Initial Charge Research Articles

Recycling of waste lithium-ion batteries via a one-step process using a novel deep eutectic solvent

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) possess excellent solubility and selectivity, making them suitable for extracting valuable metals and serving as a green alternative in the recycling process. This work introduces a low-viscosity DES consisting of dimethylthetin, oxalic acid, and water for the comprehensive recovery of cathode materials from LIBs. Leaching parameters such as ratio (1:1), leaching temperature (60 °C), and reaction time (15 min) for were systematically optimized, resulting in a selective separation efficiency of 99.98 % for lithium ions. Furthermore, in-situ regeneration of the precursor can be achieved during the leaching process. Charge-discharge tests indicate that the initial charge and discharge capacities of the regenerated battery are 166.8 mAh/g and 138.4 mAh/g, respectively. The DES demonstrates stability and can be easily recycled by replenishing the consumed components. This proposed strategy facilitates the reintroduction of nonrenewable resources into the supply chain and reduces the environmental impact of heavy metals, aligning with the principles of a circular economy.

Influence of the initial charge on the triboelectrification of millimeter size set of particles in an inclined tube

In this paper, the triboelectric charge buildup on a set of initially charged particles is investigated. During the study, 30 g of charged polypropylene particles of 2–3 mm size were repeatedly passed through a 1 m inclined copper or polyvinylchloride (PVC) tube. At the tube output, the charge is measured after each passage, allowing the cumulative charge evolution over time to be measured. The obtained curves are fitted to an exponential model to extract the time constant of the process. For each experience, particles are first charged at different levels and polarities relatively to the presumed saturation charge using both corona discharge and triboelectricity. The obtained results show that the initial charge value and polarity strongly affect the subsequent triboelectricity variations as well as the process speed. The triboelectric charge evolution is mainly related to the ratio between initial charge (Q0) and saturation charge value (Qs). Therefore, the particle's charge will increase if Q0 < Qs, decrease if Q0 > Qs, or be maintained at the same level when Q0 ≈ Qs. The particles can change polarity and be recharged with the opposite sign according to the tube and the initial charge level. This triboelectric charge behavior is explained based on the surface energy state in the electron transfer model. Furthermore, increasing the particles quantity from 5 g to 60 g reduces the saturation charge from 11 nC/g to 2.5 nC/g, which is approximately 77% less. Surface potential distribution measurements show an uneven distribution with less charge in large amounts compared to lower amounts.

Production of Zirconium-Niobium Alloys for Nuclear Reactors Fuel Rods via SHS Process

This article presents the results of studies of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) for obtaining zirconium alloys with niobium by the method of calcium-thermal reduction of nuclear-grade zirconium tetrafluoride in the presence of niobium powder. The optimal heating temperature of the initial charge and the methods of charge mixture with different calcium content were determined. The safety of the SHS process is ensured by the formation of an optimal combustion front of the mixture to remove the released high-pressure gases. A setup for the furnace reduction of zirconium alloys with charge preheating, discharge of molten products into molds of various designs, and control of the time and rate of slag and alloy crystallization has been tested. The required performance of the installation, the degree of transition of zirconium from salt into the alloy, and the purity, structure, and uniformity of the alloy were achieved.

Metal cation cross-linked 3D frameworks of Fe3O4 nanospheres encapsulated in graphene nanomesh with enhanced anode performance for lithium-ion batteries

Transition metal oxide (TMO) particles encapsulated in graphene shell has been reported to be an ideal lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) anode due to its well TMO particles volumetric adaptability upon cycling. In this paper, to further enhance the structural stability as well as electrochemical performance of Fe3O4-based electrodes for LIBs, 3D composite structures of Fe3O4 nanospheres (NSs) encapsulated in interconnected holey graphene nanosheets (Ca2+/p-rGO@Fe3O4) were fabricated by facile hydrothermal process using Ca2+ as crosslinker and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as etching agent. The composite was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), and other test methods. The morphological and structural tests show that Fe3O4 NSs are homogenously embedded in the 3D framework of interconnected graphene nanomesh aerogels. Based on its unique structure, the Ca2+/p-rGO@Fe3O4 composite electrode delivers an initial discharge and charge capacities of 1288 and 783 mA h g−1, respectively, remarkable rate capability at current densities from 0.1 to 2 A g−1 and excellent cyclic stability with respect to that of its counterparts Ca2+/rGO@Fe3O4 electrode, p-rGO@Fe3O4 electrode and rGO@Fe3O4 electrode, which are prepared using a similar synthetic procedure but without the addition of H2O2 or CaCl2 or neither. It is proved that the synergistic effects of Ca2+-induced crosslinking reaction at the edge of GO nanosheets and in-plane pores on graphene coated on the surface of Fe3O4 can enhance the whole electrochemical performance of anode for LIBs.

