Inhibition Of Sporulation Research Articles

Atividades antieimeriose e anti-helmínticas in vitro da Achillea fragrantissima

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of many plants has been reported as anthelmintic and anticoccidial because they possess active compounds. Excessive use of drugs has led to the emergence of drug-resistant Eimeria species. This study was designed to evaluate anticoccidial and anthelmintic activity of Achillea fragrantissima flower extract (AFFE) and leaves extract (AFLE). Infrared spectroscopy showed nine phytochemical compounds. Chemical examination revealed AF rich in phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Flower extract showed the highest percentage inhibition of DPPH radical at 500 µg/mL (82.2%) compared to leaves extract (74.5%). AFFE and AFLE (100 mg/ml) caused paralysis and earthworm death by 13.67±1.96 and 15.25±2.48 min and 4.19±0.05 and 4.70±0.28 min, respectively, compared to mebendazole. In histological study, a clear defect was found in surface architecture of treated groups of worms with extract. At 96 h, significant inhibition (100%) of process sporulation for E. papillata oocyst was observed when exposed to AFFE (300 and 200 mg/mL), while AFLE was 98.4 and 96%, respectively. Additionally, amprolium, DettolTM, phenol, and formalin 5% showed different levels of inhibition. Results revealed anticoccidial and anthelmintic activities of AFFE and AFLE, which encourages conducting many in vivo studies to find an effective and cheap treatment.

Effect of phenolic disinfectant on sporulation inhibition of Eimeria tenella for prevention of coccidiosis

Effect of phenolic disinfectant on sporulation inhibition of Eimeria tenella for prevention of coccidiosis

Phytochemical Profile of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del. and In Vitro Anticoccidial Effect of Its Fractions against Eimeria tenella

Phytochemical screening of the crude methanolic leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina was carried out. The extract and its fractions were tested for in vitro anticoccidial efficacy against the unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella by the oocyst sporulation inhibition model in a 96-well microtitre plate. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and triterpenoids. Different concentrations of the extracts, including 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, 62.5 mg/ml, 31.25 mg/ml, 15.625 mg/ml, and 7.8 mg/ml, were tested against freshly prepared unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella. Triplicate assays were conducted for each concentration of the extract to screen for anticoccidial activity. The methanol extract and fractions showed activity against the oocysts of E. tenella in a dose-dependent manner. The sporulation inhibition rate was determined as effective when the result showed more than 50% inhibition at each concentration level of treatment. Only the methanol extract and its butanol fraction at the lowest treatment concentration of 7.8 mg/ml showed an inhibition rate of 55% and 68%, respectively. All treatments: methanol extract (100%), hexane fraction (100%), butanol fraction (100%), and aqueous residue fraction (58%) were active at the highest concentration of 250 mg/ ml. It is concluded that the methanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina and its butanol fraction had better oocyst sporulation inhibition activity against Eimeria tenella and may further be explored for their anticoccidial properties.

Evaluation of the Anticoccidial Activity of Sheep Bile against Eimeria stiedae Oocysts and Sporozoites of Rabbits: An In Vitro Study.

Coccidiosis is one of the most common infectious diseases that causes digestive problems in rabbits, leading to global economic losses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of bile obtained from sheep gallbladder on the sporulation and morphology of Eimeria stiedae oocysts and sporozoites affecting rabbit liver cells and to determine the best concentration for sporulation inhibition. Sporulation inhibition per milliliter was measured in samples exposed to five concentrations of sheep bile (SB) in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution: 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations for oocysticidal activity and 125, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 μg/mL concentrations for antisporozoidal activity. A bioassay was performed to assess the in vitro anticoccidial activity of sheep bile against E. stiedae oocysts and sporozoite sporulation. In this assay, six-well plates with 5 mL of bile containing 1000 oocysts showed unsporulated oocysticidal activity after 48, 72, and 96 h and antisporozoidal activity after 12 and 24 h. A chemical assay was performed via infrared spectroscopy to investigate the presence of several anticipated active chemical compounds in sheep bile. Sheep bile was able to inhibit E. stiedae oocysts at 100% and 75% concentrations by about 91% and 81%, respectively. In addition, SB had the highest inhibition of E. stiedae sporozoite viability (92%) at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL and had the lowest inhibition of 8% at a concentration of 125 μg/mL. An increase in the incubation time and a higher dose generally increased the inhibition rate. The results showed that sheep gallbladder bile is effective due to its inhibitory potential and effect on the coccidian oocyst sporulation of E. stiedae. Further studies are needed to determine the precise active chemicals present in SB and their modes of action and application in vivo.

