. Resonant kinematics of the process is studied in detail. Under the resonance condition, the intermediate virtual photon in the X-ray pulsar field becomes a real particle. As a result, the initial process of the second order in the fine structure constant effectively reduces into two successive processes of the first order: X-ray-stimulated Compton effect and X-ray-stimulated Breit–Wheeler process. For a high-energy initial electron all the final ultrarelativistic particles propagate in a narrow cone along the direction of the initial electron momentum. The presence of threshold energy for the initial electron which is of order of 100 MeV for 1-KeV-frequency field is shown. At the same time, the energy spectrum of the final particles (two electrons and a positron) highly depends on their exit angles and on the initial electron energy. This result significantly distinguishes the resonant process from the non-resonant one. It is shown that the resonant differential probability significantly exceeds the non-resonant one.

Effects of rotational degree of freedom on calculations of photoassociation of HeH+ systems

AbstractThe role of rotational degree of freedom in calculations of photoassociation (PA) and the accompanying phenomena, that is, multiphoton transitions and above‐threshold dissociations (PA‐ATDs), of HeH+ systems is investigated by comparing the numerical results of the one‐dimensional (1D) and three‐dimensional (3D) models in the framework of the time‐dependent quantum wave packet method. It was found that the PA probability of the target state predicted by the 3D model is much smaller than that predicted by the 1D model. In addition, as the bound energies of interaction potential can be shifted by the inclusion of the rotational degree of freedom, the amplitude and frequency of optimized laser pulses obtained based on the 1D model should be changed to some extent to obtain maximal PA probability of the target state in realistic systems. The multiphoton transitions in the 3D case tend to be much easier to be excited. The variational behaviors of the PA‐ATD probability vs the initial relative momentum of the two colliding particles, calculated in the 3D model using the optimized laser pulses obtained based on the 1D and 3D models, are found to be nearly coincident with each other, which implies that the continuum‐continuum transitions from the initial wave packet tend to be the major dynamics in the PA‐ATD process.

Simulation of a dense gas chlorine release with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM)

In 2015, 2016, nine chlorine releases experiments took place at Dugway Proving Ground (Utah, USA). Five trials conducted in 2015 featured a grid of CONEX shipping containers around the release tank to simulate an idealized urban area. The trials were a great occasion to collect data describing the dynamics of “high molecular weight” species in an idealized urban environment.This paper proposes a comparison of the PMSS (Parallel Micro-Swift Micro-Spray) suite against the experimental data from four of the trials, following the choice made by an international model inter-comparison team. PMSS combines two MPI parallelized urban modelling subsystems: (1) PSWIFT phenomenologically accounts for 3D wind flow and turbulence around buildings, and (2) PSPRAY simulates air-based contaminant dispersion in urban areas using a stochastic Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model.For this comparison, PMSS is deployed first on a hypothetic configuration and compared to the Code_Saturne CFD model, and then using the data of the trials 1, 5, 6 and 7 performed during JRII (Jack Rabbit II) 2015 and 2016. The initial momentum due to the tank discharge and the dense gas and droplet effects of the pressurized chlorine release are modelled using a dedicated radial source term jet and the Glendening equations. In trials 1 and 5, the influence of the CONEX shipping containers on the wind flow and the dispersion is explicitly considered. While spread through a large interval, the chlorine concentrations are computed both in the near field and in the far field (up to 11 km) using PMSS nesting capabilities. The results of the model are compared with the experimental data and sensitivity tests are also presented.

Holographic angular streaking of electrons and the Wigner time delay

For a circularly polarized single-color field at a central frequency of $2\omega$ the final electron momentum distribution upon strong field ionization does not carry any information about the phase of the initial momentum distribution. Adding a weak, co-rotating, circularly polarized field at a central frequency of $\omega$ gives rise to a sub-cycle interference pattern (holographic angular streaking of electrons (HASE)). This interference pattern allows for the retrieval of the derivative of the phase of the initial momentum distribution after tunneling $\phi^{\prime}_{\mathrm{off}}(p_i)$. A trajectory-based semi-classical model (HASE model) is introduced which links the experimentally accessible quantities to $\phi^{\prime}_{\mathrm{off}}(p_i)$. It is shown that a change in $\phi^{\prime}_{\mathrm{off}}$ is equivalent to a displacement in position space $\Delta x$ of the initial wave packet after tunneling. This offset in position space allows for an intuitive interpretation of the Wigner time delay $\Delta \tau_W$ in strong field ionization for circularly polarized single-color fields. The influence of Coulomb interaction after tunneling is investigated quantitatively.