Evaluation of low-voltage-driven multi-colored electrochromic device based on dry-deposited V2O5

A V2O5 film fabricated by a nanoparticle deposition system (NPDS) was used to demonstrate a highly durable electrochromic device (ECD). The V2O5 film deposited on both the electrodes functioned as a complementary layer during the redox reaction to balance the charge inside the device. Thereby, it mitigated the load applied to the ECD by enabling its electrochromic reaction within the range of ±1 V. The fabricated ECD showing different colors at opposite voltages were applied to both the electrodes. Meanwhile, a TiO2-based opaque electrolyte was used to show different colors of V2O5 thin films independently. The fabricated ECD can display three colors: yellow, green, and blue. Furthermore, each color variation is completed within 10 s. According to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) data, the color differences (ΔE) between yellow and green, green and blue, and yellow and blue were measured to be approximately 27, 17, and 44, respectively. Meanwhile, the fabricated ECD showed almost a similar level of electrochromic performance even after 500 repeated runs. Moreover, the charge capacity of the ECD after a 10,000-cycle cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis was 49.01 mC/cm2 (the initial charge capacity was measured to be 47.31 mC/cm2). This verified the high durability of the device. Thus, an ECD capable of coloration under a low voltage range of ±1 V was fabricated using a dry deposition method with a TiO2-based opaque electrolyte, to vividly display different colors at both sides of the device simultaneously. The unique device can independently display different colors on both the electrodes. The dry deposition method was applied to deposit an identical V2O5 electrochromic film on the electrodes and an opaque electrolyte. The device has potential applications in functional electrochromic displays.

Development and Implementation of a RC Snubber to Suppress Breaker Arcing Present in High-Stored-Energy Superconducting Magnet Systems

Arc suppression Snubbers offer safety in high energy superconducting magnet systems. Large superconducting magnets may have arcing across their breakers at the moment of slow dump initiation resulting from a sudden current redistribution in the powering circuit. The ATLAS Experiment at CERN experiences such arcing with its 7.3 H Toroidal magnet powering circuit. To discharge the magnets, the current is redistributed to a parallel branch called the Run Down Unit (RDU) by means of a breaker. Due to the physical layout and other metallic components in the vicinity, the power supply and RDU branches have undesirable and unavoidable parasitic inductance, causing a voltage spike over the main breakers at the moment of opening. The resulting arcing deteriorates the breaker contacts, resulting in increased operating temperatures and a more frequent need for maintenance. The arc suppression system developed takes the form of an RC Snubber (Resistor-Capacitor). The Snubber offers the current a low-impedance path, thus smoothing out the current redistribution and suppressing the voltage spike. This initial charging period of the capacitors gives the current enough time to overcome the parasitic inductance, therefore allowing the RDU to smoothly ramp up without a sudden voltage spike. To test the concept, a 1/50th scale demonstrator was developed and showed successful results. After the demonstrator, endurance testing of the electrolytic capacitors was performed to ensure no degradation of the charging characteristics for an equivalent of 20 years of operation. The Snubber was manufactured and implemented with successful results on the ATLAS Toroidal powering circuit.

High-Efficiency Separator Capacity-Compensation Strategy Applied to Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are expected to replace partial reliance on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the field of large-scale energy storage as well as low-speed electric vehicles due to the abundance, wide distribution, and easy availability of sodium metal. Unfortunately, a certain amount of sodium ions are irreversibly trapped in the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer during the initial charging process, causing the initial capacity loss (ICL) of the SIBs. A separator capacity-compensation strategy is proposed, where the capacity compensator on the separator oxidizes below the high cut-off voltage of the cathode to provide additional sodium ions. This strategy shows attractive advantages, including adaptability to current production processes, no impairment of cell long-cycle life, controlled pre-sodiation degree, and strategy universality. The separator capacity-compensation strategy is applied in the NaNi1/3 Fe1/3 Mn1/3 O2 (NMFO)||HC full cell and achieve a compensated capacity ratio of 18.2%. In the Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 (NVP)||HC full cell, the initial reversible specific capacity is increased from 61.0 mAh g-1 to 83.1 mAh g-1 . The separator capacity-compensation strategy is proven to be universal and provides a new perspective to enhance the energy density of SIBs.

