Zones Of Bacterial Growth Inhibition Research Articles

Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles from Aqueous Extract of Moringa Oleifera L.: Its Application as Antibacterial and Photocatalyst

ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the biosynthesis method using water extract of Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera L.) as a reducing agent and stabilizer as well as a capping agent. This study aimed to characterize ZnO nanoparticles and their application as antibacterial and photocatalyst. Characterization was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The biosynthesis ZnO nanoparticles have a hexagonal wurtzite phase with an average crystal size of 16.97 nm and a crystallinity level of 78.49%. Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles with concentrations of 3%, 6%, 9% resulted in an average inhibition zone of bacterial growth in S. aureus was 19.6 0.16; 21.8 0.33; 24.3 0.14 and in E.coli it is 9.87 0.2; 11.3 0.04; 11.57 0.06. The greater the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone. The result of photodegradation of methylene blue is greatest with variations in the mass of ZnO nanoparticles and the concentration of methylene blue is 95% with a nanoparticle mass of 120 mg, methylene blue concentration of 10 ppm, and an irradiation time of 150 minutes.

Evaluation of antibacterial and mechanical features of dental adhesives containing colloidal gold nanoparticles

In this study, colloidal gold nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes less than 20 nm were added to the dentin adhesive in various concentrations to achieve favorable antibacterial properties. The effect of gold NPs on mechanical, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity features of adhesive was evaluated systematically. It was shown that the addition of gold NPs at the concentration of 5X (i) increased flexural strength of dentin tooth adhesive by 75%, (ii) increased the micro-shear bond strength by 60%, and (iii) increased the tensile diameter strength of adhesive by 65% compared to the based adhesive. Multiscale modeling was used to simulate and calculate stress and strain distribution around the nanoparticles and within the adhesive matrix. Antibacterial properties of adhesives containing gold NPs were examined using disk diffusion and the pour plate methods. The results showed that adhesive with the 5X concentration of gold NPs had a bacterial growth inhibition zone with a diameter of 2 mm is in the disk diffusion method which indicates the antibacterial characteristics of adhesive at this concentration. Also, the antibacterial effect of adhesive-containing NPs was observed in the pour plate method and the reduction of bacterial growth is increased by the addition of nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of NPs is examined in pure form and combination with dental adhesive using the MTT assay. The results showed that pure gold NPs have shown no toxicity for the growth of cells and the incorporation of gold NPs has increased the cell viability in the base adhesive.

Antagonistic and Antibacterial Activity of Stapylocossus aureus and Isolates of Oral Bacteria from the Endogenous Fungus Apis dorsata Binghami Nest

Apis Dorsata Binghami honey bee is a honey bee endemic to Indonesia, living naturally in the forests of Sulawesi. This study aimed to obtain isolates and characteristics of endogenous fungi antibiotic activity from Apis dorsata Binghami nest. The research consisted of isolation of fungi from beehives using potato dextro agar, pure culture of fungi, antagonist test and antibiotic test using disc diffusion method. Antibiotic test was performed on oral bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The results obtained six isolates of fungi from the nest of Apis dorsata Binghami, namely isolates FAB1, FAB2, FAB3, FAB4, FAB5 and FAB6. The results of the antagonist test showed that the isolates FAB2 and FAB3 had the best antagonist properties, while the FAB6 isolates had the weakest antagonist properties. The FAB2 isolate showed the best bacterial growth inhibition zone average for the isolates of oral bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone lasts up to 3 x 24 hours so that the activity of the bacteria is bactericidal. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the endogenous fungus Apis dorsata Binghami is a potential source of antibacterial bioactives.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic and Water Extracts of Stingless Bees Tetrigona binghami, Heterotrigona itama, and Geniotrigona thoracica Propolis Found in Brunei

In the present study, the antibacterial activities of ethanolic and water extracts of propolis produced by stingless bees Tetrigona binghami, Heterotrigona itama, and Geniotrigona thoracica found in Brunei against four different bacterial strains were quantified. Additionally, spectroscopic and colorimetric methods, including Fourier transform infrared, absorption, fluorescence, aluminum chloride, and Folin-Ciocalteu analyses were used to characterize the propolis extracts. Flavonoid, phenolic, and aromatic acid compounds in the propolis extracts were also quantified, as these compounds are responsible for their antioxidant capacity. The antibacterial activity was determined based on bacterial growth inhibition zones using the disc diffusion, and it was further confirmed by the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, which were evaluated using the broth macrodilution method. The propolis extracts exhibited antibacterial activities but were lower compared to streptomycin, which was used as a standard antibiotic. The MIC values of the water extracts were 2500 μg/mL, and those of the ethanolic extracts were in the range of 2500‒10000 μg/mL, much higher than other reported propolis from different countries. Their MBC test further suggested that the propolis extracts were bacteriostatic. The overall findings evidenced the quantities of the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the propolis extracts, although the results suggested low antibacterial activities of the propolis extracts from Brunei stingless bees.

