Inhibition Of LDL Oxidation Research Articles

Maslinic acid suppresses macrophage foam cell formation via inhibition of LDL oxidation and cholesterol efflux

Maslinic acid suppresses macrophage foam cell formation via inhibition of LDL oxidation and cholesterol efflux

Effects of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice polyphenols fraction in different solvents on copper-induced LDL oxidation

ABSTRACTEffects of pomegranate seed oils extracted with supercritical fluid or cold press methods (SFE-PSO and CP-PSO), unsaponifiable (N), and fermented juice polyphenols (W) fractions of pomegranate as well as olive oil and alpha-tocopherol, as pure or in different solvents were evaluated on preventing copper-induced LDL oxidation. The results showed addition of pure SFE-PSO, CP-PSO, N fractions, and olive oil had no significant effect on LDL oxidation. Also using various solvents did not help in the term of extending the oxidation lag phase. However, adding 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 3 µL of the W solution in EtOH could delay the lag phase 103.5, 145.9, 200, and 199.1 min, respectively. There was no synergistic effect between W and N on inhibiting the oxidation. It can be concluded that polyphenolic fraction of pomegranate juice can act as antiatherogenic supplementation and natural preservative for meat and fatty foods through direct inhibition of LDL oxidation.

Biological Activities of Camelina and Sophia Seeds Phenolics: Inhibition of LDL Oxidation, DNA Damage, and Pancreatic Lipase and α-Glucosidase Activities.

The seed phenolic extracts of camelina and sophia not only showed significant antioxidant activity but also effectively inhibited the activities of pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase. Thus, camelina and sophia seed meals may serve as nutritional ingredients with bioactive phenolics that show in vitro antioxidant and biological effects. However, further research is required to confirm these health effects in vivo.

EL-HDL exhibits increased capacity to attenuate LDL oxidation independent of pon1

Aim: The protective effects of HDL in inhibiting LDL oxidation have been attributed, in part, to the ac-tion of paraoxonase 1 (PON1). Endothelial lipase (EL) modulates structural and functional prop-erties of HDL.

Combined Effects of Curcumin and Lycopene or Bixin in Yoghurt on Inhibition of LDL Oxidation and Increases in HDL and Paraoxonase Levels in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats.

Combination therapy using natural antioxidants to manage diabetes mellitus and its complications is an emerging trend. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes promoted by treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats with yoghurt enriched with the bioactives curcumin, lycopene, or bixin (the latter two being carotenoids). Antioxidants were administered individually, or as mixtures, and biomarkers of metabolic and oxidative disturbances, particularly those associated with cardiovascular risk, were assessed. Treatment of STZ-diabetic rats with natural products individually decreased glycemia, triacylglycerol, total-cholesterol, oxidative stress biomarkers, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Individual carotenoids increased both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and paraoxonase levels, whereas curcumin increased only paraoxonase. Treatments with mixtures of curcumin and lycopene or bixin had combined effects, decreasing biomarkers of carbohydrate and lipid disturbances (curcumin effect), increasing the HDL levels (carotenoids effects) and mitigating oxidative stress (curcumin and carotenoids effects). The combined effects also led to prevention of the LDL oxidation, thereby mitigating the cardiovascular risk in diabetes. These findings provide evidence for the beneficial effect of curcumin and carotenoid mixtures as a supplementation having antioxidant and antiatherogenic potentials, thus appearing as an interesting strategy to be studied as a complementary therapy for diabetic complications.