Growth of ferroelectric lithium niobate-tantalate LiNb(1-x)TaxO3 crystals

Congruent and stoichiometric ferroelectric lithium niobate-tantalate crystals LiNb(1-x)TaxO3 of different compositions were grown by the Czochralski method. The stoichiometric crystals were grown using the top seeded solution growth method using LiWO4, which increases the Li content in the melt and in the grown crystal. Also, the use of a solvent can significantly reduce the temperature of the melt. The composition of the crystals was studied by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using laser ablation, which allow studying the change in the composition of the grown crystals along the length and diameter. It is demonstrated that the content of Ta in the crystals exceeds the content of Ta in the initial charge, i.e., in the process of crystal growth, the melt becomes depleted in Ta. It is shown that the Ta content decreases along the crystal length due to the decrease in the Ta content in the melt. In the LiNb0.88Ta0.12O3 crystals, the piezoelectric moduli d22 and d33, and the velocities of bulk and surface acoustic waves were measured. The values of piezoelectric moduli and acoustic wave velocities are shown to occupy an intermediate position between LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals.

Influence of Powder Charge Composition on the Structure and Properties of T15K6 Hard Alloy

The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of nanosized additives on the structure and properties of the T15K6 hard alloy.Methods. These studies were carried out using an S-3400N electron microscope. The mechanical and physical properties of the structure of a hard alloy of the WC-TiC-Co system were studied using the example of T15K6 when nanosized tungsten powder and nanosized tungsten carbide powder with cobalt deposited on it were introduced into the initial charge using an optical and electron microscope; An X-ray spectrum analysis of the obtained samples of the T15K6 hard alloy was carried out on a DRON-4 X-ray diffractometer.Results. A hard alloy of the WC-TiC-Co system was studied with the introduction of nanosized tungsten powder into the initial charge, as well as with the introduction of nanosized tungsten carbide with cobalt deposited on its surface.In the work, the used powders of tungsten, nano-tungsten, cobalt, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, nano-powder of tungsten carbide were studied, and the microstructure of the obtained hard alloys was also studied. It is shown that the coercive force of the T15K6 alloy depends on the size of the cobalt phase regions in the alloy; measuring its value makes it possible to judge the size of carbide grains. To improve the strength properties of hard alloys of the WC-TiCCo system, it is recommended to introduce nanosized WC additives or WC nanopowder with deposited cobalt.Conclusion. To improve the strength properties of hard alloys of the WC-TiC-Co system, it is recommended to introduce nanosized WC additives or WC nanopowder with deposited cobalt. The introduction of these additives into the composition of the powder charge of the T15K6 hard alloy leads to an increase in the ultimate bending strength by 15%. The introduction of nanosized WC additives or WC nanopowder with deposited cobalt makes it possible to obtain a fine-grained structure with a grain size of no more than 4–6 μm.

Combining PEDOT:PSS Polymer Coating with Metallic 3D Nanowires Electrodes to Achieve High Electrochemical Performances for Neuronal Interfacing Applications.

This study presents a novel approach to improve the performance of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) used for electrophysiological studies of neuronal networks. The integration of 3D nanowires (NWs) with MEAs increases the surface-to-volume ratio, which enables subcellular interactions and high-resolution neuronal signal recording. However, these devices suffer from high initial interface impedance and limited charge transfer capacity due to their small effective area. To overcome these limitations, the integration of conductive polymer coatings, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is investigated as a mean of improving the charge transfer capacity and biocompatibility of MEAs. The study combines platinum silicide-based metallic 3D nanowires electrodes with electrodeposited PEDOT:PSS coatings to deposit ultra-thin (<50 nm) layers of conductive polymer onto metallic electrodes with very high selectivity. The polymer-coated electrodeswerefully characterized electrochemically and morphologically to establish a direct relationship between synthesis conditions, morphology, and conductive features. Results show that PEDOT-coated electrodes exhibit thickness-dependent improved stimulation and recording performances, offering new perspectives for neuronal interfacing with optimal cell engulfment to enable the study of neuronal activity with acute spatial and signal resolution at the sub-cellular level.