Characterization of nanofiber composite membrane for high water flux and antibacterial properties

Nanostructured membranes are introduced as a new technology for water purification and treatment. In this work, a facile and simple route of alkaline treatment of polymeric and nanocomposite fiber membranes was developed using electrospinning technique. A blended polysulfone (PSF) and cellulose acetate (CA) polymers incorporated with (0.2 wt%, ZnO NPs), followed by immersion in 0.1 M NaOH solution was performed to enhance membrane surface properties. The membranes were characterized using field emission microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), mechanical strength, water contact angle (WCA), permeate flux, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and antimicrobial test. Interestingly, the proposed filtration membrane materials exhibited superhydrophilic property i.e. (WCA = 13° ± 3°) corresponding to (PSF/CA/ZnO NPs) membrane with highest water flux of 0.46 m3 m−2 h−1. Additionally, mechanical properties of the developed membranes showed that addition of ZnO NPs resulted in tensile strength of 0.29 MPa without treatment and 0.13 MPa after membrane treatment which is higher than that of pristine membrane tensile strength (0.11 MPa). The composite nanofibrous membrane displayed a strong antibacterial activity against E. coli, with a bacterial growth inhibition zone diameter of 10 ± 0.6 mm. The overall membrane river Nile water filtration resulted in slight decreasing water total dissolved ions (TDS), lower turbidity, and high-water flux. This facile membrane development route could facilitate not only the sustainable development of membrane technology but also achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) for clean water and sanitation for drinking water purification and wastewater treatment.

In vitro susceptibility of canine corneal bacterial pathogens to three cross-linking protocols.

To assess in vitro antibacterial efficacy of three cross-linking (XL) protocols on bacteria associated with canine ulcerative keratitis. Three XL protocols: UVA 3mW/cm2 for 60 min, UVA 3mW/cm2 for 30 min, and UVA 30 mW/cm2 for 3min with and without application of riboflavin and a riboflavin-only protocol were performed in vitro on the four most common bacterial genera isolated from cases of canine ulcerative keratitis treated at Dick White Referrals, UK. Zones of bacterial growth inhibition (GIZ) associated with treatment were measured and compared. The four most common isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) (48/140, 34.3%), Streptococcus spp. (32/140, 22.9%), Staphylococcus spp. (24/140, 17.1%) and Escherichia coli (EC) (11/140, 7.9%). PA, EC, Streptococcus canis (SC), and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP), isolated from canine corneas, were selected for testing. EC and SC demonstrated growth inhibition following all UVA/riboflavin protocols. PA and SP only displayed growth inhibition following the 60 min UVA/riboflavin protocol. GIZ areas for 60 min UVA/riboflavin protocols were significantly greater than 30 and 3min UVA/riboflavin protocols (p < .01) and there was no significant difference between 30 and 3min UVA/riboflavin protocols. In respect to GIZ areas, EC was significantly more susceptible to XL than SP (p=<.01). All UVA/riboflavin XL protocols caused growth inhibition of EC and SC in vitro. PA and SP did not show clear growth inhibition in vitro following exposure to XL protocol settings of UVA 3mW/cm2 for 30 min and UVA 30 mW/cm2 for 3min.

Evaluation of essential oils efficacy on antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains

Background The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens has drawn attention to natural antimicrobial compounds, such as essential oils (EOs) Methods The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory activity of three EOs against 15 Salmonella strains resistant to 16 commonly used antimicrobials. EOs of O. vulgare, T. serpyllum, and T. vulgariswere tested in triplicate for 15 bacterial strain by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and broth microdilution method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines with minor modifications. Results O. vulgare and T. serpyllum showed high antimicrobial activity compared to T. vulgaris in all tested antibiotic-resistant strains (P-value &lt;0.01). The mean diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zone was 18.7 mm for O. vulgaris, 19.2 mm for T. serpyllum, and 14.2 mm for T. vulgaris. The MIC and MBC mean values of O. vulgare were respectively 0.037% and 0.058%, for T. serpyllum 0.036% and 0.041%, for T. vulgaris 0.13% and 0.15%. All strains resulted resistant totrimethoprim-sulamethoxazoleand 14 strains resulted resistant to tetracycline, considered a highly important antimicrobial. Among Salmonella serovars tested the monophasic S. Typhimurium has exhibited the highest antimicrobial resistance to synthetic molecules while they were sensitive to EOs. Conclusions The EOs of O. vulgare and T. serpyllum, which contain carvacrol as the main constituent, showed the greatest antimicrobial effect against MDR Salmonella strains.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF KERSEN LEAF EXTRACT (MUNTINGIA CALABURA L) AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Kersen (Muntingia calabura) is a shady plant that is usually used as a shade. Cherry leaves contain several secondary metabolites such as flavonoid, tannin and terpenoid. Flavonoid can inhibit bacterial growth by denaturing proteins and damaging cell membranes and dissolving fats contained in cell walls. According to the World Health Organization as many as 25 million deaths worldwide in 2011, one third were caused by infectious diseases. One of the most common infectious diseases caused by the bacterium Staphyloccus aureus. The purpose of this study was to see whether the 96% ethanol extract of cherry leaves had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The concentration of the extract used was 15%, 30%, 45% and 60%. From the test results, it can be concluded that the largest inhibition zone diameter is at a concentration of 60% with an inhibition zone diameter of 6.78 mm and the smallest at a concentration of 30%, which is 0.42 mm. Concentration of 45% has (weak) activity inhibiting bacterial growth with an inhibition zone of 2.13 mm, while at a concentration of 15% it has no activity in the inhibition zone of bacterial growth.

Antibacterial activity and bond strength of silver nanoparticles modified orthodontic bracket adhesive: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in-vitro and in-vivo studies

The formation of white spot lesions (WSLs) around orthodontic brackets as a result of biofilm accumulation is a common complication of fixed orthodontic therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the antibacterial efficacy and bond strength of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated orthodontic bracket adhesive to prevent WSLs. An electronic search of English literature was performed using Dissertations and Theses Global, Web of Science, LILACS, Cochrane, Scopus, and MEDLINE/PubMed using predetermined inclusion criteria. Specific terms were utilized in searching from the inception of the respective database up to April 2021. After the search strategy was applied by a reviewer, the data was extracted and results were analyzed. The focused question was: “whether AgNPs containing orthodontic bracket adhesives are superior to non-modified orthodontic bracket adhesives in terms of antibacterial activity and shear bond strength for the prevention of WSLs around brackets.” Ten articles were included and a meta-analysis was performed. The bacterial growth inhibition was assessed in 7/10 included studies. Out of them, 2 studies showed no bacterial growth inhibition zone adjacent to orthodontic bracket adhesives supplementing AgNPs, while 5 articles exhibited a significant microbial growth inhibition zone diameter against varying bacteria. Streptococcus mutans was the main bacteria considered by the included studies (n = 10). In the included studies, the mean SBS scores of control group adhesives ranged between 5.48 ± 1.98 MPa and 24.53 ± 4.1 MPa, while the mean SBS scores of experimental group adhesives ranged between 5.22 ± 1.16 MPa and 17.63 ± 3.2 MPa. Low risk of bias of the included articles was observed in the meta-analysis. Although, studies have confirmed that the incorporation of AgNPs into orthodontic adhesive enhances its antibacterial activity, however, a degree of heterogeneity was observed throughout the studies due to the deficit in the in vitro models standardized protocols.

Antibacterial Electroconductive Composite Coating of Cotton Fabric.

Graphene oxide (GO) was deposited on a cotton fabric and then thermally reduced to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with the assistance of L-ascorbic acid. The GO reduction imparted electrical conductivity to the fabric and allowed for electrochemical deposition of Ag° particles using cyclic voltammetry. Only the Ag°/rGO composite coating imparted antibacterial properties to the fabric against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Ag°/rGO-modified fibers were free of bacterial film, and bacterial growth inhibition zones around the material specimens were found. Moreover, Ag°/rGO-modified fabric became superhydrophobic with WCA of 161°.

Impact of antibiotic withdrawal and starvation conditions on plasmid elimination and consequent loss of resistance.