Dietary fibre and phenolic-rich extracts from Musa paradisiaca inflorescence ameliorates type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular risks

The present study investigated nutraceutical properties of Musa paradisiaca (Nendran variety) inflorescence (PI). PI was found to be a rich source of soluble (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibre (12.45 and 53.31% respectively). SDF exhibited potential glucose and cholesterol adsorption capacity. Ethyl acetate (PIE) and methanol (PIM) extracts of PI were analyzed for phenolics content, antioxidant activities, antidiabetic and cardiovascular protection efficacy. PIM exhibited significant ABTS free radical scavenging activity (IC50-57.2±1.15μg/mL) and inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species in L6 myoblasts in a dose-dependent manner. PIM also demonstrated potential inhibition of carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), interfered with the production of glycated end products (IC50-142.27±1.09μg/mL) and enhanced glucose uptake in L6 myoblasts. PIM inhibited LDL oxidation (IC50-169.52±1.77μg/mL) and ACE, indicating its protective role against cardiovascular risk factors. The study demonstrated the nutraceutical potential of PI in ameliorating type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular problems.

The effect of coffee intake on lysophosphatidylcholines: A targeted metabolomic approach

Lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC) are known to be a pathological component of oxidized-LDL, and several studies demonstrate its pro-inflammatory properties invitro. Nevertheless, bioactive compounds found in coffee, such as phenolic acids might inhibit LDL oxidation. The relationship between coffee consumption and lysoPC has not been described previously in humans. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between coffee intake and plasma lysoPC levels in adults. Data was from the "Health Survey of Sao Paulo (ISA-Capital)", a cross-sectional population-based survey in Sao Paulo, among 169 individuals aged 20 years or older. This population was categorized into three groups: non-coffee consumers (0mL/day-G1), low coffee consumers (≤100mL/day-G2), and high coffee consumers (>100mL/day-G3). Usual coffee intake was estimated by two 24HR and one FFQ, using Multiple Source Method. Quantification of the metabolites was performed by mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS and HPLC-MS/MS) and 14 lysoPC species were identified. The association between coffee intake and lysoPC was analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for age, sex, household per capita income, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, total energy intake, use of drugs, vegetables and fruit consumption and caffeine intake. LysoPC levels were significantly lower in G3 than in G1, for the lysoPC a C16:1 (β=-0.56; p=0.014), lysoPC a C18:1 (β=-2.57; p=0.018), and lysoPC a C20:4 (β=-1.14; p=0.037). In opposition, the ratios of C16:0/C16:1 and C18:0/18:1 was higher in G3 (β=5.04; p=0.025 and β=0.28; p=0.003, respectively). LysoPC profile differed according to coffee intake, showing a possible beneficial health effect of this beverage on inflammatory and oxidative processes.

The effect of HDL-bound and free PON1 on copper-induced LDL oxidation

Oxidative modification of LDL plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) confers protection against atherosclerosis and the antioxidative properties of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been suggested to contribute to this effect of HDL. The PON1 exist in two major polymorphic forms (Q and R), which regulate the concentration and activity of the enzyme and alter its ability to prevent lipid oxidation. However, the association of Q192R polymorphism with PON1's capacity to protect against LDL lipoperoxidation is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the purified PON1 Q192R and the partially purified HDL-bound PON1 Q192R isoenzymes (HDL-PON1 Q192R) on LDL oxidation, with respect to their arylesterase/homocysteine thiolactonase (HTLase) activities. Cupric ion-induced LDL oxidation was reduced up to 48% by purified PON1 Q192, but only 33% by an equivalent activity of PON1 R192. HDL-PON1 Q192 isoenzyme caused a 65% reduction, whereas HDL-PON1 R192 isoenzyme caused only 46% reduction in copper ion-induced LDL oxidation. These findings reflect the fact that PON1 Q and PON1 R allozymes may have different protective characteristics against LDL oxidation.The protection against LDL oxidation provided by HDL-PON1 Q192R isoenzymes is more prominent than the purified soluble enzymes. Inhibition of the Ca+2-dependent PON1 Q192R arylesterase/HTLase by the metal chelator EDTA, did not alter PON1's ability to inhibit LDL oxidation. These studies indicate that the active site involvement of the purified enzyme is not similar to the HDL-bound one, in terms of both PON1 arylesterase/HTLase activity and the protection of LDL from copper ion-induced oxidation. Moreover, PON1's ability to protect LDL from oxidation does not seem to require calcium.