Enhancing the Initial Coulombic Efficiency of Sodium-Ion Batteries via Highly Active Na2 S as Presodiation Additive.

Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have received considerable attention for large-scale energy storage applications. However, the low initial Coulombic efficiency of traditional SIBs severely impedes their further development. Here, a highly active Na2 S-based composite is employed as a self-sacrificial additive for sodium compensation in SIBs. The in situ synthesized Na2 S is wrapped in a carbon matrix with nanoscale particle size and good electrical conductivity, which helps it to achieve a significantly enhanced electrochemical activity as compare to commercial Na2 S. As a highly efficient presodiation additive, the proposed Na2 S/C composite can reach an initial charge capacity of 407mAhg-1 . When 10wt.% Na2 S/C additive is dispersed in the Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 cathode, and combined with a hard carbon anode, the full cell achieves 24.3% higher first discharge capacity, which corresponds to a 18.3% increase in the energy density from 117.2 to 138.6Whkg-1 . Meanwhile, it is found that the Na2 S additive does not generate additional gas during the initial charging process, and under an appropriate content, its reaction product has no adverse impact on the cycling stability and rate performance of SIBs. Overall, this work establishes Na2 S as a highly effective additive for the construction of advanced high-energy-density SIBs.

Boosting the comprehensive behaviors of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 lithium-ion batteries via CNTs/Super-P composite conductive agent

In this work, a conductive slurry containing CNTs is used as a modification reagent for the Super-P (SP) conductive agent. After CNTs is recombined with SP, spherical SP particles with a diameter of about 60 nm are evenly dispersed on the surface of CNTs nanotubes with a diameter of 20 nm, which effectively improves the specific surface area of the conductive agent. As a result, the battery using 1.5 % CNTs/SP composite conductive agent shows a smaller EIS impedance value, which makes the comprehensive behaviors of the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 battery significantly improved. The CNTs/SP battery shows larger CV curve area and smaller potential difference between oxidation and reduction peaks. In addition, the initial charge and discharge capacity of CNTs/SP battery are 181.7 and 184.7 mAh/g respectively with initial Coulombic efficiency of 98.4%, which are much higher than the pristine SP battery (173.7 and 182.0 mAh/g respectively with initial Coulombic efficiency of 95.4 %). After 70 cycles, the discharge capacity of CNTs/SP battery can still remain at 175.3 mAh/g with capacity retention ratio of 97.2 %, which are also much higher than the pristine SP battery (142.5 mAh/g with capacity retention ratio of 82.8 %). Moreover, compared with the pristine SP batteries, the CNTs/SP batteries show larger discharge capacities at different rates of 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1.0 C, 2.0 C, 3.0 C and 5.0 C. After combining SP with CNTs nanowires, the discharge capacity, initial coulombic efficiency, cycle stability and rate capability of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 electrode are effectively improved, which provides a new idea for the development of novel conductive agent for high-performance cathode materials of lithium ion batteries.

Natural extract-polymer monodisperse submicron particles from Plateau-Rayleigh microjets

Particles of interest in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical sectors are often formulated with a polymer and one or more natural or synthetic active compound. The two components frequently have distinct hydrophilicity. Submicrometric particles with narrow size dispersion can be made by the droplet-to-particle route by electrospray. In the steady cone-jet mode a liquid Taylor cone (TC) continuously emits a Plateau-Rayleigh microjet which breaks up spontaneously and periodically into tiny droplets, which later dry up to form solid particles. To achieve a stable process of this kind, we argue that it is necessary to: (i) operate near the minimum solution flow rate compatible with TC stability, (ii) prevent the drying of the TC by surrounding it with a gentle gas stream saturated in solvent vapor, and (iii) monitor the electric current and image the TC. We demonstrate this process in the preparation of curcumin (CUR) loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) submicrometric particles as a function of solution composition and ambient relative humidity. In the atomization step (jet and droplet formation), the initial droplet size and charge are determined by the liquid properties and flow rate. The particles’ shapes were spherical (with or without internal voids), corrugated due to shell buckling (with compact interiors), and filamented due to Coulombic instabilities, depending on the interplay of different factors at the droplet drying step. These included the droplet size and charge, solvent evaporation, solute diffusion, water uptake from the ambient, mechanical forces, and solution thermodynamics. The electric current and droplet size are suitably predicted by scaling laws developed for simple Newtonian fluids. Hence, our particle sizes lie always between the predicted droplet and compact-sphere sizes, at a distance which depends on the particle morphology. CUR-loaded PVP quasi-monodisperse submicron particles could be an interesting model for drug delivery and biomedical applications.