To assess resistance-loss due to plasmid elimination under experimental conditions, including withdrawal of antibiotics and administration of starvation conditions. The experimental study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan, from July to December 2019. A single sensitive clinical isolate of escherichia coli, showing resistance towards ampicillin was collected and separately sub-cultured in three different culture broths: tryptic soya broth, minimal broth and control broth for a period of one month under standard laboratory conditions. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the strains were calculated after every seven days to check antibiotic susceptibility. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the initial escherichia coli strain measured on Day 1 was 6mg/mL and it became sensitive after continual sub-culturing in the absence of antibiotics in 21 days. Due to starvation conditions, the bacterial strain exhibited sensitivity to an even lower antibiotic concentration of 1.5mg/mL on the 28th day. Bacterial growth inhibition zones determined by disc diffusion method using an ampicillin disc of 10µg/mL showed no zone of inhibition. Provision of starvation conditions and withdrawal of antibiotic allowed the escherichia coli strain to exhibit gradual loss of resistance over a period of time.

Nanoparticles in inhibiting Pantoea ananatis and to control maize white spot

ABSTRACT: Maize white spot (MWS) caused by Pantoea ananatis is one main maize leaf diseases, and nanoparticles (NPs) are an innovative approach for bacterial disease control. This research evaluated the toxicity of pure NPs and doped NPs with different elements in inhibiting bacterial growth and to control MWS. Pure NPs and ZnO NPs doped with silver (Ag), gold (Au), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) at different concentrations were used to determine the toxicity for P. ananatis in vitro, evaluating the bacterial growth inhibition zone. To assess the control of MWS, in the preventive application, maize plants were sprayed with NPs of ZnO:0.1Cu, ZnO:0.05Fe, ZnO:0.2Mn and ZnO:0.7Ni at 10, 5 or 2.5 mg mL-1, and after 3 days, the plants were inoculated with bacterial suspension. To assess the curative application, plants were inoculated with the bacteria, and 3 days later sprayed with the NPs. The disease severity was assessed and the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. The doped ZnO NPs with different elements, and at different concentrations inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. NPs of ZnO:0.1Cu and ZnO:0.2Mn at 5 or 2.5 mg mL-1, in both applications reduced the severity of MWS, showing potential for use in the disease management.

"Smart" Polylactic Acid Films with Ceftriaxone Loaded Microchamber Arrays for Personalized Antibiotic Therapy.

Bacterial infections are a severe medical problem, especially in traumatology, orthopedics, and surgery. The local use of antibiotics-elution materials has made it possible to increase the effectiveness of acute infections treatment. However, the infection prevention problem remains unresolved. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of polylactic acid (PLA) “smart” films with microchamber arrays. These microchambers contain ceftriaxone as a payload in concentrations ranging from 12 ± 1 μg/cm2 to 38 ± 8 μg/cm2, depending on the patterned film thickness formed by the different PLA concentrations in chloroform. In addition, the release profile of the antibiotic can be prolonged up to 72 h in saline. At the same time, on the surface of agar plates, the antibiotic release time increases up to 96 h, which has been confirmed by the growth suppression of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The efficient loading and optimal release rate are obtained for patterned films formed by the 1.5 wt % PLA in chloroform. The films produced from 1.5 and 2 wt % PLA solutions (thickness—0.42 ± 0.12 and 0.68 ± 0.16 µm, respectively) show an accelerated ceftriaxone release upon the trigger of the therapeutic ultrasound, which impacted as an expansion of the bacterial growth inhibition zone around the samples. Combining prolonged drug elution with the on-demand release ability of large cargo amount opens up new approaches for personalized and custom-tunable antibacterial therapy.

Development of poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch/ethyl lauroyl arginate blend films with enhanced antimicrobial and physical properties for active packaging

Active packaging films have emerged as alternatives to replace petroleum-based packaging materials. In this work, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/starch/ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) films possessing enhanced properties were prepared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that PVA and starch were compatible, the concentrations of LAE greatly affected the structural integrity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction showed that the inclusion of LAE did not significantly affect the intermolecular interactions and crystal structures of the polymer matrix. With an increase of the LAE content, the tensile strength (TS) was slightly decreased due to the altered microstructures, the elongation at break (EB) significantly increased ascribed to the synergistic effect of acetic acid, glycerol and LAE. The values of TS and EB were 17.25 MPa and 586.08%, respectively when LAE was 10%. Active films showed good barrier properties from UV while retaining the transmittance in the visible light region. The films containing 1% of LAE exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the inhibition zone of bacterial growth gradually expanded with increasing LAE content. This study demonstrates the potential of using LAE as the antibacterial agent for synthesizing natural-based polymeric films for active packaging applications.