In Vitro Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Ultrasonicated Ethanolic Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis and its Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Against Eimeria tenella Oocysts of Chickens

In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) were used as nanocarrier for ultrasonicated ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (UEERO) as a new nanoformulation against Eimeria tenella. Herein, CsNPs have been synthesized by ionic gelation method at pH 3 (CsNPs3) and pH 5 (CsNPs5), followed by characterization of morphology, size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, and loading efficiency of UEERO. An in vitro sporulation inhibition assay (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.62, 0.31, 0.15, 0.07, 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 mg/ml normal saline solution) against E. tenella was conducted. Results showed that free CsNPs and UEERO-CsNPs3/5 were cubic- and spherical-shaped with positive charge and average size of ~ 150.8 nm (314.4 nm) and 151.7 nm (321.1 nm), respectively. The total loading efficiency using UV–vis spectrophotometer, was 80.05 at pH 5 and 64.39% at pH 3. The in vitro sporulation inhibition assay revealed that UEERO, CsNPs3/5, and UEERO-CsNPs3/5 showed a potential inhibitory effect on sporulation (%), distortion in wall (%), and sporocyst abnormality (%) in a dose-dependent manner. Accordingly, the concentration (10 mg/ml) showed the best efficacy after 24 h in UEERO, free CsNPs, and UEERO-CsNPs. Moreover, UEERO-CsNPs3 and UEERO-CsNPs5 had stopped the sporulation (%) after 72 h. Taken all together, UEERO-CsNPs3 and UEERO-CsNPs5 are best effective against E. tenella in a dose-dependent manner in terms of sporulation (%), distortion in wall (%), and sporocysts abnormality.Graphical abstract

In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity ofCalotropis proceraleaf extract onEimeria papillataoocysts sporulation and sporozoite

AbstractNatural products play an important role as environmentally friendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. ManyEimeriaspecies cause eimeriosis in poultry. The negative effects of synthetic anti-coccidiosis medications necessitate the quest for alternative treatments derived from medicinal plants in the treatment of eimeriosis. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects ofCalotropis proceraleaf extract (CPLE) (Madar) on the sporulation ofEimeriaoocysts and sporozoites that affect mammalian jejunum and to obtain the best concentration for sporulation inhibition and infection prevention. Extracts were testedin vitroto prevent oocyst sporulation, wall deformity, and anti-sporozoite activity withEimeria papillata. The plant-chemical compounds analysis of CPLE some active compounds were shown as well as CPLEin vitroeffects at various concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25,12.5, and 6.25 mg/mL), while potassium dichromate solution 2.5% and Toltrazuril 25 mg/mL were administered as the control groups.C. proceraleaf extract showed the highest inhibitory percentage onE. papillataoocyst at 200 mg/mL of extract, approximately 91%. In addition, CPLE showed the sporozoite highest viability inhibitory percentage onE. papillataat 200 mg/mL of extract, approximately 88%, and the lowest efficacy was 5% at 6.25 mg/mL. Also, we noticed the deformation and destruction of the oocyst wall based on the concentration rate. Sporulation inhibition rate is significantly affected by incubation time and treatment concentration ratio. The results showed that Madar has an effective, inhibitory potential, and protective effect on coccidian oocyst sporulation and sporozoites ofE. papillata.