Reversible Photobleaching of Silver Clusters in Silica‐Based Glass under Ultraviolet Irradiation

AbstractInorganic glasses doped with luminescent silver clusters are promising materials for photonic applications as white light generation, optical data storage, and spectral conversion. This work reports the photostability study of luminescent silver clusters dispersed in silica‐based glass under continuous ultraviolet irradiation. The photobleaching process model is proposed and the quantum yield of photobleaching is derived from the experimental data. The proposed mechanism of photobleaching is photoionization of silver clusters. Degradation of cluster luminescence is reversible and restores after the heat treatment, indicating the possibility to release trapped electrons and return the initial charge state of clusters. The effect of heat treatment temperature on the luminescence restoration is studied, the amount of restored luminescent clusters depends linearly on the heat treatment temperature.

Activation of Bulk Li2S as Cathode Material for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries through Organochalcogenide‐Based Redox Mediation Chemistry

AbstractLithium sulfide (Li2S) is considered as a promising cathode material for sulfur‐based batteries. However, its activation remains to be one of the key challenges against its commercialization. The extraction of Li+ from bulk Li2S has a high activation energy (Ea) barrier, which is fundamentally responsible for the initial large overpotential. Herein, a systematic investigation of accelerated bulk Li2S oxidation reaction kinetics was studied by using organochalcogenide‐based redox mediators, in which phenyl ditelluride (PDTe) can significantly reduce the Ea of Li2S and lower the initial charge potential. Simultaneously, it can alleviate the polysulfides shuttling effect by covalently anchoring the soluble polysulfides and converting them into insoluble lithium phenyl tellusulfides (PhTe‐SxLi, x&gt;1). This alters the redox pathway and accelerates the reaction kinetics of Li2S cathode. Consequently, the Li||Li2S‐PDTe cell shows excellent rate capability and enhanced cycling stability. The Si||Li2S‐PDTe full cell delivers a considerable capacity of 953.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C.

Activation of Bulk Li2S as Cathode Material for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries through Organochalcogenide-Based Redox Mediation Chemistry.

Lithium sulfide (Li2S) is considered as a promising cathode material for sulfur-based batteries. However, its activation remains to be one of the key challenges against its commercialization. The extraction of Li+ from bulk Li2S has a high activation energy (Ea) barrier, which is fundamentally responsible for the initial large overpotential. Herein, a systematic investigation of accelerated bulk Li2S oxidation reaction kinetics was studied by using organochalcogenide-based redox mediators, in which phenyl ditelluride (PDTe) can significantly reduce the Ea of Li2S and lower the initial charge potential. Simultaneously, it can alleviate the polysulfides shuttling effect by covalently anchoring the soluble polysulfides and converting them into insoluble lithium phenyl tellusulfides (PhTe-SxLi, x > 1). This alters the redox pathway and accelerates the reaction kinetics of Li2S cathode. Consequently, the Li||Li2S-PDTe cell shows excellent rate capability and enhanced cycling stability. The Si||Li2S-PDTe full cell delivers a considerable capacity of 953.5 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C.