Effect of Thymol Incorporation on Antibacterial Activity of the Locally Prepared Zinc Oxide-Guaiacol Root Canal Sealer: An in Vitro Study

Aims: This study aimes to prepare a new formula by thymol crystals incorporation into locally prepared zinc oxide-guaiacol root canal sealer and evaluating the antibacterial activity and comparing the results with zinc oxide eugenol-based root canal sealer. Materials and Methods: The addition of thymol crystals at three different concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10%) to improve the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide-guaiacol endodontic sealer was done: 40 Petri plates of Enterococcus agar media were used, each plate with five wells. Petri plates divided into four groups incubation intervals (1, 2, 3, and 7 days) for each type, using agar diffusion test (ADT) with 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards and statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, a one-way ANOVA test, and Duncanʼs Multiple Range Test. Results: The thymol incorporated zinc oxide-guaiacol sealer groups at studied concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10% ) produced bacterial growth inhibition zones persisted at all incubation time intervals at (1, 2, 3, and 7 days) and high significantly at p≤0.01 than that of zinc oxide eugenol based sealer. There is a significant reduction at p≤0.01 in antibacterial efficacy in all incorporation groups at 7 days incubation period, 5% thymol incorporation group with significant largest bacterial growth inhibition zones for all incubation periods. Conclusions: This study concluded that the prepared zinc oxide - guaiacol sealer formulas with three studied thymol crystals concentrations having better antibacterial efficacy than that of zinc oxide eugenol root canal sealer, 5% thymol incorporation formula is the best in antibacterial activity than others.

Bioactive compounds of ethanol extract from agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis) and antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi growing on the skin

Abstract. Batubara R, Wirjosentono B, Siregar AH, Harahap U, Tamrin. 2021. Bioactive compounds of ethanol extract from agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis) and antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi growing on the skin. Biodiversitas 22: 2884-2890. Agarwood plants (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) provide numerous benefits and have been cultivated by the people. The leaves containing various compounds, such as flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids and tannins with antibacterial and antifungal activities, were reported to be potential for flesh wound healing. Therefore, research on these activities against microorganisms that cause infection in wounds was carried out in vitro. This research aims to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of agarwood leaves ethanol extract against three bacteria species (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes) and two fungi species (Candida albicans and Trichophyton sp.) that commonly cause skin infection. The results of this research show that the concentration of ethanol extract of agarwood leaves affected the bacterial and fungal growth inhibition zone’s diameter. The best inhibitory potential occurred at 5% concentration in activity against bacteria and fungi. The extract’s active compounds contributing to the antimicrobial activity were the flavonoids and tannins. Furthermore, GC-MS identification shows that the ethanol extract from agarwood leaves contained Disulfide, dioctyl; 6,7-Dimethylquinoxaline; (E)-1,3-Di-m-tolylallyl ethyl Carbonate; 5-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one; 9-[(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]benzo[3,4]cyclod ec-3-ene-1,5-diyne; Neophytadiene, 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and a-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-aphenoxy-a-phenyl acetonitrile

Evaluating the Antimicrobial Properties of Glass Ionomer, Zinc Phosphate, and Polycarboxylate Cement

Background and Aim: There exists increased demineralization risk of enamel adjacent to fixed orthodontic attachments by cariogenic bacterias (e.g., Streptpcoccus mutans, Streptpcoccus sobrinus) and inadequate data about commonly used orthodontic cements. Thus, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of three common domestic and foreign orthodontic cements (Glass ionomer, Zinc phosphate, &amp; polycarboxylate) on two cariogenic pathogens (S. mutans &amp; S. sobrinus). Methods &amp; Materials: In this laboratory study, after culturing two standard strains of Streptococcus mutans and Subrinus bacteria and concentrating and diluting them, a direct contact test was used to evaluate the antibacterial properties of types of cement. The study groups (n=5) included the following: three types of glass ionomer resilience cement, Hoffman’s zinc phosphate and Hoffman’s polycarboxylate, and three glass ionomer cement, zinc phosphate, and carboxylate from Aria Dent factory in Iran. The acquired data were analyzed using SPSS v. 17. Ethical Considerations: The present study was approved by Babol University of Medical Sciences (Code: MUBABOL.REC.1391.7).Results: In both types of culture media, containing Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus subrinus bacteria, there was a significant difference between culture media containing 3 groups of cements respecting bacterial growth inhibition zone (P&lt;0.001). In general, The mean diameter of the inhibition zone was greater in Iranian polycarboxylate, compared to its foreign counterpart (P&lt;0.001). Results: Regarding to zone of inhibition, there was statistically significant difference between three tested cements in both S.mutans and S.sobrinus culturing media (P&lt;0.001). The mean diameter of inhibition zone was greater for Iranian polycarboxylate compared to its foreign counterpart (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Glass ionomer cement demonstrated better antibacterial effect compared to zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements. There was also greater antibacterial effect of three tested cements on S.sobrinus than S.mutans. Iranian polycarboxylate showed stronger inhibition on both mentioned bacterias compared to the foreign one.