"In Vitro Evaluation of Oocysticidal and Sporulation Inhibition Effects of Essential oil of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Against Eimeria tenella"

"In Vitro Evaluation of Oocysticidal and Sporulation Inhibition Effects of Essential oil of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Against Eimeria tenella"

Efecto aditivo de tratamiento alternativo al control químico de Botrytis cinerea en arándanos

The blueberry crop is mainly attacked by the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea, being very aggressive for this plant, showing resistance to synthetic fungicides. Non-chemical alternatives such as chitosan and salicylic acid have been proposed for its control. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the combination of these compounds for the control of Botrytis cinerea. The in vitro evaluation showed percentages of fungal growth inhibition of 60% and 100% inhibition of sporulation and germination of the phytopathogen. The micrographs showed damage to fungal structures of B. cinerea under the application of the treatments due to the additive effect demonstrated by combining chitosan and salicylic acid. Likewise, there was a great reactivity when combining these compounds, favoring the attack on the phytopathogen and increasing the in vivo effect by reducing the decomposition rate of blueberries by 60% compared to the control.

Inhibición del crecimiento de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae por dos métodos de envenenamiento in vitro con fungicidas de diferentes grupos toxicológicos

Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae is one of the most important fungal diseases in tobacco cultivation, being also one of the most difficult to control. The in vitro effectiveness of two poisoning methods was evaluated; sensi-disc (SD) and medium dilution (DMC) to determine the inhibitory effect of four fungicides of different toxicological groups on F. oxysporum isolated from tobacco in different regions of the province of Granma, Cuba. A differential response was observed in the susceptibility levels of all strains tested, regardless of the method of poisoning. The DMC method was more efficient than the SD, observing increases from 4.37 % (S) to 45.57 % (Ip+Pr) with respect to the SD. The highest inhibition values were observed in DMC with mancozeb (100 %), Tz+Az (79.74 %), and Ip+Pr (96.9 %). The greatest effectiveness in sporulation inhibition was with mancozeb by the SD method (0 %). The in vitro inhibitory effect of the fungicides evaluated (alone or in combination) is indicative of the fungicidal effect on the fungus under study and establishes the importance of inhibition methods for the study of fungicides used in management programs of diseases caused by Fusarium spp., in the tobacco growing areas of Cuba and other parts of the world.

The Anticoccidial Effects of the Poultry Bile against Eimeria papillata Oocysts of Mice: In vitro Study

Background: Coccidiosis is a costly and wide-spread infectious disease in mammals that causes huge losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potency of intact poultry gallbladder on the sporulation of Eimeria papillata oocysts of mice and to determine the best concentration for the activity of poultry bile on the inhibition of sporulation in oocysts. Methods: In this test, we used potassium dichromate solution (2.5%) as control group. Unpopulated oocysts were exposed (1 x 103/3 ml) to four concentrations of poultry bile (w/v; 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100%). It was incubated in petri dishes for 48, 72 and 96 hours at 25-29°C, with 60-80% humidity. The sporulation was examined under an inverted microscope at 40 x to confirm oocyst sporulation. Result: Showed through infrared spectroscopy of poultry bile that there are many expected active classes of chemical compounds. At a 100% concentration of poultry bile, it was able to inhibit the Eimeria papillata oocysts by about 98% in potassium dichromate solution. Also, it observed its ability to inhibit sporulation of oocysts in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 50%, 25%, and 10% of bile, the rate of inhibition was (71.7%, 33.11% and 19.88%), respectively. We found a direct relationship between inhibition and sporulation related to the increasing time period.

Aplicación de quitosano y sustancias GRAS en el control de Geotrichum candidum aislado de frutos de jitomate (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) en el estado de Nayarit, México: Pruebas in vitro

Geotrichum candidum causal agent of tomato sour rot, has the potential to infect a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. In this work, the in vitro antifungal activity of Chitosan (Chi), Potassium Sorbate (PS), Sodium Bicarbonate (SB), and Sodium Carbonate (SC) and their mixtures were evaluated. The PS and SC treatments showed a 100% inhibition of mycelial growth (MG), germination, and sporulation. Regarding SB, 1.5 and 2.0% concentrations inhibited 87.5 and 88.5% of MG and affected germination and sporulation. Chi at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% inhibited MG by 63.1, 62.4, and 42.1%, respectively, affecting germination and sporulation. The combination of chitosan at 0.5% + PS 0.5% and Chi 0.5% + SC 0.5% demonstrated 99.3 and 71.4%, inhibition of MG, and affected germination and sporulation. Chi 0.5% + SB 1.5% showed no effect on MG, and at 0.5 and 1.0%, the growth rate of the mycelium increased, as well as sporulation and germination. In conclusion, chitosan and salts are an option for the use of synthetic fungicides in the control of pathogenic fungi in postharvest, with low toxicity, and are friendly to the environment.