Rapid filamentary accretion as the origin of extended thin discs

ABSTRACT Galactic outflows driven by stellar feedback are crucial for explaining the inefficiency of star formation in galaxies. Although strong feedback can promote the formation of galactic discs by limiting star formation at early times and removing low angular momentum (AM) gas, it is not understood how the same feedback can result in diverse objects such as elliptical galaxies or razor thin spiral galaxies. We investigate this problem using cosmological zoom-in simulations of two galaxies forming within 1012 M⊙ haloes with almost identical mass accretion histories and halo spin parameters. However, the two resulting galaxies end up with very different bulge-to-disc ratios at z = 0. At z &amp;gt; 1.5, the two galaxies feature a surface density of star formation ΣSFR ≃ 10 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2, leading to strong outflows. After the last starburst episode, both galaxies feature a dramatic gaseous disc growth from 1 to 5 kpc during 1 Gyr, a decisive event we dub ‘the Grand Twirl’. After this event, the evolutionary tracks diverge strongly, with one galaxy ending up as a bulge-dominated galaxy, whereas the other ends up as a disc-dominated galaxy. The origins of this dichotomy are the AM of the accreted gas, and whether it adds constructively to the initial disc angular momentum. The build-up of this extended disc leads to a rapid lowering of ΣSFR by over two orders of magnitude with ΣSFR ≲ 0.1 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2, in remarkable agreement with what is derived from Milky Way stellar populations. As a consequence, supernovae explosions are spread out and cannot launch galactic outflows anymore, allowing for the persistence of a thin, gently star-forming, extended disc.

Surmounting potential barriers: Hydrodynamic memory hedges against thermal fluctuations in particle transport.

Recently, trapped-particle experiments have probed the instantaneous velocity of Brownian motion revealing that, at early times, hydrodynamic history forces dominate Stokes damping. In these experiments, nonuniform particle motion is well described by the Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen (BBO) equation, which captures the unsteady Basset history force at a low Reynolds number. Building off of these results, earlier we showed that, at low temperature, BBO particles could exploit fluid inertia in order to overcome potential barriers (generically modeled as a tilted washboard), while its Langevin counter-part could not. Here, we explore the behavior of neutrally buoyant BBO particles at finite temperature for moderate Stokes damping. Remarkably, we find that the transport of particles injected into a bumpy potential with sufficiently high barriers can be completely quenched at intermediate temperatures, whereas itinerancy may be possible above and below that temperature window. This effect is present for both Langevin and BBO dynamics, though these occur over drastically different temperature ranges. Furthermore, hydrodynamic memory mitigates these effects by sustaining initial particle momentum, even in the difficult intermediate temperature regime.

Theory of waveguide QED with moving emitters

We theoretically study a system composed by a waveguide and a moving quantum emitter in the single excitation subspace, treating the emitter motional degree of freedom quantum mechanically. We first characterize single-photon scattering off a single moving quantum emitter, showing both nonreciprocal transmission and recoil-induced reduction of the quantum emitter motional energy. We then characterize the bound states within the bandgap, which display a motion-induced asymmetric phase in real space. We also demonstrate how these bound states form a continuous band with exotic dispersion relations. Finally, we study the spontaneous emission of an initially excited quantum emitter with various initial momentum distributions, finding strong deviations with respect to the static emitter counterpart both in the occupation dynamics and in the spatial distribution of the emitted photons. Our work extends the waveguide-QED toolbox by including the quantum motional degree of freedom of emitters, whose impact in the few-photon dynamics could be harnessed for quantum technologies.

Photon production and elliptic flow from a momentum-anisotropic quark-gluon plasma

The emission of real photons from a momentum-anisotropic quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is affected by both the collective flow of the radiating medium and the modification of local rest frame emission rate due to the anisotropic momentum distribution of partonic degrees of freedom. In this paper, we first calculate the photon production rate from an ellipsoidally momentum-anisotropic QGP including hard contributions from Compton scattering and quark pair annihilation and soft contribution calculated using the hard thermal loop (HTL) approximation. We introduce a parametrization of the nonequilibrium rate in order to facilitate its further application in yield and flow calculations. We convolve the anisotropic photon rate with the space-time evolution of QGP provided by 3+1d anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydro) to obtain the yield and the elliptic flow coefficient $v_2$ of photons from QGP generated at Pb-Pb collisions at LHC at 2.76 TeV and Au-Au collisions at RHIC at 200 GeV. We investigate the effects of various parameters on the results. In particular we analyze the sensitivity of results to initial momentum anisotropy.

CREATING SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS: HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?: An Exploration of Motivators &amp; Facilitators in Three Organizational Settings in the U.S.

Despite the fact that serious concerns regarding the deterioration of the environment and natural resources have been voiced for decades, current business and organizational approaches toward sustainability remain inadequate and substantially unsustainable. An important research question, therefore, has to do with understanding how to make positive behavior more prevalent in the face of many urgent global challenges. Newer business and organizational models that are significantly moving toward sustainability, for instance, serve as remarkable examples of such. What can we learn from them? This study seeks more specific answers to this broad question. How are modern organizations motivated to embrace sustainability initiatives in a genuine manner? How have they created their sustainable business models? How do they continue to sustain the initial momentum? What are the key factors that assist in the implementation of sustainability strategies? Lastly, how are they defining and achieving sustainability success? Answers to these questions were sought through an inductive and qualitative case research design that explored three quite different organizational settings, each pursuing sustainability objectives with advancing success and yet finding its own way in very different environments based on industrial, regulatory, and cultural influences. Nevertheless, several general characteristics seemed to accrue across organizational and industrial divides. A model for sustainability management, derived from the lessons learned in this study, is thus proposed.