Antibiofilm Effects of Macrolide Loaded Microneedle Patches: Prospects in Healing Infected Wounds.

The aim of this study was to fabricate polymeric microneedles, loaded with macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin), using hyaluronic acid and polyvinyl pyrollidone. These microneedles were fabricated using a vacuum micromolding technique. The integrity of the microneedle patches was studied by recording their morphologic features, folding endurance, swelling and micro-piercing. Physicochemical characteristics were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In-vitro drug release, antibiofilm and effect of microneedle patch on wound healing were also studied to confirm the efficacy of the formulations. Formulated patches displayed acceptable folding endurance (>100) and uniform distribution of microneedles (10 × 10) that can penetrate parafilm. Differential scanning calorimetry results depict a decrease in the crystallinity of macrolides following their incorporation in to a polymer matrix. Percentage release of azithromycin and erythromycin from the polymeric patch formulations (over 30min) was 90% and 63% respectively. Broadly, the zone of bacterial growth inhibition follows the same order for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. After 5days of treatment with azithromycin patches, the wound healing was complete and skin structure (e.g. hair follicles and dermis) was regenerated. It was concluded that azithromycin loaded microneedle patches can be used to treat biofilms in the infected wounds.

Comparative Efficacy of a Locally Made Soap (Sabulun Salo) with Some Conventional Antiseptic Soaps in Checking Bacterial Growth Isolated from Human Skin

Four different types of antiseptic soaps [Dettol. Delta. Tura and Sabulnsalo (a locally made Soap)] were bought from Gashu’a central market and tested in the Biology Laboratory of Umar Suleiman College of Education Gashu’a. Against bacteria isolated from the skin swab obtained from students of Umar Suleiman College of Education Gashu’a. The data collected was on the zone of bacterial growth inhibition which was measured in millimeter (mm). The data collected were analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Analytical software 2011 statistics version 8.0 (SXW) and the difference between the means of zone of inhibition of the test soaps against bacterial growth were separated using the least significance difference (LSD) at 1% level of probability (P&lt; 0.01.). The results showed that all the antiseptic soaps used significantly (P&lt; 0.01) inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptobacilli species Isolated from the human skin when compared to the untreated (control). The cost-consequence ratio also shows that Sabulun Salo has a relatively high cost-effective potential. However, on the basis of efficacy, the results pointed out that Tura Soap was the most effective followed by Delta soap, then Dettol soap and lastly, Sabulunsalo. Learning that the antiseptic body washes checks skin infection, it is therefore, imperative that government regulates the price of these soaps so that everybody can afford it and most importantly, encourage our local technology in this aspect.

Canine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Media Affect Bacterial Growth, Biofilm-Associated Staphylococcus aureus and AHL-Dependent Quorum Sensing.

The present study investigated the in vitro antibacterial, antibiofilm and anti-Quorum Sensing (anti-QS) activities of canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (cBM MSC CM) containing all secreted factors <30 K, using a disc diffusion test (DDT), spectrophotometric Crystal Violet Assay (SCVA) and Bioluminescence Assay (BA) with QS-reporter Escherichia coli JM109 pSB1142. The results show a sample-specific bacterial growth inhibition (zones varied between 7–30 mm), statistically significant modulation of biofilm-associated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bioluminescence (0.391 ± 0.062 in the positive control to the lowest 0.150 ± 0.096 in the experimental group, cf. 11,714 ± 1362 to 7753 ± 700, given as average values of absorbance A550 ± SD versus average values of relative light units to growth RLU/A550 ± SD). The proteomic analysis performed in our previous experiment revealed the presence of several substances with documented antibacterial, antibiofilm and immunomodulatory properties (namely, apolipoprotein B and D; amyloid-β peptide; cathepsin B; protein S100-A4, galectin 3, CLEC3A, granulin, transferrin). This study highlights that cBM MSC CM may represent an important new approach to managing biofilm-associated and QS signal molecule-dependent bacterial infections. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous documentation of canine BM MSC CM associated with in vitro antibiofilm and anti-QS activity.