In vitro anticoccidial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Citrus aurantium L. against Eimeria tenella oocysts

This study was carried out to examine the anticoccidial effect of Citrus aurantium L ethanol leaf extract against the oocysts of Eimeria tenella isolated from broiler chickens. The fresh leaves of C. aurantium were collected from Emirate Garden, Katsina, authenticated, air-dried at room temperature, pulverised by milling and subjected to extraction. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was employed to examine the activity of C. aurantium ethanol extract on the sporulation of E. tenella oocysts. In this assay, deep well petri dishes containing 100 unsporulated oocysts were subjected to 2 ml of five different concentrations of the extract (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/ml) in triplicates while oocysts sporulated in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution (K2Cr2O7) and phenol served as control groups. The content of the Petri dishes was stirred to ensure adequate oxygenation. The experimental set-up was incubated at room temperature and examined after 24 and 48 hours for sporulation inhibition. The sporulated and unsporulated oocysts were determined by counting using the Mcmaster apparatus. Phytochemical screening of C. aurantium revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, steroids and tannins. The result showed that ethanolic leaf extract of C. aurantium to possess anticoccidial activity against unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella in a concentration-dependent manner. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in the sporulation inhibition activity, with the highest (97 ± 0.8%) at 30 mg/ml and the lowest activity (8 ± 1.0%) at 2.5 mg/ml concentration of the extract after 48 hours of incubation. There was a general trend of sporulation inhibition with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract. The findings from this study showed ethanol leaf extract of C. aurantium possesses a remarkable In vitro anticoccidial effect that may be further scientifically explicated.

Postharvest application of imazalil sulphate using a heated flooder for control of citrus green mould

High volume aqueous applications of imazalil (IMZ) are commonly used in major citrus producing industries for control of green mould, caused by Penicillium digitatum. The flooder application is a more novel means of application where the heated fungicide solution is applied in high volume and low pressure through weirs creating a waterfall over a set of rotating brushes. A five-weir flooder is compared to the conventional dip tank application in terms of residue loading, curative and protective control as well as sporulation inhibition. Imazalil sulphate was applied with a flooder (250 mg L-1 at pH ≈ 5 for 8 s) or a dip tank (500 mg L-1 at pH ≈ 3 for 60 s) on various citrus types at solution temperatures of 25, 35 or 52 °C. All treatments deposited IMZ residues in the fruit of ≈ 1.00 mg kg-1, except residues of ≈ 2.00 mg kg-1 after treatment at 52 °C. Flooder application gave similar curative control and better protective control compared to the dip application. Sporulation control by IMZ was significantly improved when applied with the flooder at 52 °C, compared to the dip treatment. Imazalil sulphate application at 250 and 500 mg L-1 was optimised at temperatures from 25° to 60°C. Regression models describing residue loading in a pH 5, 250 mg.L-1 solution applied by flooder at 26.9 or 47.4 °C would deposit residues of 1 and 2 mg.kg-1, respectively. Regression models describing residue loading in a pH 3, 500 mg.L-1 solution applied by flooder at 38.0 or 63.20 °C would deposit residues of 1 and 2 mg.kg-1, respectively. Curative and protective control was generally good (> 80%), but consistently better after treatment with 500 mg L-1. The influence of number of flooder weirs (1−5) and IMZ solution temperature range of 25–55 °C was determined. A single weir loaded an imazalil residue between 1.00 and 1.50 mg kg-1 regardless of solution temperature. Residue loading was markedly increased at 45 °C with three weirs and 2 mg kg-1 was only exceeded at 55 °C with 3–5 weirs. Curative green mould control (≈90%) and sporulation inhibition (>50%) were more consistent and better when imazalil was applied at 45 °C or higher using three or more weirs. The heated flooder application is an effective alternative to the fungicide dip tank.