The Mechanisms Underlying the Hypolipidaemic Effects of Grifola frondosa in the Liver of Rats.

The present study investigated the hypolipidaemic effects of Grifola frondosa and its regulation mechanism involved in lipid metabolism in liver of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. The body weights and serum lipid levels of control rats, of hyperlipidaemic rats, and of hyperlipidaemic rats treated with oral G. frondosa were determined. mRNA expression and concentration of key lipid metabolism enzymes were investigated. Serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were markedly decreased in hyperlipidaemic rats treated with G. frondosa compared with untreated hyperlipidaemic rats. mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT2), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) were significantly down-regulated, while expression of cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) was significantly up-regulated in the livers of treated rats compared with untreated hyperlipidaemic rats. The concentrations of these enzymes also paralleled the observed changes in mRNA expression. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were used to identify 20 proteins differentially expressed in livers of rats treated with G. frondosa compared with untreated hyperlipidemic rats. Of these 20 proteins, seven proteins were down-regulated, and 13 proteins were up-regulated. These findings indicate that the hypolipidaemic effects of G. frondosa reflected its modulation of key enzymes involved in cholesterol and triacylglycerol biosynthesis, absorption, and catabolic pathways. G. frondosa may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by inhibiting LDL oxidation through down-regulation and up-regulating proteins expression in the liver of rats. Therefore, G. frondosa may produce both hypolipidaemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects, and potentially be of use as a functional food for the treatment or prevention of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.

Studies on Activity Guided Fractionation of Pomegranate Peel Extracts and Its Effect on Antidiabetic and Cardiovascular Protection Properties

Pomegranate peel (PP) was sequentially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, methanol/water and water (C1–C5, respectively) and the extracts were assessed for its antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. Extracts, C2 and C3, which exhibited maximum free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, were further fractionated using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol (C2–F1, F2, F3; C3–F4, F5, F6). Fractions, F1 and F5, of methanol extract showed highest 2,2-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity (IC50 – 3.69 and 4.39 µg/mL, respectively); F5 exhibited significantly high 2,2′-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid, superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50 – 3.6, 20.89 and 10.7 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 – 0.0453 µg/mL). F5 demonstrated promising inhibition against LDL oxidation (IC50 – 16.2 µg/mL) and ACE inhibition properties (IC50 – 0.77 µg/mL). These findings suggest the ability of PP extracts to manage type 2 diabetes and associated complications. Practical Applications Natural antioxidants have been recommended as an aid for prevention and management of diabetes and associated complications. Pomegranate peel (PP) is reported to be a rich source of dietary antioxidants. We evaluated the effect of activity guided fractionation of PP on antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of extracts prepared by sequential extraction followed by its fractionation. The results indicated that on fractionation of crude extracts, the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of some of fractions were significantly improved. The antidiabetic effect of PP active fraction may be related to α-glucosidase inhibition and enhanced glucose uptake. The active fraction was found to be effective in reducing cardiac problems associated with diabetes by inhibiting LDL oxidation and ACE. The study points out the potential of PP as nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and associated complications.

Activity of myricetin and other plant-derived polyhydroxyl compounds in human LDL and human vascular endothelial cells against oxidative stress.

Studies indicate that oxidative modifications of endothelium and LDL play a preeminent role in atherogenesis; therefore, the preservation of the endothelial antioxidant capacity and the inhibition of LDL oxidation by use of plant-derived compounds are an appealing strategy against several vascular disorders. On this basis, baicalein, eupatorin, galangin, magnolol, myricetin, oleuropein, silibinin and bilobalide were studied against various oxidative conditions. The radical scavenging capacity was analysed using DPPH and ORAC assays. Furthermore, the LDL oxidation was detected by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and by monitoring the oxidation kinetics. Further, we used cultured HUVEC to investigate the activities of the polyhydroxyl compounds towards the oxidative stress induced by H2O2. The lowest levels of TBARS were observed in the presence of oleuropein and baicalein, while myricetin, magnolol and eupatorin inhibited these ones to a lesser extent. In addition, oleuropein and myricetin exhibited higher protection in copper-induced LDL oxidation kinetics. However, only myricetin and galangin showed significant protective effects against H2O2 oxidative injury in HUVEC cells. Taken all together the results indicate myricetin as the most active agent among the selected plant-derived polyhydroxyl compounds, with prominent capacities against ox-LDL and ROS production in HUVEC.