Silicon-stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) composite anodes for fast charging by in-situ prelithiation

Advanced battery properties, such as high specific energy density and fast charging, are currently in demand owing to the expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market. Si and Li metals have attracted research attention as anode materials because of their large theoretical capacities and fast reaction rates with Li ions. However, extreme volume changes and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) issues hinder their applications in EVs. Herein, we mix Si with stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) to achieve a composite anode with complementary characteristics of Si and SLMP (SiLP) that does not require carbon additives. Prelithiation is performed before applying an external current to contribute to a fast reaction rate because of the exclusion of the Si lithiation process and the plating process conducted during the initial charging state. Furthermore, a stable lithium fluoride layer is formed to mitigate SEI issues by adding a fluorinated polymer during electrode fabrication. Capacity characteristics are improved by more than double and a high SiLP anode initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 70% is attained. In addition, the diminished SiLP adsorption energy is provided via density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Investigation of the processing effect parameters on the spectroscopic properties of ZnSe nanocrys-tals for hot-pressed ceramics of the Cleartran and Multispectral classes

Problem. The problem is unavailability of inexpensive ZnSe nanocrystals for hot-pressed ceramics of the Cleartran or Multispectral classes. Goal. The goal is to investigate and improve the structural features of ZnSe nanocrystals obtained by combustion synthesis during annealing in air or nitrogen. Methodology. ZnSe nanocrystals were characterized by combustion synthesis using electron scanning microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, and photoluminescence analysis. Results. To improve the spectroscopic properties of ZnSe nanocrystals were synthesized by combustion synthesis method (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis) with different initial current pulses, a series of thermal annealing was carried out in the temperature range Т = 200 ÷ 800 °С with a step of Т = 100 °С at atmospheric pressure, in air or in nitrogen. The developed approach makes it possible to obtain the investigated ZnSe nanocrystals with specified properties by controlling their crystal structure. The dependences of the structure, characteristics of the magnetic field, and hyperfine structure of electron paramagnetic resonance, photoluminescence spectra during annealing in air or nitrogen from temperatures of annealing were obtained. In comparison with the initial charge, the size of nanocrystals grows by ~ 20 %, the fraction of the cubic phase increases, the parameters of nanocrystals lattice grows, and the number of dislocations and microstress decrease after annealing. It is recommended to use a current pulse of ~ 40 A, and then perform annealing at a temperature of T = 800 °C in nitrogen for the synthesis of ZnSe nanocrystals with a more perfect structure. Originality. The annealing of ZnSe nanocrystals obtained by combustion synthesis in air or nitrogen was studied. Practical value. The obtained results allow using the synthesized ZnSe nanocrystals by combustion synthesis method for various optoelectronic devices or for obtaining hot-pressed ceramics of the Cleartran or Multispectral classes.

High‐Capacity and Long‐Life Manganese Vanadium Oxide Composite as a Cathode for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are widely attractive by virtue of its high safety and low cost. However, their development for widespread applications is limited due to unstable cathode materials. Herein, a manganese vanadium oxide (Mn2V2O7/V2O3) (MnVO) composite is fabricated and can be utilized as a superior intercalated cathode for AZIBs. The extraction of Zn2+ from the MnVO composite causes the phase transition during the initial charge cycle to form electrochemically reversible MnV10O26·10H2O. The phase transformation modifies morphology and the as‐formed MnV10O26·10H2O phase acts as a Zn2+ host for the subsequent cycles, leading to excellent electrochemical performances. As a result, the electrode delivers a superior reversible capacity of 204 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 over 1000 cycles and is also sustainable over a long‐life span of 3000 cycles even at 10 A g−1. Additionally, the Zn/MnVO battery exhibits a high energy density of 256.31 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 410 W kg−1. The exceptional reversible capacity even at different current densities over a long‐life span makes them a promising candidate for fabricating the safe and reliable AZIBs. Also, the Zn2+ storage mechanism in MnVO composite cathode for rechargeable AZIBs is demonstrated.

DEM simulation of impact charge on polymer particles by single and repeated impact on different metal plates

Charge transfer between the particle and wall occurs after each collision in powder handling operations, called "contact electrification". In the present study, a LIGGGHTS code was developed by adding the Hertzian contact area formula and condenser model to predict the particle charge after every impact. The simulation results showed that, the particle with a higher impact velocity became saturated under fewer collisions. Considering that the charging constant depends on the impact velocity and initial particle charge, the Average Relative Error (ARE) of simulation prediction significantly decreased from 22 and 16% to 10.6 and 11% for Rubber particles at impact velocities of 4.8 and 2.8 m/s, respectively. Therefore, the current modified LIGGGHTS code has a great potential to predict the impact charge of particle-wall collision.