In vitro study of curcumin calcium carbonate phosphate nanoparticles (Curcumin-NPs) impacts on the meriz goat’s coccidian oocysts

Nanoparticles biosynthesis has an essential and increased role in delivering medical compounds. Calcium carbonate phosphate nanoparticles (CaCO3-NPs) were prepared as a stabilized amorphous and incorporated with herbal curcumin extract as an anticoccidial agent in vitro. CaCO3 - NPs were tested against local meriz goat coccidian oocysts. Concentrations were used 2, 4, 8, 16, 30 and 50 mg/ml shows oocysticidal effects and sporocystidal effects at concentration of 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 µg. Sporulation inhibition assay was used for 24 and 48 hours. Results of significant oocysticidal effect were seen to inhibit in the concentration of 30 - 50 mg/ml and able to inhibit the sporulation of meriz coccidian parasite oocysts at a rate of 92.54±3.51%. The sporocysticidal effect was also significant with a curcumin nanoparticles concentration of 400-1000 µg/ml with a rate of 98.1±2.11%. The stability of prepared curcumin nanoparticles was examined against various pH levels 4.01, 7, and 9.21 at multiple temperatures 4, 25, 60, and 100°C. Investigation after 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours of treatment occurs according to various treatments. Stability was assessed by spectrophotometric indicated significant reductions for pH 4 and 9 after one hour of treatment and at the temperature of 60°C and 100°C after 12-24 hours of treatment. These results reflect promising hopes of exploiting CaCO3 curcumin nanoparticles to eradicate coccidiosis as they are composed of and prepared from natural substances.

Modeling the growth and sporulation dynamics of the macroalga <i>Ulva</i> in mixed-age populations in cultivation and the formation of green tides

Abstract. Ulva is a widespread green algal genus with important ecological roles and promising potential as a seagriculture crop. One of the major challenges when cultivating Ulva is sudden biomass disappearance, likely caused by uncontrolled and unpredicted massive sporulation. However, the dynamics of this process are still poorly understood. In this study, we propose a mathematical model describing the biomass accumulation and degradation of Ulva, considering the potential impact of sporulation inhibitors. We developed a differential equation model describing the time evolution of Ulva biomass. Our model simulates biomass in compartments of different Ulva “age” classes, with varying growth and sporulation rates. Coupled with these classes is a differential equation describing the presence of a sporulation inhibitor, produced and secreted by the algae. Our model mimics observed Ulva dynamics. We present Ulva's biomass accumulation under different initial algae population, age distributions and sporulation rates. Furthermore, we simulate water replacement, effectively depleting the sporulation inhibitor, and examine its effects on Ulva's biomass accumulation. The model developed in this work is the first step towards understanding the dynamics of Ulva growth and degradation. Future work refining and expanding our results should prove beneficial to the ecological research and industrial growth of Ulva.

Crystal structure report of the ImmR transcriptional regulator DNA-binding domain of the Bacillus subtilis ICEBs1 transposon

Bacillus subtilis is a commensal member of the human oral and gut microbiomes, which can become infectious to immunocompromised patients. It possesses a conjugative transposon, ICEBs1, which includes > 20 genes and can be passed by horizontal gene transfer to other bacteria, including pathogenic Bacillus anthracis and Listeria monocytogenes. ICEBs1 is regulated by the ImmR/ImmA tandem, which are a transcriptional repressor that constitutively blocks transcription and a metallopeptidase that acts as anti-repressor and inactivates ImmR by proteolytic cleavage. We here report the production and purification of 127-residue ImmR from ICEBs1 and the crystal structure of its DNA-binding domain. It features a five-helix bundle centred on a helix-turn-helix motif potentially binding the major grove of double-stranded target DNA. ImmR shows structural and mechanistic similarity with the B. subtilis SinR repressor, which is engaged in sporulation inhibition.

In vitro anticoccidial activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain against Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats in Kenya.