Abstract 547: Proteomic Correlation of Gel Filtration Lipoprotein Subfractions with Atheroprotective Functions of HDL

HDL has been shown to possess a variety of cardio-protective functions, including removal of excess cholesterol from the periphery, inhibition of oxidation, and stimulation of endothelial function. It has been proposed that various HDL sub-particles exist, each with distinct protein and lipid compositions. We hypothesized that fractionation of plasma would separate HDL particles with different protein compositions into distinct populations responsible for different HDL functions. Plasma from 10 healthy adults was fractionated by gel filtration and the protein composition of phospholipid containing fractions was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Each fraction was assessed for its ability to efflux cholesterol from macrophages, as well as its ability to inhibit LDL oxidation. Correlations were made between individual proteins in the HDL fractions and their ability to participate in both functional assays. One peak of activity was found in the cholesterol efflux assay when analyzing fractions in the HDL range. Cholesterol efflux activity did not correlate strongly with any protein in the HDL range of fractions, though there was a weak correlation with Protein S (r=0.337, p<0.01). However, the phospholipid (PL) and cholesterol (CH) concentration of the fractions correlated strongly with efflux (r=0.75. and r=0.61 respectively, both p<0.00001) across all fractions (both LDL and HDL). In contrast, the PL or CH content were not correlated with anti-oxidation activity. However, there were 2 strong peaks of anti-oxidation activity in the HDL range that did correlate with specific proteins (all values of r>0.3 and p<0.05). Activity in the first peak, fraction 25, in the small HDL range, correlated most strongly with ceruloplasmin and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor 4, while activity in the second peak, fraction 28, in the minimally lipidated/free protein range, correlated with gelsolin and albumin. In conclusion, we have shown that PL and CH correlate more strongly with cholesterol efflux than any protein in the HDL sub-fractions, while the protein composition of particular HDL sub-fractions is a better indicator of its anti-oxidative capacity than the PL or CH concentration.

Cardiovascular Protective Effects Of Standardized Extracts And Isolated Compounds Of Selected Medicinal Plants From The Tropical Rainforest

Compounds with diverse chemical structures including phenols, xanthones, prenylflavonoids, benzophenones, alkaloids and triterpenoids, isolated from several Malaysian plants, were investigated to discover leads for development of new cardiovascular protective agents. The compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation in human whole blood using an electrical impedance method and their ability to inhibit human LDL oxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. Standardized extracts of several plants were evaluated for their cardiovascular protective effects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats and effects on serum lipid profiles of rats fed with high cholesterol diet (HCD) and their platelet-mediated antithrombotic effects. Among the compounds tested, xanthones from Guttiferae species showed strong inhibitory activities against platelet aggregation and LDL peroxidation. 2-(3-Methylbut-2-enyl)-1,3,5,-trihydroxyxanthone and 2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone showed strong inhibition on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA), macluraxanthone and 1, 7 dihydroxyxanthone showed significant and selective inhibitory activity against ADP-induced aggregation while rubraxanthone showed inhibitory activity against aggregation caused by all three inducers [1]. Recently we reported the isolation of a new xanthone, 1, 3, 6-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-7-(3′-methyl-2′-oxo-but-3′-enyl) xanthone and 1, 3, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyxanthone from Garcinia cantleyana var. cantleyana, with strong ability to inhibit LDL oxidation [2]. The standardized extracts of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma domestica and Labisia pumila var alata significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels and helped in improving high density lipoprotein (HDL) and oxidase enzymes levels on HCD rats in a dose-dependent way. The extracts also exhibited protective effects on biochemical and histopathological alterations of the cardiac muscle cells in Isoproterenol-induced MI rats [3, 4].