Background and Aim:The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria spp. calls for the development of novel anticoccidial drugs. Plant extracts provide a possible natural source for such drugs. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro anticoccidial activity of encapsulated bromelain (EB) in chitosan nanocarriers on Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats kept by farmers in Kenya.Materials and Methods:Bromelain was extracted from the peel of ripe pineapples using standard methods. Eimeria spp. oocysts were isolated from the feces of goats using a flotation method. The inhibition of sporulation was assayed after exposing the oocysts to solutions of EB, non-EB (NEB), and diclazuril (positive control) at concentrations between 4 mg/mL and 0.125 mg/mL for 48 h. The oocysts were examined under a microscope (40x) to determine the effects of the drugs on the sporulation process. The percentage of sporulation inhibition was calculated after 48 h and the inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) was determined by probit analysis.Results:Bromelain manifested anticoccidial activity through the inhibition of the sporulation of coccidia oocysts. EB achieved inhibition with a lower dose compared with NEB. The IC50 values of diclazuril, EB, and NEB were 0.078 mg/mL, 0.225 mg/mL, and 0.575 mg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.01) between the IC50 of EB and NEB compared with the standard treatment drug.Conclusion:This preliminary study showed that EB has anticoccidial activity supporting further evaluation at an in vivo level to develop a novel drug for the management of coccidiosis in goats.

Study on compatibility of Trichoderma viride with different fungicides

Aggressive colonization of T. viride can occurs in diverse environmental condition as a biological control and prevents many soil borne diseases. In this context, laboratory experiment was conducted during 2018-19 at Department of Plant Pathology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar to test the sensitivity of T. viride isolated with selected fungicides to devise the best management practice. In course of investigation, nine fungicides of systemic, non-systemic and their combination were evaluated at lower concentrations compared to recommended dose on sensitivity and sporulation of T. viride with food poisoned techniques. Growth and sporulation of T. viride was totally inhibited by carbendazim, hexoconazole, carbendazim+ mancozeb and iprodione + carbendazim at all the concentrations. Sporulation affected by all the fungicides, but in copper-oxychloride, inhibition of sporulation had minimum, i.e. 19.7, 37.1 and 53.9 at 200, 500 and 1000 μg/ml, respectively. Since, the minimum inhibitory effect on growth and spore production was recorded in copper oxychloride. Thus, the present finding suggest that compatible fungicides copper oxychloride can be used with T. viride in an integrated disease management practices for managing soil borne pathogens.

Transcriptional dynamics of gametogenesis in the green seaweed Ulva mutabilis identifies an RWP-RK transcription factor linked to reproduction

BackgroundThe molecular mechanism underlying sexual reproduction in land plants is well understood in model plants and is a target for crop improvement. However, unlike land plants, the genetic basis involved in triggering reproduction and gamete formation remains elusive in most seaweeds, which are increasingly viewed as an alternative source of functional food and feedstock for energy applications.ResultsGametogenesis of Ulva mutabilis, a model organism for green seaweeds, was studied. We analyzed transcriptome dynamics at different time points during gametogenesis following induction of reproduction by fragmentation and removal of sporulation inhibitors. Analyses demonstrated that 45% of the genes in the genome were differentially expressed during gametogenesis. We identified several transcription factors that potentially play a key role in the early gametogenesis of Ulva given the function of their homologs in higher plants and microalgae. In particular, the detailed expression pattern of an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor containing an RWP-RK domain suggested a key role during Ulva gametogenesis.ConclusionsTranscriptomic analyses of gametogenesis in the green seaweed Ulva highlight the importance of a conserved RWP-RK transcription factor in the induction of sexual reproduction. The identification of putative master regulators of gametogenesis provides a starting point for further functional characterization.

IN-VITRO ANTICOCCIDIAL EVALUATION OF CITRUS SINENSIS ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST EIMERIA OOCYSTS

Poultry coccidiosis has been conventionally controlled by various anticoccidial chemicals. But, due to multiple issues associated with chemicals, need for safe alternates is crucial and essential oils are among the best candidates. Hence, the current in-vitro research was conducted to examine the anticoccidial potential of Citrus sinensis essential oil against mixed species of Eimeria oocysts. In this experiment, the anticoccidial activity was estimated by sporulation inhibition method. Eight groups were made based on different concentrations of C. sinensis essential oil and other control chemicals. The results revealed a dose-dependent response with maximum sporulation inhibition activity at the highest concentration of the C. sinensis essential oil. Thus, this essential oil is proved to have the potential for its application in control of coccidiosis.