The absorbates of positively charged peptides from casein show high inhibition ability of LDL oxidation in vitro: Identification of intact absorbed peptides

Resistance to gastrointestinal (GI) digestion and absorption is necessary for bioactive peptides to exert their biological activities. In this study, casein hydrolysate was separated into four fractions according to the charge property. After simulated GI digestion and Caco-2 cell absorption, the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and inhibition of LDL oxidation of peptide absorbates (PA) were investigated. The PA of positively charged fractions exhibited higher CAA and inhibition of LDL oxidation than negatively charged fractions. The peptide sequences from the digest and PA of the positively charged fractions were identified using UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. By comparing the amino acid sequences, 35 intact absorbed peptides (IAPs) were identified. Three IAPs were synthesized and all were verified to be IAPs, which significantly inhibited LDL oxidation. The overall positive charge property of peptides may play an important role in their ability to inhibit LDL oxidation, and IAPs may have real antioxidative efficacy in vivo.

Phenolic amides (avenanthramides) in oats - a review

Whole grain cereals such as oats are important sources of phenolic compounds. Oats contain phenolic amides, also named avenanthramides (AVAs), which have beneficial health properties because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. The most common avenanthramides are esters of 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid with p-coumaric (AVA-A), ferulic (AVA-B), or caffeic (AVA-C) acids. The studies related to the stability of AVAs showed that AVA-B is sensitive to alkaline and neutral conditions and this sensitivity increases with higher temperatures. However, has been reported that AVA-A and AVA -C are more stable under the same conditions (alkaline and neutral conditions), and in addition that AVAs content of oats is increasing significantly with the germination process. AVAs help in preventing free radicals from damaging LDL cholesterol while AVAs-enriched extract of oats combined with vitamin C synergistically inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro. Both animal studies and human clinical trials confirmed that oats antioxidants have the potential of reducing cardiovascular risks by lowering serum cholesterol and inhibiting LDL oxidation and peroxidation. Therefore, the consumption of oats and products thereof is extremely important in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil Extracted from Pinus morrisonicola Hay Needles by Supercritical Fluid and Identification of Possible Active Compounds by GC/MS.

Pine (Pinus morrisonicola Hay, PM) needles have been used as folk medicine for their antihypertension and lipid-lowering effects. As supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is considered an ideal technique for the extraction of essential oil from plant materials, the present work investigated the optimal SFE conditions and the protective effects of different resulting fractions of PM needles on lipid peroxidation and foam cell production in macrophages. Nine PM needle extracts (PME1–9) were obtained in 1%–4% yields using different SFE conditions, of which PME1 had the lowest yield (1.1%) and PME3 the highest (3.9%). PME3 exhibited lower cytotoxic effects and stronger inhibition of lipid peroxidation and formation of foam cell in RAW 264.7 macrophages than those of other PME extracts. PME3-1 purified from PME3 by column and thin layer chromatography inhibited LDL oxidation more effectively than did PME3 in a cell-free system oxidized by Cu2+. PME3-1 dose-dependently (25–100 μg/mL) decreased conjugated diene levels and foam cell formation induced by ox-LDL. GC/MS analyses revealed that 1-docosene, neophytadiene, and methyl abietate were increased 5.2-, 1.7- and 4.3-fold in PME3-1 relative to PME3. A new hydrocarbon compound, cedrane-8,13-diol, was identified in PME3-1. Overall, the present study demonstrates the optimal extraction conditions of SFE of PM and identifies the most potent antioxidant fractions and possible active compounds in PM.

Antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties of phenolic acid and flavonol fractions of fruits of 'Amari' and 'Hallawi' date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties.

Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit phenolic-acid or flavonol fractions were examined in vitro for antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties. Two fractions of each subgroup were prepared from two date varieties, 'Amari' and 'Hallawi', by solid phase extraction on C18. The fractions were analyzed for phenolics composition by RP-HPLC and tested for ferric-reducing antioxidant power, free radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation, and enhancement of HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages. All four fractions exhibited variable capacities to reduce ferric ions, scavenge radicals, and inhibit LDL oxidation. Flavonol fractions were considerably better inhibitors of LDL oxidation compared to phenolic acid fractions, with IC50's of 9-31 nmol GAE mL(-1) compared to 85-116 nmol GAE mL(-1), respectively. Only the flavonol fractions stimulated cholesterol removal from macrophages. Within each subgroup, the levels of all the activities varied with fraction composition. The results demonstrated strong structure-activity relationships for date phenolics and identified date flavonols as potential antiatherogenic bioactives.

Review on Polygonum minus. Huds, a commonly used food additive in Southeast Asia.

Polygonum minus (Polygonaceae), generally known as ‘kesum’ in Malaysia is among the most commonly used food additive, flavoring agent and traditionally used to treat stomach and body aches. Raw or cooked leaves of P. minus are used in digestive disorders in the form of a decoction and the oil is used for dandruff. The pharmacological studies on P. minus have demonstrated antioxidant, in vitro LDL oxidation inhibition, antiulcer activity, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro antiplatelet aggregation activity, antimicrobial activity, digestive enhancing property and cytotoxic activity. The spectroscopic studies of essential oil of P. minus showed the presence of about 69 compounds, which are responsible for the aroma. The phytochemical studies showed presence of flavonoids and essential oils. This review is an effort to update the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data of the plant P. minus.

Astaxanthin supplementation delays physical exhaustion and prevents redox imbalances in plasma and soleus muscles of Wistar rats.

Astaxanthin (ASTA) is a pinkish-orange carotenoid commonly found in marine organisms, especially salmon. ASTA is a powerful antioxidant and suggested to provide benefits for human health, including the inhibition of LDL oxidation, UV-photoprotection, and prophylaxis of bacterial stomach ulcers. Exercise is associated to overproduction of free radicals in muscles and plasma, with pivotal participation of iron ions and glutathione (GSH). Thus, ASTA was studied here as an auxiliary supplement to improve antioxidant defenses in soleus muscles and plasma against oxidative damage induced by exhaustive exercise. Long-term 1 mg ASTA/kg body weight (BW) supplementation in Wistar rats (for 45 days) significantly delayed time to exhaustion by 29% in a swimming test. ASTA supplementation increased scavenging/iron-chelating capacities (TEAC/FRAP) and limited exercise-induced iron overload and its related pro-oxidant effects in plasma of exercising animals. On the other hand, ASTA induced significant mitochondrial Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase and cytosolic glutathione peroxidase antioxidant responses in soleus muscles that, in turn, increased GSH content during exercise, limited oxidative stress, and delayed exhaustion. We also provided significant discussion about a putative “mitochondrial-targeted” action of ASTA based on previous publications and on the positive results found in the highly mitochondrial populated (oxidative-type) soleus muscles here.

Amelioration of lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro by Satureja khozestanica essential oil in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

BackgroundWe examined possible protective effect of Satureja khozestanica essential oil (SKE) on in vivo and in vitro lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced Type 1 diabetic rats.MethodsThirty Sprage-dawley male rats were divided into three groups randomly; group one as control, group two diabetic untreatment, and group three treatments with SKE by 500 ppm in drinking water, respectively. Diabetes was induced in the second and third groups by alloxan injection subcutaneously. After 8 weeks, animals were anaesthetized, livers and kidneys were then removed immediately and used fresh or kept frozen until their lipid peroxidation analysis. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Blood samples were also collected before killing to measure the levels of fasting blood suger (FBS) and lipid peroxidation.ResultsSKE significantly inhibited the levels of FBS, TBARS serum and kidney content in treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Also the levels of malonedialdehyde liver content unaltered in treated group. SKE significantly inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro.ConclusionsThe findings showed that SKE exerts beneficial effects on the lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced Type 1 diabetic rats.